administration noun ⇨government1 (the Bush administration)⇨government2 (administration costs)⇨management (hospital administration)
government1
noun
the British government英国政府strong government严厉的统治government ♦︎ administration ♦︎ regime ♦︎ cabinet ♦︎ reign ♦︎ parliament ♦︎ the executiveThese are all words for a group of people who govern a country or the period for which they govern.这些词均表示政府、内阁或其任期。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆under a government / an administration / a regime / sb's reign◆the former / previous / current government / administration / regime◆the central / local / national government / administration◆a left-wing / right-wing / communist / fascist government / administration / regime◆a / an authoritarian / totalitarian / repressive / military / revolutionary government / regime◆to elect a government / an administration◆to form a government / an administration / a cabinet◆to bring down / overthrow a government / an administration / a regime◆a government / an administration / a regime comes to power◆a government / an administration takes office / is in office■government [countable + singular or plural verb] (often常作the government [singular]) the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or state政府；内阁◆The government has been considering further tax cuts.政府一直在考虑进一步减税的问题。◆She has resigned from the government.她已辞去内阁职位。◆The interests of the state should not be confused with the interests of the government of the day(= the people in government at a particular time).不应混淆国家利益和当时政府的利益。 see also govern ⇨ ruleverb1■administration [countable + singular or plural verb] the government of a country; the period for which it governs政府；政府的任期◆The current administration will remain in office until elections in November.现任政府仍将执政，直至11月的选举为止。◆He was Secretary of Education in Bush's first administration(= first period as president).他是布什政府第一任期的教育部长。NOTE辨析 Government or administration?Administration is used especially about a government that is led by a president, and especially the US government. It usually refers to the government of a particular president or the period for which this lasts. * administration尤指总统领导的政府，尤其是美国政府，常指某总统领导的政府或其任期◆during / under the Reagan / Clinton / Bush Administration里根／克林顿／布什执政时期◆during/under the Reagan/Clinton/Bush governmentIt is not usually used to refer to the institution or process of government which remains the same while presidents and administrations change. * administration通常不指政府机构或办事程序，因为机构或程序不随总统及政权的更迭而改变◆Approximately 2.7 million people are employed by the federal government.联邦政府雇用了大约2 700万人。◆employed by the federal administrationIn countries where the government is led by a prime minister, with more limited powers than a president－especially the United Kingdom－the word government is usually preferred. * government较常指首相领导的政府，尤其是英国政府。这些政府里，首相的权力比总统小◆the Thatcher / Major / Blair / Brown government撒切尔／梅杰／布莱尔／布朗政府◆government employees政府职员To use the word administration after the name of the prime minister can sometimes suggest disapproval of the prime minister for trying to act like a president.在首相名字后使用administration有时具有贬义，暗指其欲像总统般行事。■regime / /reɪˈʒiːm/ / [countable] the government of a country, especially one that has not been elected in a fair way（尤指未通过公正选举的）政权，政体◆She was imprisoned because of her opposition to the regime.她因反对该政权而入狱。◆They are investigating human rights abuses under the previous military regime.他们正在调查前军事政权侵犯人权的情况。 see also leadership ⇨ management■cabinet ( Cabinet) / /ˈkæbɪnət/ / [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of the most important government ministers, or advisers to a president, responsible for advising and deciding on government policy内阁◆Several cabinet ministers have been implicated in the scandal.几个内阁部长卷入了丑闻之中。◆The issue was discussed at yesterday's cabinet meeting.昨天的内阁会议讨论了这个问题。◆She lost her position as Health Minister in a recent cabinet reshuffle(= change).在最近的内阁改组中，她丢掉了卫生部长的位子。◆He is a member of the Shadow Cabinet(= senior politicians of the party not in government).他是影子内阁的成员。■reign / /reɪn/ / [countable] the period during which a king, queen, emperor, etc. rules君主统治时期◆The house was built during the reign of Henry VIII.那栋房子是亨利八世统治时期建造的。◆By the end of his reign, the vast empire was in decline.在他统治末期，庞大的帝国走向衰落。 see also reign ⇨ ruleverb1■parliament [countable, uncountable] a period during which a parliament is working; parliament as it exists between one general election and the next一届议会的任期；（两次大选之间的）一届议会◆We are now into the second half of the parliament.我们现已进入本届议会的后半任期。◆The prime minister unexpectedly dissolved parliament(= formally ended its activities) and called a general election.首相突然解散了议会并下令举行大选。◆The legislation is expected to be introduced early in the next session of parliament.那部法规预计会在议会的下次会期早些时候提交讨论。 see also parliament ⇨ assembly■the executivethe part of a government responsible for putting laws into effect（政府的）行政部门◆The constitution calls for a separation of the powers of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.宪法要求行政机关、立法机关和司法机关权力分离。 see also legislature ⇨ assembly
