➡ See also the entry for ⇨ speculation另见speculation条conclusion ♦︎ finding ♦︎ judgment ♦︎ ruling ♦︎ verdict ♦︎ inference ♦︎ deductionThese are all words for sth that you decide or know is true after considering all the facts of a situation.这些词均表示思考后得出的结论、推论。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a conclusion / findings / a judgment / a ruling / an inference / a deduction about sth◆a judgment / ruling / verdict against / in favour of / on sb / sth◆the conclusion / finding / judgment / ruling / verdict / inference / deduction that...◆a / the general conclusion / finding / verdict / inference / deduction◆a / the correct / wrong conclusion / verdict / inference◆a logical / reasonable / valid conclusion / inference / deduction◆the final conclusion / judgment / ruling / verdict◆reach a conclusion / judgment / verdict◆make a judgment / a finding / a ruling / an inference / a deduction◆to give judgment / a ruling / a verdict◆to challenge sb's findings / a ruling / a verdict◆to base your conclusion / findings / judgment / ruling / verdict on sth■conclusion / /kənˈkluːʒn/ / [countable] something that you decide is true after you have considered all the facts relating to a particular situation结论；推论◆We can safely draw some conclusions from our discussion.从讨论中我们可以有把握地得出一些结论。◆I've come to the conclusion that he's not the right person for the job.我断定他不适合做这项工作。◆Don't jump to conclusions(= do not decide that sth is true without knowing the facts).别匆忙下结论。■finding [countable, usually plural] information that is discovered as the result of research into sth调查发现；调研结果◆These findings suggest that there is no direct link between unemployment and crime.这些调研结果表明失业和犯罪之间没有直接联系。◆The findings are based on interviews with more than 2 000 people.调查结果是基于对2 000多人的访谈得出的。ⓘ In formal or legal English a finding is also a decision made by the judge or jury in court.在正式或法律用语中，finding还指法官或陪审团的裁决◆The facts of this case do not justify a finding of negligence.本案的事实不足以得出犯有过失的裁决。 see also find ⇨ find1■judgment ( judgement) [countable, uncountable] the decision of a court or judge判决；裁决◆They are hoping for a judgment in their favour from the European Court of Justice.他们期待着欧洲法院作出有利他们的裁决。◆The court has yet to pass judgment(= to say what its decision is) in this case.此案还有待法庭判决。ⓘ The usual spelling of this word in most of its meanings is judgement in British English and judgment in American English. However, in legal contexts judgment is preferred in both British and American English.该词大多数义项的拼法在英式英语中通常为judgement，在美式英语中通常为judgment。不过，在法律用语中，英式和美式英语均倾向拼写作judgment。 see also judge ⇨ judgeverb2■ruling [countable] an official decision made by sb in a position of authority, especially a judge（尤指法官作出的）裁决，裁定，判决◆The court will make its ruling on the case next week.法庭下周将对本案作出裁决。 see also rule ⇨ ruleverb2■verdict [countable] a decision that is made by a jury in court, stating if sb is considered guilty of a crime or not; a decision that you make or an opinion that you give about sth, after you have tested it or considered it carefully（陪审团的）裁定，裁决；（经检验或认真考虑后的）决定，结论，意见◆The jury returned a verdict(= gave a verdict) of not guilty.陪审团作出了无罪裁决。◆The coroner recorded a verdict of accidental death.验尸官得出了意外死亡的结论。◆The panel will give their verdict on the latest video releases.专家组将就最近发行的录像提出他们的意见。NOTE辨析 Finding, judgment, ruling or verdict?These are all words that can be used for a decision made in court. Finding is the most formal and is usually used in the phrase a finding of negligence/murder/unfair dismissal, etc., when a court has decided the nature of a crime or offence that has been committed; finding is much more frequent in its non-legal sense of research findings. Judgment and ruling are more general words, used especially to talk about decisions made when a complaint or dispute has been taken to court for a decision. Judgment emphasizes that the decision is made by a court, whether by a judge or jury; ruling emphasizes that the decision is made by a person in authority, often (but not always) a judge, but not by a jury.这些词均可指法庭作出的裁决。finding最正式，用于法院已经确定所犯罪行或违法行为的性质，通常用于短语a finding of negligence/murder/unfair dismissal（过失／谋杀／无理解雇的裁决）等；finding更常用于非法律用语中，如research findings。judgment和ruling含义更广，尤指投诉或纠纷提交法庭后所得的裁定。judgment强调决定是由法庭作出，不管是法官或陪审团；ruling强调决定是有职权的人作出的，常为（但不总是）法官，而非由陪审团作出◆The judgment of the jury cannot be overturned.陪审团的裁决不可推翻。◆the ruling of the juryA verdict is the decision made by a jury in criminal cases about whether the person accused of the crime is guilty or not guilty. Verdict is also used to talk about the decision of a coroner at an inquest(= an official investigation to find out the cause of sb's death). * verdict是陪审团对刑事案件中被指控犯罪的人是否有罪的判决，亦指验尸官的验尸结果。■inference / /ˈɪnfərəns/ / [countable, uncountable] something that you can find out indirectly from what you already know; the act or process of forming an opinion based on what you already know推断的结果；结论；推断；推理◆What inferences can we draw from this data?我们从这个数据中能推断出什么？◆If he is guilty then, by inference, so is his partner(= it is logical to think so, from the same evidence).如果他有罪，那么由此可以推断他的合伙人也同样有罪。■deduction / /dɪˈdʌkʃn/ / [uncountable, countable] the process of using the information that you have in order to understand a particular situation or to find the answer to a problem演绎；推论；推理◆He arrived at the solution by a simple process of deduction.他通过一番简单的推理得出了解决问题的方法。◆If my deductions are correct, I can tell you who the murderer is.如果我的推论正确，我可以告诉你谁是凶手。NOTE辨析 Inference or deduction?An inference is slightly more uncertain than a deduction: it is sth that is probably true, given what you already know. A deduction is sth that, logically, has to be true, if the facts you have are correct. Making an inference is usually more complicated than making a deduction. * inference的确定性比deduction略低，指由已知情况推断某事可能为真。deduction指如果掌握的事实无误的话，从逻辑上推断某事必然如此。inference的推理过程通常比deduction更复杂◆He arrived at the solution by a simple process of inference.