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civil adj.
⇨ national (civil war) ⇨ polite (behave in a civil manner) national adjective national ♦︎ domestic ♦︎ civil ♦︎ nationwide ♦︎ internal ♦︎ homeThese all describe things connected with a particular country rather than foreign countries. 这些词均表示国家的、本国的、国内的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆national / domestic / home news◆domestic / internal / home affairs◆national / domestic politics / law◆the national / domestic / internal / home market ◆national / domestic / internal security◆domestic / civil / internal unrest / conflict◆a domestic / an internal flight / crisis◆domestic / internal trade◆a national / civil emergency◆national / civil defence◆a national / nationwide campaign / survey / strike◆on the domestic / home front■ national [usually before noun] connected with a particular country, rather than involving other countries; happening in or involving all parts of a particular country 国家的；全国的；民族的◆He has won medals in both national and international competitions.他在国内和国际比赛中都获得了奖牌。◆The country has a national debt of 80% of GNP.该国的国债占国民生产总值的80%。◆The state of our hospitals is a national disgrace.我们的医院状况是国家的耻辱。◆Decide whether it would be better to advertise in a national or a local newspaper.要确定一下是在全国性还是地方性报纸上做广告更好。 OPP international ⇨ international , local ⓘ Local describes things that belong to or are connected with the particular place or area that you are talking about or with the place where you live, not the whole country. * local指地方的、当地的、本地的◆A local man was accused of the murder.一个本地人被指控为这起谋杀案的凶手。◆decisions made at a local rather than national level地方性而非全国性的决策 see also nation ⇨ country 1 ▸ nationally adverb ◆He's a talented athlete who competes nationally and internationally.他是一名有才华的运动员，既参加国内比赛，也参加国际比赛。◆The programme was broadcast nationally.这个节目当时是在全国播放。■ domestic [usually before noun] connected with or inside a particular country, rather than involving other countries 本国的；国内的◆The company has made losses in both its domestic and international operations.该公司的国内和国际业务都出现了亏损。◆He was a chief White House adviser on domestic policy.他是白宫国内政策首席顾问。OPP foreign , overseas ⇨ foreign ▸ domestically adverb ◆domestically produced goods本国产品NOTE 辨析 National or domestic? National contrasts both with international and local; domestic contrasts with international (or foreign) but not local. Domestic is mostly used in the contexts of business and politics; national has a wider range. * national与international和local都形成对比；domestic与international（或foreign）形成对比，但不与local形成对比。domestic主要用于商务和政治语境，national应用范围更广。■ civil / /ˈsɪvl/ / [only before noun] connected with the people who live in a particular country 国民的；平民的◆Both are veterans of the country's long civil war (= between groups of people in the same country).两人均为参加过这国家长期内战的老兵。◆Some groups have been calling for a non-violent civil disobedience campaign.一些团体一直在呼吁进行非暴力公民抵抗运动。ⓘ Civil is used especially to describe problems or violence involving the ordinary people within a country; collocates include war, unrest, conflict, disorder, disturbance and disobedience. * civil尤用以描述涉及国内普通民众的问题或暴力事件，搭配词有war、unrest、conflict、disorder、disturbance和disobedience。■ nationwide / /ˌneɪʃnˈwaɪd/ / [usually before noun] happening or existing in all parts of a particular country 全国性的；遍及全国的；全国范围的◆The study uses data from a nationwide survey of 5 000 people.这一研究所使用的数据来自一项有5 000人受访的全国性民意调查。◆The police conducted a nationwide hunt for the missing girl.警方对那名失踪的女孩展开了全国范围的搜寻。▸ nationwide adverb ◆The company has over 500 stores nationwide.这家公司在全国各地有500多家商店。NOTE 辨析 National or nationwide? Nationwide is used especially about activities or events in which people all over the country take part, or in which people travel all over the country; collocates include campaign, drive, strike, survey, tour, hunt and search. National is often used about organizations or institutions which serve the whole country, but nationwide is not used in this way. * nationwide尤用以描述全国民众参与或需要民众走遍全国的活动或事件，搭配词有campaign、drive、strike、survey、tour、hunt和search。national常用以描述为全国提供服务的组织或机构，但nationwide无此用法◆a nationwide health service ◆nationwide radio ■ internal /ɪnˈtɜːnl; NAmE ɪnˈtɜːrnl/ [only before noun] connected with or inside a particular country, rather than involving other countries 国内的◆Nations should be left to resolve their own internal difficulties.本国问题应由本国解决。◆The civil war led to considerable internal migration (= people moving to different areas within a country).内战导致了国内大量居民的迁移。