government2
noun
the British government英国政府strong government严厉的统治government ♦︎ management ♦︎ leadership ♦︎ regulation ♦︎ administration ♦︎ supervision ♦︎ directionThese are all words for the activity of running or controlling a business or organization, or of governing a country.这些词均表示对企业、机构或国家的管理、管治。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆leadership / supervision / direction from sb◆regulation / supervision by sb◆under the management / leadership / administration / supervision / direction of sb◆(to be / work, etc.) in government / management / administration◆good government / management / leadership / administration◆firm / strong government / management / leadership / direction◆effective government / management / leadership / regulation / administration / supervision / direction◆weak government / management / leadership◆poor management / leadership / regulation / administration / supervision◆day-to-day government / management / administration / supervision◆general management / regulation / administration / supervision◆government regulation / administration / supervision / direction◆to be responsible for the management / regulation / administration / supervision of sth◆to take over the management / leadership / administration■government [uncountable] the activity of controlling a country; the way in which a country is controlled（一国的）统治，治理；统治方式；管理方式◆The Nationalists had been in government for most of the 1980s.20世纪80年代的大部分时间都是民族主义者执政。◆Democratic government has now replaced military rule.民主政府现已取代军事统治。 see also govern ⇨ ruleverb1■management [uncountable] the activity of running and controlling a business or other organization; the way in which it is run经营；管理；管理方式◆She studied hotel management in Munich.她在慕尼黑学过酒店管理。◆The report blames bad management.那份报告将问题归咎于管理不善。◆The company's top-down management style made decision-making slow.该公司最高层决策一切的管理风格致使决策缓慢。 see also management ⇨ management, manage ⇨ run2, manager ⇨ manager■leadership [uncountable] the activity or position of being a leader; the abilities or qualities needed to be a leader领导；领导地位；领导才能；领导应有的特质◆The party thrived under her leadership.该党在她的领导下壮大起来。◆In the crisis he showed real leadership.危机中，他展现出真正的领导才能。 see also lead ⇨ leadverb2, leader ⇨ leader1■regulation / /ˌregjuˈleɪʃn/ / the practice of controlling sth by means of rules（运用条规的）管理，控制◆There are calls for tighter regulation of the industry.人们呼吁对这个行业进行更严格的管理。◆Theatre, cinema and broadcasting are all subject to regulation by local authorities.剧院、电影院和广播机构均由地方政府管理。 see also regulation ⇨ rulenoun, regulate ⇨ regulate■administration [uncountable] the activities that are done in order to plan, organize and run a business or other organization（企业或机构的）管理，行政◆A large part of his job involves routine administration.他的大部分工作涉及日常管理。◆Administration costs are passed on to the customer.行政成本转嫁给了顾客。ⓘ Although administration refers to all the activities needed to organize and run a company which are not the actual business of the company (such as producing or selling a product), it is often used especially to refer to the paperwork necessary, such as filling in forms, writing letters or emails and filing. * administration可指经营公司所需的所有非实际业务（即不属于生产或销售等）的活动，但尤指必要的文书工作，如填表、写信、发电子邮件和文件归档等。 see also administer ⇨ run2, administrator ⇨ organizer■supervision /ˌsuːpəˈvɪʒn, ˌsjuːpəˈvɪʒn; NAmEˌsuːpərˈvɪʒn/ [uncountable] the activity of being in charge of sb/sth and making sure that everything is done correctly or safely监督；管理；主管◆New employees are trained to work without direct supervision.新员工要接受培训，学会在没有直接监督的情况下工作。◆There was inadequate supervision of children in the swimming pool.对游泳池中的儿童照看不足。 see also supervise ⇨ regulate, supervisor ⇨ manager■direction [uncountable] (ratherformal) the activity of managing or guiding sb/sth管理；指导◆All the work was produced by the students under the direction of John Williams.所有作品都是在约翰•威廉斯的指导下由学生创作完成的。◆The teacher provided clear direction, but allowed children some autonomy.老师提供了明确的指导，但允许孩子们有一些自主权。 see also direct ⇨ run2, director ⇨ manager
management
noun
