birth noun ⇨family3 (French by birth)⇨start (the birth of a new society)⇨give birth⇨produce
family3
noun
a family of four四口之家the support of family and friends亲友的支持The painting has been in our family for generations.这幅画是我们家的传家宝。➡ See also the entry for ⇨ background另见background条family ♦︎ origin ♦︎ dynasty ♦︎ lineage ♦︎ blood ♦︎ descent ♦︎ ancestry ♦︎ birth ♦︎ pedigree ♦︎ roots ♦︎ parentageThese are words for all the people who are related to each other, including those who are dead.这些词均表示家族。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆by origin / descent / birth◆to be of noble, Scottish, etc. origin / lineage / blood / descent / ancestry / birth / pedigree / parentage◆ethnic / racial / social / cultural origin / descent / ancestry / pedigree / roots◆African, Scottish, Italian, etc. family / origin / lineage / blood / descent / ancestry / roots / parentage◆(of) humble / lowly family / origins / birth / roots◆(of) noble family / origins / lineage / blood / descent / ancestry / birth◆(of) unknown origin / descent / parentage◆middle-class / working-class / peasant family / origins / roots◆to trace your family / origin / lineage / ancestry / pedigree / roots■family [countable + singular or plural verb] all the people who are related to each other, including those who are now dead家族◆Some families have farmed in this area for hundreds of years.有些家族在这个地区务农有几百年了。◆This painting has been in our family for generations.这幅画是我们家的传家宝。◆How far back can you trace your family tree(= a diagram that shows the relationship between members of a family over a long period of time)?你的家谱可以追溯到多少代？◆Heart disease runs in the family.这个家庭很多人有心脏病。■origin [countable, uncountable] ( origins [plural]) a person's social and family background身世；出身◆children of various ethnic origins各族裔的儿童◆people of German origin德裔民众◆a person's country of origin(= where they were born)某人的出生国◆She has risen from humble origins to immense wealth.她出身卑微，终成巨富。 see also origin ⇨ source■dynasty / /ˈdɪnəsti; NAmEˈdaɪnəsti/ [countable] a series of rulers of a country who all belong to the same family; a period of years during which members of a particular family rule a country王朝；朝代；朝；代◆the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty尼赫鲁—甘地王朝◆a Ming dynasty vase一只明代花瓶◆Eventually the dynasty was overthrown, and the country became a Republic.王朝最终被推翻，该国成为共和国。▸dynastic /dɪˈnæstɪk; NAmEdaɪˈnæstɪk/
adjective
[usually before noun] ◆dynastic history王朝统治史■lineage /ˈlɪniɪdʒ/ / [uncountable, countable] (formal) the series of families that sb is descended from, especially when these are families of high social position that go back a long way in history（尤指历史悠久、社会地位高的）世系，宗系，血统◆a French nobleman of ancient lineage出身于古老世家的法国贵族 see also line ⇨ series■blood [uncountable] (ratherformal) family origins血统；家世；出身◆She is of noble blood.她有贵族血统。◆There is some Polish blood on his father's side.他父亲一方有波兰血统。■descent / /dɪˈsent/ / [uncountable] (ratherformal) family origins血统；家世；出身◆people of West Indian descent祖籍西印度群岛的民众◆He traces his line of descent from the Stuart kings.他的家族可追溯到斯图亚特王朝。■ancestry / /ˈænsestri/ / [countable, usually singular, uncountable] (ratherformal) family origins血统；家世；出身◆His eyes owed their startling blueness to his Irish ancestry.爱尔兰祖先给了他一双碧蓝的眼睛。◆He was able to trace his ancestry back over 1 000 years.他可追祖溯宗至一千多年前。▸ancestor
noun
