coat ♦︎ jacket ♦︎ cloak ♦︎ shawl ♦︎ cape ♦︎ waistcoat ♦︎ vest ♦︎ tuxedo/tux ♦︎ blazer ♦︎ anorak ♦︎ mac ♦︎ tailsThese are all words for a piece of clothing that you wear over other clothes to keep you warm and dry outdoors or to look smart on formal occasions.这些词均表示外套、外衣、礼服。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a long coat / jacket / cloak / cape / mac◆a short coat / jacket / cape / mac◆a heavy coat / jacket / cloak / shawl◆a light coat / jacket / shawl◆to wear / put on / take off / remove a coat / a jacket / a cloak / a shawl / a cape / a waistcoat / a vest / a tuxedo / a blazer / an anorak / a mac / tails◆to do up / undo a coat / a jacket / a waistcoat / a vest / a blazer / an anorak / a mac◆to button (up) / unbutton a coat / jacket / waistcoat / vest / blazer / mac◆to zip up / unzip a coat / a jacket / an anorak / a mac◆a coat / jacket / waistcoat / vest pocket■coat [countable] a piece of outdoor clothing with sleeves that is worn over other clothes to keep warm or dry外套；外衣；大衣◆a fur coat毛皮大衣◆a long winter coat冬天穿的长大衣◆Why don't you take off your coat if you're hot?如果你觉得热，为什么不把外套脱了？ⓘ Coat is often used in one-word and two-word compounds to describe different types of coat. * coat常用来构成单个词或两个词的复合词，指不同类型的外衣◆overcoat(= a long warm coat worn in cold weather)长大衣◆raincoat(= a long light coat that keeps you dry in the rain)雨衣◆trench coat(= a long loose coat with a belt, worn especially to keep off rain)军装式雨衣◆duffel coat(= a heavy coat made of wool, that usually has a hood and is fastened with toggles)粗呢大衣In American English, a coat can also be a jacket that is worn as part of a suit. This use is old-fashioned in British English.在美式英语中，coat亦指作为套装一部分的上衣；这种用法在英式英语中已经过时。■jacket [countable] a piece of clothing worn on the top half of the body over a shirt, etc. that usually has sleeves and fastens down the front; a short, light coat夹克衫；短上衣◆a linen / suede / tweed jacket亚麻／绒面革／粗花呢夹克衫◆He pulled his passport from his inside jacket pocket.他从夹克内侧兜里掏出了护照。◆I have to wear a jacket and tie to work.我上班得穿短上衣打领带。ⓘ Common compounds are常见复合词有◆dinner jacket(= a black or white jacket worn with a bow tie at formal occasions in the evening)配蝶形领结的男式晚礼服◆sports jacket(= a man's jacket for informal occasions)男式便服外套◆ski jacket滑雪衫◆bomber jacket(= a short jacket that fits tightly around the waist and fastens with a zip)紧腰短夹克NOTE辨析 Coat or jacket?A jacket might be worn outside in warmer weather, and it is often worn inside, for example as part of a suit. A coat is usually worn outside, especially in order to keep you warm and dry. When it is worn inside, it is a protective garment worn over clothes. * jacket可以在较暖和的天气于户外穿着；也常于室内穿着，如作为套装的一部分。coat常在户外穿，尤指为了保暖和防水。在室内穿着时则用来保护穿在里面的其他衣物◆doctors in their white coats穿着白大褂的医生◆a lab coat(= worn in a laboratory)实验袍A jacket usually comes down to the waist or hips, but not below; a coat is usually hip-length or longer. A coat has sleeves; a jacket may not. * jacket的长度通常到腰部或臀部，但不会更长；coat一般到臀部或更长。coat有袖子，jacket则可无袖◆a padded sleeveless jacket有夹层的无袖外套◆a sleeveless coat■cloak [countable] a type of coat that has no sleeves, fastens at the neck and hangs loosely from the shoulders, worn especially in the past（尤指旧时的）披风，斗篷◆She threw a heavy woollen cloak over her shoulders.她随手将沉沉的羊毛披风披在肩上。