| 例句 |
rigid adj.
⇨ deep-seated (rigid attitudes) ⇨ solid (rigid and brittle) ⇨ strict (a rigid code of ethics) deep-seated adjective deep-seated ♦︎ deep-rooted ♦︎ entrenched ♦︎ rigid ♦︎ set ♦︎ ingrained ♦︎ inflexible ♦︎ fixedThese words all describe an idea or behaviour that is difficult to change. 这些词均形容观点根深蒂固的、行为不易改变的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆deep-seated / deep-rooted / entrenched / ingrained prejudices◆deep-seated / entrenched / rigid / ingrained / fixed beliefs◆deep-seated / entrenched / ingrained / inflexible attitudes◆entrenched / rigid / ingrained / fixed habits◆deep-seated / deep-rooted / entrenched problems◆a deep-seated / deep-rooted fear / hatred (of sb / sth)◆entrenched / rigid / set / fixed views / ideas◆deeply / firmly entrenched / set / ingrained■ ˌdeep-ˈseated [usually before noun](of feelings, beliefs and problems) very fixed and strong; difficult to change, destroy or solve （感情、信念和问题）根深蒂固的，强烈的，坚定的◆Jealousy usually stems from a deep-seated fear of being rejected.忌妒源自一种根深蒂固的害怕受到排斥的心理。◆She had a deep-seated desire to be different from everybody else.她强烈希望自己能够与众不同。■ ˌdeep-ˈrooted [usually before noun] deep-seated （感情、信念和问题）根深蒂固的，强烈的，坚定的◆Discrimination is a deep-rooted problem in our society.歧视在我们这个社会是个根深蒂固的问题。◆The country's political divisions are deep-rooted.这个国家的政治分歧根深蒂固。NOTE 辨析 Deep-seated or deep-rooted?These words are very close in meaning and range. Deep-seated is often used to describe negative feelings or beliefs that may be difficult to examine because they are held so deeply. 这两个词的含义和使用范围非常接近。deep-seated常形容因植根于内心深处而不易察觉的负面情绪或信念◆They have a deep-seated hatred of the modern world.他们对当今世界怀有强烈的仇恨。 Deep-rooted is slightly more positive and is often used for describing principles or practices that have become established in some way over time. * deep-rooted含义稍微正面一些，常形容长期以来形成的既定原则或做法◆The custom of sending a greeting in a card had become a deep-rooted tradition.寄贺卡的习俗已成为一种根深蒂固的传统。 ■ entrenched / /ɪnˈtrentʃt/ / (of attitudes or habits) established very firmly so that they are very difficult to change （态度或习惯）顽固的，固有的◆The challenge of combating and changing deeply entrenched attitudes is enormous.对抗和改变顽固的态度，这可是巨大的挑战。■ rigid / /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ / (disapproving) (of attitudes or habits) that sb is not willing to change, especially when this is unreasonable （态度或习惯）固执的，僵化的，一成不变的◆Her rigid ideas and stern manner had frightened the children.她那固执的想法和严厉的态度把孩子们吓坏了。■ set (of attitudes or habits) not likely to change （态度或习惯）顽固的，固定的◆He had very set ideas of what he wanted.他对于想要的东西非常固执。◆As people get older, they get set in their ways.随着年龄的增长，人会变得积习成性。■ ingrained / /ɪnˈgreɪnd/ / (of attitudes or habits) that sb has had for a long time and that are therefore difficult to change （态度或习惯）根深蒂固的，日久难改的◆I have reached that age where I have started to question some of my ingrained prejudices.我已经到了开始会反省自己根深蒂固的成见的年龄。◆The belief that we should do our duty is deeply ingrained in most of us.尽职尽责的观念深深积淀于我们大多数人心中。NOTE 辨析 Entrenched or ingrained? Entrenched is used more to talk about the attitudes of a society or whole class of people; ingrained is used more to talk about the attitudes or habits of an individual person. * entrenched多形容一个社会或整个阶层的态度，ingrained多形容个人的心态或习惯。■ inflexible / /ɪnˈfleksəbl/ / (disapproving) (of attitudes or systems) that cannot be changed or made more suitable for a particular situation （态度或体制）顽固的，死板的，僵化的◆The government has shown an increasingly inflexible attitude to dealing with the problem.政府对这个问题的处理态度越来越死硬。◆The rules are too inflexible to allow for human error.这些规定过于死板，不允许出现人为的失误。 OPP flexible ⇨ flexible 1 ■ fixed (of ideas and wishes) held very firmly; not easily changed （想法或愿望）执著的，不易改变的◆My parents had fixed ideas about what I should become.