[countable] ◆His ancestors had come to America from Ireland.他的祖先从爱尔兰来到美国。◆a reptile that was the common ancestor of lizards and turtles作为蜥蜴和龟的共同始祖的一种爬行动物OPPdescendant ⇨ sonNOTE辨析 Blood, descent or ancestry?These are all rather formal ways of talking about sb's family origins. You trace your descent from sb, starting in the past and coming forward to the present; you trace your ancestry back to sb, starting with yourself and working back. Blood is used especially to emphasize either the high social position of sb's family, or the fact that sb is descended from a number of different families in different places.这些词均为描述某人的血统、家世颇为正式的用语。trace one's descent from sb指对家世的追溯，从过去开始直至现在；trace one's ancestry back to sb指从自己开始回溯至先祖。blood尤用以强调某人的家族社会地位崇高，或强调某人的血统源自不同地域的几个不同家族◆of noble blood有贵族血统◆of mixed Chinese and Portuguese blood华裔和葡萄牙裔混血◆some Polish blood on his father's side他父系的波兰血统■birth [uncountable] a person's origin or the social position of their family, especially when this is different from their current situation, or when they are of high social position（尤指与现在不同的或高贵的）出身，门第◆Anne was French by birth but lived most of her life in Italy.安妮在血统上是法国人，但大部分时间住在意大利。◆a woman of noble birth出身贵族的女子■pedigree / /ˈpedɪgriː/ / [countable, uncountable] a person's family history or the background of sth, especially when this is impressive（尤指显赫的）家史，门第，世系◆She was proud of her long pedigree.她为自己源远流长的家世而自豪。◆The product has a pedigree going back to the last century.该产品的渊源可追溯到上个世纪。■roots [plural] the feelings or connections that you have with a place because you have lived there or your family came from there根（指与出生地或原籍相关的情感或联系）◆I'm proud of my African roots.我为我的非洲血统感到骄傲。◆After 20 years in America, I still feel my roots are in Ireland.尽管在美国生活了20年，我还是觉得我的根在爱尔兰。 see also root ⇨ source■parentage /ˈpeərəntɪdʒ; NAmEˈperəntɪdʒ/ [uncountable] the origin of a person's parents and who they are出身；世系；家世◆a young American of German parentage一个年轻的德裔美国人◆Nothing is known about her parentage and background.她的家世和来历不明。
start
noun
start ♦︎ beginning ♦︎ opening ♦︎ outset ♦︎ onset ♦︎ birth ♦︎ dawn ♦︎ kick-offThese are all words for the first part or early stages of sth.这些词均表示开端、开头部分或初期阶段。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the start / opening to sth◆at the start / beginning / opening / outset / onset / birth / dawn (of sth)◆from the (very) start / beginning / outset◆a new start / beginning / opening / birth / dawn◆a slow start / beginning / onset◆a / an early / late start / onset / kick-off◆a delayed start / opening / onset◆a promising start / beginning / opening◆to mark the start / beginning / opening / onset / birth / dawn (of sth)◆to herald the start / beginning / opening / onset / dawn (of sth)◆to see the start / beginning / opening / birth / dawn (of sth)◆to delay the start / opening / onset / kick-off (of sth)■start [countable, usually singular] the point at which sth begins; the act or process of beginning sth开头；开端；开始◆What a perfect start to the day!这一天的开始多完美呀！◆If we don't hurry, we'll miss the start of the game.要是不快走，我们就看不上比赛的开头了。◆We've had problems (right) from the start.我们从一开始就遇到了困难。◆The meeting got off to a good / bad start(= started well / badly).会议有了一个良好／糟糕的开端。◆The trip was a disaster from start to finish.那次旅行从头到尾都糟糕透顶。◆I'll paint the ceiling if you make a start on the walls.你要是动手刷墙，我就刷天花板吧。◆She's moving abroad to make a fresh start(= to begin a new life).她要移居国外，开始新的生活。OPPfinish ⇨ endnoun see also start ⇨ beginverb, start ⇨ opportunitynoun■beginning [countable, usually singular] the first part or early stages of sth; the point at which sth begins开头部分；初期阶段；开端；开头◆We're going to Japan at the beginning of July.