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norm noun
⇨ criterion (below international norms) ⇨ tradition (the values and norms of society) criterion noun criterion ♦︎ standard ♦︎ test ♦︎ measure ♦︎ benchmark ♦︎ guide ♦︎ guideline ♦︎ gauge ♦︎ yardstick ♦︎ normThese are all words for amounts, or levels of quality, that are used to help you estimate or judge sb/sth. 这些词均表示用来评判的标准、准则、尺度。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a criterion / measure / benchmark / yardstick / norm for sth◆by any criteria / standard / measure / yardstick◆against the criteria / standard / benchmark / yardstick / norm◆a useful criterion / test / measure / benchmark / guide / gauge / guideline / yardstick◆(an) objective criterion / standards / test / measure / guide◆(a) general standards / measure / guide / guideline◆(a) reliable test / measure / guide / gauge / guidelines◆to serve as a criterion / measure / guide / gauge / guideline / yardstick◆to provide a criterion / standard / measure / benchmark / guide / yardstick◆to set / establish criteria / a standard / the benchmark / norms■ criterion / /kraɪˈtɪəriən; NAmE kraɪˈtɪriən/ (plural criteria) [countable] a principle or level of quality by which sth is judged or by the help of which a decision is made （评判或作决定的）标准，准则，尺度◆The sole criterion is the market price of the land.唯一的标准是土地的市场价格。◆What are the criteria used in evaluating student performance?评定学生表现的准则是什么？◆The listing in the guide is proof that the restaurant meets certain criteria.在指南中榜上有名，证明这家餐馆达到了一定水准。■ standard [countable, usually plural] a level of quality that is normal or acceptable for a particular person or in a particular situation （正常）水平；（应有的）标准，水准◆No matter how hard I tried I could never reach their standards.无论怎样努力，我总是达不到他们的标准。◆You'd better lower your standards if you want to find somewhere cheap to live.要想找个便宜的地方住，你最好降低标准。◆I don't know if it's up to your standards.我不知道这是否符合你的标准。◆It was a simple meal, by Eddie's standards.按埃迪的标准，那不过是顿便饭。◆The equipment was slow and heavy by modern standards.按现代标准，这设备又缓慢又笨重。■ test [countable] a situation or event that shows how good, strong, etc. sb/sth is 检验；考验◆The local elections will be a good test of the government's popularity.地方选举对政府是否得人心将是一个很好的检验。◆The game against Dundee will be a real test of character for us.与邓迪队的比赛对我们的意志将是一次真正的考验。◆The latest pay dispute has really put her management skills to the test.最近的薪酬纠纷确实让她的管理才能受到了考验。■ measure [countable] a way of judging or measuring sth; a sign of the size or strength of sth 判断；衡量；尺度；程度◆Exam results are only one measure of a school's success.考试成绩只是衡量学校水平的一个标准。◆Is this test a good measure of reading comprehension?这个测试是判断阅读理解能力的好方法吗？◆Her hand trembled slightly, a measure of her anxiety.她的手微抖，表明她感到焦虑。■ benchmark /ˈbentʃmɑːk; NAmE ˈbentʃmɑːrk/ [countable] something that can be measured and used as a standard that other things can be compared with 基准◆The German recycling system is seen as a benchmark for schemes throughout Europe.德国的回收制度被视为全欧洲回收体系的标准。◆The central bank has cut its benchmark interest rate four times.中央银行已经四次调低基准利率。■ guide [countable, usually singular] something that gives you enough information to be able to make a decision about sth or form an opinion 指导原则；参考标准◆As a general guide, large dogs need more exercise than small ones.一般来说，大型犬比小型犬需要更多的运动。◆These figures should be taken as a rough guide.应该把这些数字看作大致的标准。■ guideline /ˈgaɪdlaɪn/ / [countable] something that can be used to help you make a decision or form an opinion 参考◆These prices are a guideline only.这些价格仅供参考。◆It may help to have a few guidelines to follow.有些规则可循，也许会有帮助。NOTE 辨析 Guide or guideline?There is very little difference in meaning between these two words. Guide is often used in situations where being exact is less important; guideline is often used in business situations, where it is impossible to be exact, but still important to be as nearly right as possible. Guide is not usually used in the plural. 这两个词含义差别很小。guide常用于不需要特别精确的场合，guideline常用于不可能精确但要尽量准确的商业场合。guide通常不用复数形式◆It may help to have a few guides to follow. ■ gauge (NAmE also gage) / /geɪdʒ/ / [countable, usually singular] (written, especially business 尤用于商业) a thing, event or fact that can be used to estimate or judge sth 依据；尺度；标准◆The company was regarded as a gauge of Britain's industrial well-being.