OPP external ⇨ foreign NOTE 辨析 Domestic or internal?There is very little difference in meaning or use between these words. Domestic is more frequent and is used especially in more ordinary situations in business and politics; collocates include currency, demand, service, economy, policy, issue and law. Internal is used slightly more in discussions of conflict situations; collocates include conflict, strife, division, self-government and security. 这两个词在含义和用法上差别很小。domestic更常用，尤用于较为普通的商务和政治场合，搭配词有currency、demand、service、economy、policy、issue和law。internal稍多用于讨论冲突的场合，搭配词有conflict、strife、division、self-government和security。■ home [only before noun] (especially BrE) connected with your own country rather than involving other countries 本国的；国内的◆The newspaper has different sections for home news, international and foreign news.这份报纸分别有国内、国际和外国新闻版。◆ (BrE) The Home Secretary has drawn up national guidelines.内政大臣拟订了国家纲领。ⓘ In Britain, home is used in the title of government departments and ministers who deal with issues inside the country, such as the Home Office and the Home Secretary. 在英国，home用于处理国内问题的政府部门和大臣的称谓中，如the Home Office（内政部）和the Home Secretary（内政大臣）。 OPP foreign , overseas ⇨ foreign polite adjective polite ♦︎ civil ♦︎ gracious ♦︎ respectful ♦︎ courteous ♦︎ gentlemanly ♦︎ deferentialThese words all describe sb who behaves in a way that shows good manners and respect. 这些词均表示有礼貌的、恭敬的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆polite / civil / gracious / respectful / courteous / deferential to sb◆a polite / civil / respectful / courteous / gentlemanly manner◆a polite / gracious / respectful / gentlemanly way◆a polite / gracious / courteous / gentlemanly man◆a polite / gracious / courteous smile◆polite / courteous behaviour◆extremely / perfectly polite / civil / courteous■ polite (usually approving) having or showing good manners and respect for the feelings of others; socially correct but not always sincere 有礼貌的；客气的；客套的◆Please be polite to our guests.请礼貌待客。◆In Western culture, it is polite to maintain eye contact during conversation.在西方文化中，与人交谈时要一直注视对方，这样才礼貌。◆We all stood around making polite conversation.我们都站在那儿寒暄。◆The performance was greeted with polite applause.这场演出得到了礼节性的掌声。OPP rude , impolite ⇨ rude see also politeness ⇨ respect noun ▸ politely adverb ◆The receptionist smiled politely.接待员礼貌地微笑着。■ civil polite in a formal way, but possibly not friendly 有礼貌的；客气的◆The less time I have to spend being civil to him the better!我巴不得我必须跟他客套的时间越短越好！OPP uncivil ⓘ The opposite of civil is uncivil, but this is not very frequent. * civil的反义词是uncivil，但不常用。 see also civility ⇨ respect noun ▸ civilly adverb ◆She greeted him civilly but with no sign of affection.她礼貌地向他打招呼，但没有一丝爱意。■ gracious / /ˈgreɪʃəs/ / (rather formal, approving) kind, polite and generous, especially to sb of a lower social position （尤指对社会地位较低者）和蔼有礼的，宽厚的◆Lady Caroline was gracious enough to accept our invitation.卡罗琳夫人很赏脸，接受了我们的邀请。◆He has not yet learned how to be gracious in defeat.他还没有学会怎样豁达地面对失败。OPP ungracious ⓘ The opposite of gracious is ungracious, but this is not very frequent. * gracious的反义词是ungracious，但不常用。 see also grace ⇨ respect noun ▸ graciously adverb ◆She graciously accepted our invitation.她善意地接受了我们的邀请。■ respectful (rather formal, approving) showing or feeling respect 表示敬意的；尊敬的◆We were brought up to be respectful of authority.我们从小就学会了尊重权威。◆We all stood in respectful silence.我们都默默地站着，以示敬意。OPP disrespectful ⇨ rude see also respect ⇨ respect noun , respect ⇨ respect verb ▸ respectfully adverb ◆He listened respectfully.他恭敬地听着。■ courteous / /ˈkɜːtiəs; NAmE ˈkɜːrtiəs/ (approving) polite and showing respect, especially to people who you do not know （尤指对不熟悉的人）有礼貌的，恭敬的◆The hotel staff were friendly and courteous.旅馆服务人员友善又有礼。◆I wrote him a short letter and received a courteous reply.我给他写了封短信，然后收到了他客气的回信。OPP discourteous ⇨ rude see also courtesy ⇨ respect noun ▸ courteously adverb ◆'I don't think we have met,' said the chairman courteously.“我们好像没有见过面。”主席客气地说道。■ gentlemanly (approving) (of a man) behaving very well and showing very good manners; like a gentleman （男人）彬彬有礼的，绅士风度的◆So far, the election campaign has been a very gentlemanly affair.到目前为止，竞选活动风气良好。■ deferential /ˌdefəˈrenʃl/ / (rather formal, especially written) behaving in a way that shows that you respect sb/sth, especially to sb you think is of a higher social position （尤指对社会地位较高者）尊重的，遵从的◆Older people tend to be more deferential to medical authorities.年长者往往对医学权威更尊重。▸ deference / /ˈdefərəns/ / noun [uncountable] ◆The women wore veils in deference to the customs of the country.这些妇女遵从该国习俗戴着面纱。 |