父母对我应该成为怎样的人已有定见。 solid adjective solid ♦︎ stiff ♦︎ rigid ♦︎ firm ♦︎ hardThese words all describe things that are not soft to touch or are difficult to bend, break or move. 这些词均表示坚硬的、结实的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆solid / stiff / rigid material◆a solid / firm / hard surface◆firm / hard ground◆to go stiff / hard■ solid not in the form of a liquid or gas; not soft; difficult to bend, break or move 固体的；坚硬的；结实的；牢固的◆It was so cold that the stream had frozen solid.天气特别冷，小河冻得严严实实的。◆The boiler uses solid fuel (= not oil or gas).这种锅炉使用固体燃料。◆She had refused all solid food (= would not eat, only drink).所有固体食物她都不肯吃。◆The door was solid as rock.那扇门坚如磐石。OPP liquid ⇨ material see also solid ⇨ pure adj. 1 , solid ⇨ material noun ■ stiff not easy to fold or change in shape 不易折叠（或变形）的；硬的；挺的◆a sheet of stiff black cardboard一张黑色硬纸板◆Scrub away any residue with a stiff brush.用硬刷子把残留物擦洗掉。ⓘ People or parts of the body can be stiff if their muscles hurt when they move them, often because of cold. * stiff可指人的全身或身体某一部位因寒冷等而僵硬，活动时肌肉会疼痛◆I felt stiff all over.我觉得浑身酸痛。◆I've got a stiff neck from sleeping in a draught.我睡觉时受了风，脖子发僵。◆My fingers had gone stiff with cold.我的手指已经冻僵了。 see also stiff ⇨ tight ■ rigid / /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ / difficult to bend or press out of shape 坚硬的；不易弯曲的；僵直的◆Sandwiches are best packed in a rigid container.三明治最好用硬盒包装。◆The material is rigid and brittle.这种材料质地坚硬而且易碎。ⓘ People can go rigid with fear, anger or some other emotion. * rigid可指人因害怕、生气或其他情感而身体僵直◆His body suddenly went rigid with fear.他吓得突然浑身发僵。 OPP flexible ⇨ flexible 2 ■ firm (approving) not soft; not easy to press into another shape 坚固的；坚硬的；结实的◆It was good to feel the firm ground underfoot.脚下踩着坚硬的土地，那种感觉真好。◆four large tomatoes, ripe but firm四个大西红柿，熟了却还很硬◆Bake the cakes until they are firm to the touch.把糕饼烤到摸来有硬感为止。OPP soft ⇨ soft see also firm ⇨ firm , firm ⇨ tight ■ hard not soft; impossible to press into another shape 坚硬的；坚固的；不易变形的◆Wait for the concrete to go hard.等待混凝土凝结。◆a hard bench / chair硬板凳；硬椅子◆The ground is still rock-hard.地面仍然极其坚硬。 OPP soft ⇨ soft NOTE 辨析 Firm or hard? Hard things are harder than firm things. Hard can mean 'very hard' * hard比firm的硬度大。hard可表示非常硬◆Diamonds are the hardest known mineral.钻石是已知最坚硬的矿物。or 'too hard'. 或表示太硬◆a hard mattress一张硬梆梆的床垫 Firm is always a positive word: a hard mattress is a bad thing, but a firm mattress is good. * firm总是含有肯定意义：hard mattress是不好的，而firm mattress则是好的。 strict adjective strict ♦︎ tough ♦︎ harsh ♦︎ rigid ♦︎ stringent ♦︎ punitive ♦︎ firm ♦︎ severeThese words all describe a person or a set of rules that must be obeyed. 这些词均表示人或规则是严格的、严厉的。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达严格的程度| firm | ➔ | strict | ➔ | harsh | | | tough | | punitive | | | stringent | | severe |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆strict / tough / harsh / firm / severe with sb / sth◆strict / tough / harsh / severe on sb / sth◆strict / tough / harsh / rigid / firm / severe discipline◆a tough / harsh / severe penalty / sentence◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent / firm controls◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent / severe restrictions◆strict / rigid / stringent / severe limits◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent rules / standards◆strict / tough / harsh / stringent conditions / legislation◆a strict / harsh / punitive regime◆tough / harsh / stringent / punitive / firm measures◆tough / punitive / firm action◆harsh / stringent / severe criticism◆increasingly strict / tough / harsh / stringent / punitive / severe◆extremely strict / tough / harsh / rigid / severe◆excessively / unnecessarily strict / harsh / rigid■ strict (of rules or instructions) that must be obeyed exactly; (of a person) demanding that rules, especially about behaviour, should be obeyed （规则或指示）严格的；（人）要求严格的，严厉的◆She left strict instructions that she must not be disturbed.