duty noun ⇨responsibility (It is my duty to report it to the police.)⇨task (your professional duties)⇨tax (pay customs duties)
responsibility
noun
responsibility ♦︎ duty ♦︎ charge ♦︎ obligation ♦︎ burden ♦︎ liability ♦︎ job ♦︎ commitment ♦︎ accountabilityThese are all words for sth that you have to do, or the state of being responsible for sth.这些词均表示责任、职责、义务，或对某事负责。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a duty / an obligation / a burden / a commitment / accountability to sb / sth◆a responsibility / duty towards sb◆responsibility / liability / accountability for sth◆(a) heavy responsibility / obligations / burden / commitments◆(a) greater responsibility / obligation / burden / liability / accountability◆(a) personal responsibility / duty / charge / obligation / commitment / accountability◆collective / public responsibility / duty / accountability◆(a) professional / social responsibility / duty / obligation / commitment / accountability◆(a) financial responsibility / duty / obligation / burden / commitment / accountability◆(a) moral responsibility / duty / obligation / accountability◆(a) legal responsibility / duty / obligation / liability / accountability◆(a) family responsibility / duty / obligations / commitments◆to have a responsibility / a duty / charge / an obligation / liability / the job / a commitment◆to accept responsibility / a duty / an obligation / the burden / liability◆to bear / shoulder the responsibility / burden◆to fulfil / meet a responsibility / a duty / an obligation / a commitment◆a responsibility / a duty / the burden falls on sb■responsibility [uncountable, countable] (ratherformal) a requirement to deal with sth, or help or take care of sb, because of your job or position责任；职责；义务◆It is their responsibility to ensure that the rules are enforced.他们有责任确保制度的执行。◆I'm not ready to be in a position of responsibility.我还没准备好担任责任重大的职务。◆I don't feel ready to take on new responsibilities.我不愿意承担新的责任。◆I think we have a moral responsibility to help these countries.我认为我们在道义上有责任帮助这些国家。ⓘ If you have a responsibility for sb/sth, you are the person who should be blamed if sth goes wrong. * have a responsibility for sb/sth指对某人或某事负有责任。 see also be responsible for sb/sth ⇨ run2■duty [countable, uncountable] something that you feel you have to do because it is your moral or legal responsibility（道德或法律上的）责任，义务，本分◆It is my duty to report it to the police.把这事报告给警方是我的责任。◆I supposed we'd better do our duty and report the accident.我想我们最好履行义务，把事故上报。◆I'll have to go I'm afraid－duty calls.我想我得走了－公务在身。◆The time he put in helping new recruits went beyond the call of duty.他花时间帮助新入职员工已经超越了职责的要求。■charge [uncountable] the position of having control over sb/sth掌管；照管；职责◆She has charge of the day-to-day running of the business.她负责掌管日常业务。◆He took charge of the farm after his father's death.他在父亲去世后掌管了农场。◆They left the nanny in charge of the children for a week.他们把孩子留给保姆照料一周。ⓘ You can have/take charge of sb/sth or you can be in charge of sb/sth or leave/put sb in charge of sb/sth.可以说have/take charge of sb/sth、be in charge of sb/sth或leave/put sb in charge of sb/sth。 see also be in charge ⇨ run2■obligation / /ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃn; NAmEˌɑːblɪˈgeɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable] (ratherformal, especiallywritten) the state of being forced to do sth because it is your duty, or because of a law or rule; something which you must do because you have promised or because of a law or rule（法律或条例规定的或承诺过的）义务，责任，职责◆You are under no obligation to buy anything.你不是非买什么不可。◆She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth.她觉得没有义务告诉他实情。◆We will send you an estimate for the work without obligation(= you do not have to accept it).我们将把成本估算发给您，仅供参考。◆You must fulfil your legal obligations.你必须履行法律义务。 see also oblige ⇨ forceverb■burden [countable] (ratherformal) a duty or responsibility that causes worry, difficulty or hard work（义务或责任的）重担，负担◆The main burden of caring for old people falls on the state.照料老人的重担大部分落到了国家头上。◆I don't want to become a burden to my children when I'm old.我不想在年老时成为孩子的累赘。◆How can we reduce the heavy tax burden on working people?如何才能减少劳动者身上沉重的税负？▸burden
verb
[transitive] ◆They have burdened themselves with a large mortgage.他们负担了一笔很高的按揭贷款。◆I don't want to burden you with my worries.我不想让你为我的烦恼操心。■liability /ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ / [uncountable] (ratherformal, especially business尤用于商业orlaw法律) the state of being legally responsible for sth（法律上对某事物的）责任，义务◆The company cannot accept liability for any damage caused by natural disasters.本公司对自然灾害造成的任何损失概不承担责任。▸liable
adjective