我们7月初要去日本。◆We missed the beginning of the movie.我们错过了电影的开头部分。◆Let's start again from the beginning.让我们再从头开始吧。◆I've read the whole book from beginning to end.我把这本书从头到尾读了一遍。ⓘ At the beginning (of) is used for the time and place when sth begins. In the beginning means 'at first', and suggests a contrast with a later situation. * at the beginning (of)用于表示某事开始的时间和起点。in the beginning表示起初、起先，与后来相对。OPPend,ending ⇨ endnoun see also begin ⇨ beginverbNOTE辨析 Start or beginning?Although these words have almost the same meaning, they tend to be used in slightly different ways. An event, such as a game or meeting usually has a start; a story, book or movie usually has a beginning. In these cases, the start is usually shorter than the beginning.虽然这两个词含义几乎相同，它们的使用方式却稍有不同。start通常表示game、meeting等活动的开始；beginning通常表示story、book或movie的开始。在这些情况下，start所持续的时间通常比beginning短◆We'll miss the start of the game(= the moment when it starts; the kick-off).我们将会错过比赛的开始部分。◆We missed the beginning of the movie(= the first few scenes).我们错过了电影的开头部分。Note that you say from start to finish and from beginning to end and not◆from start to end or ◆from beginning to finishYou usually say at the beginning of a particular month, season or decade.注意，要说from start to finish和from beginning to end，不说from start to end或from beginning to finish。表示特定月份、季节或十年期的开始，通常用at the beginning of◆at the start of July/summer/the 90sWith other periods of time you can use either word, although beginning is usually more frequent.对于其他时间段，则两词都可使用，尽管beginning通常更常用◆the beginning / start of the day / week / year / century / a new era一天／一周／一年／世纪／新时代的开始Only start can mean 'the act or process of beginning sth'.只有start可表示开始做某事◆I want to make an early beginning.■opening [countable, usually singular] (especiallywritten) the first part or early stages of sth such as a play, book, film, game or other event（戏剧、书、电影或比赛等的）开始，开头部分◆The movie has an exciting opening.该影片的开头很刺激。◆The New Zealanders quickly lost control after a promising opening.新西兰人队在取得一个很不错的开局后很快便对比赛失去了控制。OPPending ⇨ endnoun see also open ⇨ beginverb, opening ⇨ firstdet.adj.■outset / /ˈaʊtset/ / [singular] (only used in the phrase at/from the outset只用于短语at/from the outset) (ratherformal) the beginning of sth开始◆I made it clear right from the outset that I disapproved.从一开始我就明确表示我不赞成。■onset /ˈɒnset; NAmEˈɑːnset, ˈɔːnset/ [singular] (especiallywritten) the beginning of sth, especially sth unpleasant（尤指不愉快的事的）开端，发生，肇始◆An active and healthy lifestyle can delay the onset of disease in later life.积极和健康的生活方式能够推迟晚年疾病的发作。ⓘ Onset is often used to talk about the early stages of illness or some other physical experience. * onset常指疾病或其他一些身体情况的开端◆the onset of illness / infection / disease / depression / AIDS / symptoms / shock / menstruation / puberty疾病／感染／疾病／抑郁症／艾滋病／症状／休克的发作；月经来潮；青春期的到来Other typical collocations relate to the weather.该词的其他常用搭配词与天气有关◆the onset of winter / cold weather冬天／寒冷天气的来临■birth [singular] (especiallywritten) the beginning of a new situation, idea or place创始；开始；诞生◆This declaration marked the birth of a new society in South Africa.这份宣言标志着一个新社会在南非诞生了。■dawn [singular] (literary) the beginning of a new situation, idea or place开端；曙光；萌芽◆That's been going on since the dawn of civilization.那种现象自从有了文明就一直存在。◆Peace marked a new dawn in the country's history.和平使这个国家的历史翻开了新的一页。■ˈkick-off [countable, uncountable] the start of a game of football（足球比赛的）开球，开始◆Kick-off is at 3.足球比赛3点开球。