她下了严格的指示，不准打扰她。◆She's on a very strict diet.她正严格节食。◆They were always very strict with their children.他们对子女一向十分严格。◆She's very strict about things like homework.她对作业之类的事要求非常严格。◆I had a very strict upbringing.我小时候家教很严。OPP lenient ⇨ lenient ▸ strictly adverb ◆The industry is strictly regulated.这个行业管理得很严格。◆She was brought up very strictly.她从小家教很严。■ tough / /tʌf/ / (rather informal) demanding that particular rules be obeyed and not showing sympathy for any problems or suffering that this may cause 严厉的；强硬的◆Don't be too tough on him－he was only trying to help.不要对他太严厉－他只是想帮忙而已。◆The government has promised to get tough on crime.政府已经承诺要严厉打击犯罪。◆The school takes a tough line on (= punishes severely) cheating.学校对作弊行为的惩罚很严厉。◆There will be tough new controls on car emissions.对汽车尾气的排放量将有新的严格控制。◆Courts are imposing tougher penalties for street crime.法院正在对街头犯罪实行更严厉的惩治。ⓘ Tough can describe the people who make or enforce the rules, the rules themselves, or the punishment for not obeying the rules. * tough可描述制订或实施规则的人、规则本身或者对违反规则的惩罚。 OPP soft ⇨ lenient ■ harsh (usually disapproving) (of a judgement, punishment or situation) extreme and cruel or unkind, especially more extreme than is appropriate for the situation （评价、惩罚或局势）残酷的，严酷的，严厉的◆It may seem a bit harsh to criticize him after his death.在他去世后对他进行批评可能会显得有点残酷。◆He later regretted his harsh words.过后他对自己的刻薄言辞感到后悔。◆He accused her of being unduly harsh.他指责她过分严厉。◆We had to face up to the harsh realities of life sooner or later.我们迟早都得正视严酷的生活现实。OPP lenient ⇨ lenient ▸ harshly adverb ◆Don't judge him too harshly.不要过分苛刻地评判他。■ rigid / /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ / (often disapproving) (of rules or methods) that must be obeyed or followed exactly and are difficult to change （规则或方法）死板的，僵化的◆His rigid adherence to the rules made him unpopular.他对规则的刻板坚持使得他不受欢迎。◆The warriors were governed by a rigid code of ethics.武士受制于一套严格死板的道德规范。▸ rigidly adverb ◆The speed limit must be rigidly enforced.必须严格执行限速规定。■ stringent / /ˈstrɪndʒənt/ / (formal) (of rules or procedures) that must be obeyed or followed exactly （规则或程序）严格的，严厉的◆There are stringent quality control procedures.有一些严格的质量控制程序。◆Safety standards were less stringent in those days.那时的安全标准没那么严格。■ punitive / /ˈpjuːnətɪv/ / [usually before noun] (formal) intended as a punishment; (of taxes or charges) very high and that people find very difficult to pay 惩罚性的；处罚的；（征税或收费）苛刻的◆Punitive action will be taken against the hooligans.那些小流氓将会受到惩治。◆ (NAmE) They could impose punitive tariffs of up to 100% on imports.他们可以向进口商品征收100%的惩罚性关税。ⓘ Punitive taxes, tariffs, charges, damages or sanctions are or seem to be designed to punish sb or to put them at a disadvantage. For example, a government might impose punitive tariffs on goods from a particular country as part of a trade dispute. * punitive taxes/tariffs/charges/damages/sanctions（惩罚性征税／关税／收费／损害赔偿金／制裁）都是（或似乎是）用来惩罚某人或者使其处于不利地位，例如，在贸易争端中，一国的政府可能会对来自特定国家的货物征收惩罚性关税。■ firm (often approving) (of sb's behaviour) strong and in control （行为）牢牢控制的，严格的◆People are looking towards him for firm leadership.人们都盼望他是个强悍的领导。◆Parents must be firm with their children.父母对子女必须严格。▸ firmly adverb ◆'I can manage,' she said firmly.“我应付得了。”她坚定地说。■ severe punishing sb in an extreme way when they break a particular set of rules （惩罚）严厉的，重的◆He received a severe reprimand for his behaviour.他因为自己的行为而受到严厉的斥责。◆The courts are becoming more severe on young offenders.法庭对青少年犯罪者的处罚趋于严厉。▸ severely adverb ◆Anyone breaking the law will be severely punished.违法者将受到严惩。 |