这家公司被视为衡量英国工业发展状况的指标。 see also gauge ⇨ estimate verb , gauge ⇨ judge verb 1 ■ yardstick /ˈjɑːdstɪk; NAmE ˈjɑːrdstɪk/ [countable] something that can be measured and used as a standard that other things can be compared with 衡量标准；准绳◆Exam results are not the only yardstick of a school's performance.考试成绩并非衡量学校水平的唯一标准。◆Rates of progress are difficult to compare without a common yardstick.没有共同的标准，进步的快慢不好比较。NOTE 辨析 Benchmark or yardstick?A benchmark is usually the particular standard that is used or recommended for measuring a particular thing; a yardstick is more often one of several possible standards that can be used. * benchmark通常指衡量特定事物的特定标准；yardstick则多指可以采用的几种标准之一。■ norm [countable] a required or agreed standard, level or amount 标准；定额；定量◆The level of background radioactivity is well below international norms.本底辐射强度远低于国际标准。 tradition noun tradition ♦︎ practice ♦︎ custom ♦︎ convention ♦︎ normsThese are all words for behaviour that is accepted as usual by a group or society. 这些词均表示传统、习俗、常规。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆by tradition / custom / convention◆a tradition / custom / convention that ... ◆(an) established tradition / practice / custom / convention / norms◆accepted practice / conventions / norms◆social practice / custom / convention / norms◆cultural tradition / practice / convention / norms◆a local / British tradition / practice / custom◆traditional practices / customs / norms◆to follow a tradition / a practice / a custom / convention / ... norms◆to break with a tradition / practice / convention◆tradition / custom / convention demands sth■ tradition [countable, uncountable] a belief or way of doing sth that has existed for a long time among a group of people; a set of these beliefs or ways of doing sth 传统；传统的信仰（或行事方式）◆Germany has a tradition of good quality newspapers.德国报纸一贯品质很高。◆There is a tradition in our family that one of our ancestors was a Cherokee Indian.我们家有个传统信仰，认为我们有个祖先是切罗基印第安人。◆The bride's parents are by tradition expected to pay for the wedding.按照传统，新娘的父母要支付婚礼花费。◆He is in the great tradition of British travel writers.他继承了英国旅游作家的优良传统。◆This year there will be a break with tradition (= something different will be done).今年将打破传统。◆Brittany has a lively and very distinctive sense of tradition.布里塔尼有着浓厚且非常独特的传统意识。■ practice [uncountable, countable] a way of doing sth that is the usual or expected way in a particular organization or situation 通常的做法；惯例；常规◆It is standard practice not to pay bills until the end of the month.常规做法是月底才付账。◆They have produced a guide to best practice for employers.他们为员工制订了一份最佳行为指引。◆Members have to abide by the federation's code of practice.成员都要遵守联合会的行业规则。◆They have been studying Japanese business practices.他们一直在研究日本的营商之道。ⓘ Practices is often used to talk about the way in which businesses are run. Collocates include business, corrupt, discriminatory, employment, management, recruitment, restrictive, trading and working. * practices常指商业的运营方式，搭配词有business、corrupt、discriminatory、employment、management、recruitment、restrictive、trading和working。■ custom [countable, uncountable] a traditional and widely accepted way of doing things in a particular society, place or time 风俗；习俗◆They were unfamiliar with local customs and culture.他们不熟悉当地风俗和文化。◆It is the custom here to put flowers on the graves at Easter.复活节时，把鲜花放在坟墓上是这里的风俗。◆They poured wine round the trees in accordance with local custom.他们按当地习俗将葡萄酒浇洒在树周边。■ convention [countable, uncountable] the way of doing sth that most people in a society consider to be polite or the right thing to do; a traditional method or style in literature, art or theatre 习俗；常规；惯例；（文学、艺术或戏剧的）传统手法，传统风格◆The handshake is a social convention.握手是一种社会习俗。◆She is a lively young woman who enjoys flouting convention.她年轻活泼，喜欢无视传统习俗。◆The novel conforms to the conventions of nineteenth-century realism.这本小说遵循19世纪现实主义的传统手法。■ norms [plural] standards of behaviour that are typical of or accepted in a particular group 规范；行为标准◆Norms of dress vary from society to society.着装规范在不同的社会有不同的标准。◆She considered people to be products of the values and norms of the society they lived in.她认为人是其所生活的社会之价值观和规范的产物。 |