produce
verb
produce ♦︎ have ♦︎ give birth ♦︎ breed ♦︎ clone ♦︎ reproduce ♦︎ bearThese words all mean to grow sth as part of a natural process, or to have a baby or young animal.这些词均表示长出、出产、繁育。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to produce / breed / clone sth from sth◆to produce / have / give birth to / bear a / an child / son / daughter / heir◆to produce / have / give birth to a baby / litter◆to breed / clone animals◆to produce / bear fruit◆to produce sth / breed / clone sth / reproduce successfully■produce [transitive] (ratherformal) to grow or make sth as part of a natural process; to have a baby or young animal长出；出产；繁育◆The fruit and vegetables are all produced locally.水果和蔬菜都是当地产的。◆These shrubs produce bright red berries.这些灌木结鲜红的浆果。◆Our cat produced a litter of kittens last week.上星期我们的猫生了一窝小猫。◆Her duty was to produce an heir to the throne.她的任务就是生育王位继承人。ⓘ When it is used to talk about having a baby, produce suggests a lack of emotion in the speaker. It is used especially when people are talking about having a son who will inherit an important position.用produce表示生育时，意味着说话人缺乏情感，尤指生育某一重要位置的继承人。■have(has, had, had) [transitive] to produce a baby or young animal生，生产（小孩或小动物）◆She's going to have a baby.她快生孩子了。◆Our cat has just had five kittens.我们的猫刚刚生了五只小猫。■give ˈbirth
idiom
(gave, given) (ratherformal) to produce a baby or young animal生，生产（小孩或小动物）◆She died shortly after giving birth.她产后不久就去世了。◆Mary has given birth to a healthy baby girl.玛丽刚生了一个健康的女婴。NOTE辨析 Have or give birth?Have is the most usual verb to use when a woman or animal produces a baby or young animals; it can be used in a general way about the process of being pregnant and then giving birth. Give birth is used to talk about the actual act of making a baby come out of your body.表示女人或动物产子，最常用的动词是have，可以统指整个怀孕和生产的过程。give birth指分娩◆She's going to have a baby(= she is pregnant).她快生孩子了。◆She is about to give birth(= the baby is in the process of being born).她即将临产。◆She died shortly after giving birth(= within a few hours of the baby being born).她分娩完没几个小时就去世了。◆She died shortly after having a baby(= within a few days or weeks).她生完孩子没多少日子就去世了。■breed(bred, bred) [intransitive, transitive](of animals) to have sex and produce young; to keep animals in order to produce young ones in a controlled way（动物）交配繁殖；饲养◆Many animals breed only at certain times of the year.许多动物一年中仅在某些时候交配繁殖。◆The rabbits are bred for their long coats.饲养兔子是为了获取它们长长的皮毛。 see also breed ⇨ keep4■clone [transitive] (technical术语) to produce an exact copy of an animal or plant from its cells（以无性繁殖技术）复制；克隆◆A team from the UK were the first to successfully clone an animal.一个英国的研究团队首次成功地克隆了动物。◆They produced Dolly, the cloned sheep.他们复制出了多利，即那只克隆羊。■reproduce /ˌriːprəˈdjuːs; NAmEˌriːprəˈduːs/ [intransitive, transitive] (ratherformalortechnical术语) (of animals, plants or cells) to produce new animals, plants or cells（动物、植物或细胞）繁殖，生育◆Most reptiles reproduce by laying eggs on land.大部分爬行动物在陆地产卵繁殖。◆These cells reproduce themselves every twenty minutes.这些细胞每二十分钟自我繁殖一次。▸reproduction
noun
[uncountable] ◆sexual reproduction有性生殖■bear(bore, borne) [transitive] (formalorliterary) to give birth to a child; to produce flowers or fruit生（孩子）；开（花）；结（果实）◆She was not able to bear children.她不能生育。◆She had borne him six sons.她为他生了六个儿子。◆These trees take a long time to bear fruit.这些树要很长时间才结果实。