■shawl [countable] a large piece of cloth worn by a woman around the shoulders or head, or wrapped around a baby（女用）披巾，披肩；襁褓 ◆Ruth draped a shawl over her shoulders.露丝往肩上披了块披肩。■cape [countable] a loose outer piece of clothing that has no sleeves, fastens at the neck and hangs from the shoulders, like a cloak but shorter披肩；短披风；短斗篷◆a bullfighter's cape斗牛士的斗篷◆Superman's cape超人的披风■waistcoat / /ˈweɪskəʊt, NAmE usuallyˈweskət, NAmE alsoˈweɪskoʊt/ [countable] (BrE) a short piece of clothing with buttons down the front but no sleeves, usually worn over a shirt and under a jacket, often forming part of a man's suit（西服的）背心，马甲◆He always wore a brightly-coloured waistcoat under his dark grey suit.他总是在深灰色西装里面穿上颜色鲜艳的马甲。■vest [countable] (NAmE) a waistcoat（西服的）背心，马甲◆He is smartly dressed in a suit complete with vest, tie and polished Gucci loafers.他一身西装，很是光鲜，穿了背心、打了领带，脚上是擦得锃亮的古驰平底便鞋。■tuxedo /tʌkˈsiːdəʊ; NAmEtʌkˈsiːdoʊ/ ( informaltux) [countable] (especially NAmE) a black or white jacket, worn with a bow tie at formal occasions, especially in the evening（配蝶形领结的男式）礼服，晚礼服◆He went to pick up his girlfriend, dressed in a tuxedo and carrying a red rose.他穿着晚礼服，拿着红玫瑰，去接他的女朋友了。◆I had to rent a tux for the ceremony.我得租一套晚礼服去出席典礼。ⓘ Tuxedo can also refer to a whole suit, including both jacket and trousers/pants. In British English the terms dinner jacket and dinner suit are usually used. * tuxedo亦可指全套礼服，包括上衣和裤子。在英式英语中常用dinner jacket和dinner suit。■blazer /ˈbleɪzə(r)/ / [countable] a jacket, not worn with matching trousers, worn by schoolchildren or sports players and showing the colours or badge of a school, club, team, etc.; a formal jacket（常带有学校、俱乐部、运动队等颜色或徽章的）夹克；正式上衣◆a school blazer校服◆He was smartly dressed in a blazer and slacks(= trousers).他穿着时髦的运动衣和休闲裤。■anorak / /ˈænəræk/ / [countable] (BrE) a short coat with a hood that is worn as protection against rain, wind and cold带帽防寒短上衣◆hikers in anoraks and walking boots穿着防寒服和步行靴的徒步旅行者■mac [countable] (BrE, informal) a coat made of material that keeps you dry in the rain雨衣◆He was standing in the pouring rain with his mac on.他穿着雨衣站在瓢泼大雨中。ⓘ Mac is a short form of the more old-fashioned word mackintosh. In American English this is just called a raincoat. * mac是较为过时的词mackintosh的缩略式。在美式英语中只用raincoat表示雨衣。■tails [plural] a long jacket divided at the back below the waist into two pieces that become narrower at the bottom, worn by men at very formal events燕尾服；男式晚礼服◆The men all wore top hat and tails.男士都头戴高顶礼帽，身穿燕尾服。
cover
verb
cover ♦︎ coat ♦︎ spread ♦︎ rub ♦︎ smear ♦︎ daub ♦︎ cakeThese words all mean to put a liquid or a soft substance onto sth.这些词均表示将液体或稀软之物涂抹、覆盖到某物上。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to cover / coat / spread / rub / smear / daub / cake sth with sth◆to cover / coat / cake sth in sth◆to spread / rub / smear / daub sth on sth◆to spread / smear sth over sth◆to cover sth with / coat sth with / spread a layer of sth◆to rub / smear oil into / onto sth◆to be covered / coated / caked in / with dust◆to be covered / caked in / with dirt◆to be covered / smeared / caked in / with mud◆to be covered / coated / smeared in / with grease / oil◆to be covered / coated / smeared / daubed with paint◆to be covered / smeared / daubed / caked in / with blood◆to be covered / coated / spread with chocolate◆liberally covered / coated / spread / smeared◆thickly / thinly covered / coated / spread■cover [transitive, often passive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition通常与副词或介词连用) to put a layer of sth, especially sth liquid, soft or dirty, on sb/sth覆上，洒上，溅上（一层液体、稀软或脏的东西）◆The players were soon covered in mud.