management ♦︎ leadership ♦︎ executive ♦︎ administration ♦︎ captaincy ♦︎ directorate ♦︎ directorship ♦︎ headshipThese are all words for a person or group of people who run a business, team, or other organization, or the period of time for which they run it.这些词均表示公司、团队或机构的管理者、领导层或其任期。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆under the management / leadership / captaincy / directorship / headship of sb◆the new / current / existing management / leadership / executive / administration◆the central management / leadership / executive / administration / directorate◆the local management / leadership / executive / administration◆the national leadership / executive / administration / directorate◆the college / hospital management / administration◆the party / union leadership / executive■management [uncountable + singular or plural verb, countable] the people who run a business or other organization经营者；管理层；资方◆Union leaders are seeking talks with management over the proposed layoffs.工会领导人正在就拟议中的裁员问题寻求同资方谈判。◆It is a one-day workshop for senior and middle management.这是为中高级管理人员举办的为期一天的研讨班。◆The store is now under new management.这家商店现由新的经营者管理。◆Most managements are keen to avoid strikes.大多数经营者都很希望避免发生罢工。 see also management ⇨ government2, manage ⇨ run2■leadership [countable + singular or plural verb] the people who control or run an organization, political party or country（机构、政党或国家的）领导班子，领导层◆The party leadership is divided.该党领导层意见不合。◆There have been disagreements within the leadership of the union.工会领导层发生了意见分歧。ⓘ When it is used to talk about the people who run a country, leadership usually refers to governments that are not elected or are not considered to be democratic.指管理国家的领导班子时，leadership通常指非经选举产生的或被视为不民主的政府◆East German / military leadership东德政府；军政府◆the British/Australian/Indian leadership see also regime ⇨ government1■executive / /ɪgˈzekjətɪv/ / [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who run a business or other organization（公司或机构的）行政领导，领导层◆She is a member of the party's national executive.她是该党国家级领导层的一员。◆She was on the executive of the Women's Social and Political Union.她曾是妇女社会政治同盟领导层的成员。ⓘ In American English executive is mostly used before another noun.在美式英语中，executive多数用在另一名词前◆There are still too few women in top executive positions.任最高层主管的女性依然太少。◆the executive board / committee执行董事会／委员会 see also executive ⇨ executive■administration [countable] the people who run a service, business or organization（服务性企业、公司或机构的）管理部门，行政部门◆The prison administration is working hard to improve the service.监狱管理部门正努力改善服务。◆He has been in dispute with the New Zealand cricket administration.他与新西兰板球管理部门发生了纠纷。 see also administer ⇨ run2, administrator ⇨ organizerNOTE辨析 Management, executive or administration?The management of a company can include a much larger group of people than the executive. There are different levels of management including top, senior, middle and junior management, although management used alone often refers just to top or senior management. The executive of a company is just the top management, especially members of the executive board who all meet together as a group to discuss the management of the company. Executive is also used to refer to the group of people who lead an organization such as a political party or trade union, especially when they are elected, not appointed. Administration is used especially to refer to the people who run an institution that provides a service or organizes an activity.公司的management所包含的人数较executive多很多。有不同层次的管理人员(levels of management)，可说top/senior/middle/junior management（最高管理层；高层／中层／基层管理人员）。但management单独使用时常仅指最高层或高层管理者。executive仅指公司的最高管理层，尤指executive board（执行董事会）的成员，这些成员全体开会讨论公司的经营管理。executive亦可指政党或工会之类的组织的领导层，尤指经选举产生而非任命的行政领导。administration尤指提供公共服务或组织活动的机构的管理部门◆the school / college / university / prison / hospital administration学校／学院／大学／监狱／医院的行政部门■captaincy / /ˈkæptənsi/ / [countable, usually singular, uncountable] the position of captain of a team; the period during which sb is captain队长职位；队长任期◆The team won the league under the captaincy of Martin Jones.该队在队长马丁•琼斯的率领下在联赛中夺冠。◆In 2006 he took over the captaincy from Vaughan.2006年，他接替沃恩担任队长。■directorate /dəˈrektərət, dɪˈrektərət, daɪˈrektərət/ [countable] (ratherformal) the group of directors who run a company董事会；理事会◆He is the longest-standing member of the bank's permanent directorate.他是这家银行常设董事会中任职最长的成员。■directorship [countable] the position of a company director; the period during which sb is a company director董事的职位；董事的任期◆He was forced to resign his directorship of the company.他被迫辞掉了公司董事的职位。◆Since leaving politics, he has held directorships of various financial companies.自离开政界后，他已担任了多家金融公司的董事。■headship [countable] (BrE) the position of being in charge of an organization, university department, school, etc.; the period during which sb is in charge（机构、大学的系、学校等的）主管职位，主管任期◆He has just retired from the headship of the Diplomatic Service.他刚刚从外交部门的主管职位上退休。◆She applied for the headship of a small, rural primary school.她申请了一所规模很小的农村小学的校长职位。ⓘ Headship refers to positions with 'head' in the title such as head teacher, head of department or Head of the Civil Service. * headship指头衔里含有head的职位，如head teacher（校长）、head of department（系主任）或Head of the Civil Service（文官部部长）。 see also head ⇨ leader1, head ⇨ professor