那些运动员很快就满身泥浆。◆The wind blew in from the desert and covered everything with sand.风从沙漠那边吹来，把一切都蒙上了一层沙。■coat [transitive, often passive] to cover sth with a layer of a substance给⋯涂上一层；（用⋯）覆盖◆The cookies were thickly coated with chocolate.曲奇上涂了厚厚一层巧克力。◆A film of dust coated the table.桌上覆盖着一层灰尘。NOTE辨析 Cover or coat?Cover is a more general word than coat. Coat is used especially when sth is deliberately covered with a fixed layer for decoration or protection. * cover比coat含义广。coat尤指出于装饰或保护目的，有意在某物上面牢固地覆盖上一层◆The flakes are coated with sugar(= the sugar is fixed onto them).薄片上涂了一层糖。◆The flakes are covered with sugar(= the sugar is not fixed onto them).薄片上沾了一层糖。When sth gets coated in dust or grease, it suggests that the dust or grease may be quite thick and hard to remove.分词coated指某物覆盖着灰尘或油脂时，暗示灰尘或油脂可能很厚，难以去除◆More than 400 birds were coated with oil when 50 tonnes of crude oil spilled into the sea.50吨原油泄漏到海里后，400多只鸟身上裹了一层油污。■spread(spread, spread) [transitive, intransitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition通常与副词或介词连用) to deliberately put a layer of a substance onto the surface of sth; to be able to be put onto a surface涂；敷；抹◆She spread butter on a piece of toast.她往烤面包片上抹黄油。◆Spread the cake with cream and then sprinkle flakes of chocolate on top.把奶油抹到蛋糕上，然后在上面撒些巧克力碎片。◆If the paint is too thick, it will not spread easily.油漆如果太稠就不容易涂抹。ⓘ Spread is used about substances that you spread deliberately; it is not used about dirt or grease that gets onto sth by accident. * spread指有意涂抹，不用来指灰尘或油脂意外沾染到某物上。■rub(-bb-) [transitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition总是与副词或介词连用) to spread a liquid or other substance over a surface while pressing firmly涂；抹；搽◆She rubbed moisturizer into her skin.她把乳液揉抹进皮肤里。◆Rub some salt on the fish before cooking.烹制前在鱼身上抹些盐。■smear / /smɪə(r); NAmEsmɪr/ [transitive] to spread a soft substance over a surface in a rough or careless way（用稀软物质）胡乱涂抹◆The children had smeared mud on the walls.那些孩子往墙上乱涂泥巴。◆His face was smeared with blood.他满脸血污。 see also smear ⇨ marknoun■daub /dɔːb/ / [transitive, often passive] (always used with an adverb or preposition总是与副词或介词连用) to spread a substance such as paint or mud onto sth thickly and/or carelessly（用颜料、灰泥等）涂抹，乱涂，乱画◆The walls of the building were daubed with red paint.这座楼的几面墙上随意涂了一层红漆。NOTE辨析 Smear or daub?Daub is often passive; smear is often active or passive. Daub always needs an adverb or preposition; smear can be used without. * daub常用被动形式，smear主动或被动形式均很常用。daub总是与副词或介词连用，smear可不跟副词或介词◆She had smeared her make-up.她胡乱化了妆。◆She had daubed her make-up. Daub is often used when talking about words which are written on sth; smear is not usually used in this way.在某物上涂写字句常用daub，smear一般不这样用◆They found a message daubed onto the wall of the cell.他们在小房间墙上发现了一条涂写的信息。◆They found a message smeared onto the wall of the cell.■cake [transitive, usually passive] to cover sth with a thick layer of sth soft that becomes hard when it dries（用干后变硬的稀软物质）覆盖（厚厚一层）◆Her shoes were caked with mud.她的鞋上沾满泥巴。