◆You will be liable for any damage caused.任何损失均将由贵方负责。■job [countable, usually singular] (ratherinformal, especiallyspoken) a responsibility or duty责任；职责；义务◆It's not my job to lock up!上锁不是我的事儿！◆It's the job of the press to expose wrongdoing.揭露丑恶行为是新闻界的职责。ⓘ In this meaningjob is usually used in the phrase It's my/your/his/her, etc. job to do sth or it's the job of sb/sth to do sth.表达此义时，job通常用于短语It's my/your/his/her, etc. job to do sth或it's the job of sb/sth to do sth。■commitment / /kəˈmɪtmənt/ / [countable] (especially business尤用于商业) a thing that you have promised or agreed to do, or that you have to do, especially in connection with your work or family; the fact of having to pay an amount of money regularly（尤指与工作或家庭有关的）承诺之事，同意之事，不得不做之事；定期付款◆He's busy for the next month with filming commitments.他正忙于准备已经承诺的下个月拍电影的事。◆Women very often have to juggle work with their family commitments.妇女经常要工作和家庭两头忙。◆Buying a house is a big financial commitment.购房意味着要定期支付一大笔钱。■accountability [uncountable] (formal) the fact of being responsible for your decisions or actions and expected to explain them when you are asked（对自己的决定或行动）负有责任，应作解释◆There have been proposals for greater police accountability.已有人提议警方应负起更大责任。◆the accountability of a company's directors to the shareholders公司董事向股东所负之责▸accountable
adjective
[not usually before noun] ◆Politicians are ultimately accountable to the voters.从政者最终是向选民负责。◆Someone must be held accountable for the killings.必须有人要对这些凶杀事件负责。
task
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ assignment另见assignment条task ♦︎ work ♦︎ duty ♦︎ mission ♦︎ job ♦︎ business ♦︎ housework ♦︎ chore ♦︎ errand ♦︎ commissionThese are all words for a piece of work that sb has to do.这些词均表示任务、工作。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆(a) routine task / work / duties / mission / job / business / chore◆(a) daily / day-to-day task / work / duties / job / business / chore◆(a / an) easy / difficult task / work / mission / job◆(a) challenging task / work / job◆(a) dangerous task / work / mission / job◆(a) household / domestic task / work / duties / job / chore◆to do a task / your work / a job / business / the housework / a chore / an errand◆to have a task / work / job / the housework / a chore / an errand to do◆to get the task / work / job / housework / chores done◆to get on with a task / your work / a job / the housework / a chore◆to carry out a task / the work / your duties / a mission / a job / a commission◆to finish a task / the work / a mission / a job / your business / the housework / the chores◆to take on / undertake a task / the work / your duties / a mission / a job◆to tackle / approach a task / the work / a job◆to give sb a task / some work / their duties / a mission / a job / a chore / a commission◆to set (sb) a task / their duties◆to accept a task / a mission / a commission◆to be on a mission / a job / business / an errand■task [countable] a piece of work that sb has to do, especially a difficult or unpleasant one（尤指艰巨或令人厌烦的）任务，工作◆Our first task will be to set up a communications system.我们的首项任务是架设通信系统。◆She had the unenviable task of talking to the missing girl's parents.她承担了和失踪女孩的父母谈话的艰难任务。◆The task eventually fell to me(= I had to do it).这项任务最终落到我头上。◆Getting hold of the information was no easy task(= it was difficult).把这一情报搞到手绝非易事。■work [uncountable] the tasks and activities that are part of your job; tasks that need to be done职责；工作内容◆Police work is mainly routine.警察的工作基本上都是按部就班的。◆I have some work for you to do.我有些事要你做。◆Stop talking and get on with your work.别说话了，继续干你们的活吧。■duty [uncountable] ( duties [plural]) the work that is your job; tasks that are part of your job职责；任务◆Report for duty at 8 a.m.早上8点钟报到上班。◆He was accused of neglecting his professional duties.他被控玩忽职守。◆Your duties will include setting up a new computer system.你的职责包括建立一个新的计算机系统。◆The suspect was charged with obstructing an officer in the course of his duties(= while doing what his job requires).嫌疑犯被控防碍执行公务罪。NOTE辨析 Work or duties?Both these words refer to things that you do as part of your job, but work has a wider meaning than duties. Your duties are the list of tasks that you have to do because they are your responsibility and that you can be criticized or punished for not doing. Your work is all the activities that you do in the course of doing your job, and these activities may be seen as opportunities as much as responsibilities.这两个词均表示工作范围内的事，但work的意思比duty广。duty指必须要做的工作或职责，不做会受到批评或处罚。work指工作过程中的所有活动，这些活动可被视为责任，也可看作是机会。■mission / /ˈmɪʃn/ / [countable] an important official job that a person or group of people is given to do, especially when they are sent to another country（尤指派往他国的）官方使命，使团的使命◆a trade mission to China赴华贸易使命◆The mission ended in failure.这项使命以失败告终。◆They undertook a fact-finding mission in the region.他们承担了在该地区调查真相的工作。■job [countable] a piece of work that sb has to do（一项）事务；（一件）工作，活儿，事情◆I've got various jobs around the house to do.我在家里有各种各样的活儿要干。◆Sorting these papers is going to be a long job.整理这些文件是件很费工夫的事。◆Bringing up kids is a full-time job.带孩子是一个全职工作。◆He spends his time doing odd jobs(= various jobs in the home).他把时间用在干家里的杂活。NOTE辨析 Task or job?A task may be more difficult than a job and require you to think carefully about how you are going to do it. A job may be sth small that is one of several jobs that you have to do, especially in the home; or it can be sth that takes a long time and is boring and/or needs a lot of patience. * task可能比job艰巨，需要仔细思考如何去做；job可指几件要做的事情中的一件小事，尤指家务活；job有时指费时、沉闷或需要极大耐心的工作。■business [uncountable] work that is part of your job, especially work that involves talking and doing deals with other people in business商务；公事◆a business trip / lunch出差；工作午餐◆Is the trip to Rome business or pleasure?这次去罗马是出差还是游玩？◆She's away on business.她出差去了。OPPpleasure ⇨ entertainment➡ See also the entry for ⇨ business2另见business条第2义■housework / /ˈhaʊswɜːk; NAmEˈhaʊswɜːrk/ [uncountable] the work involved in taking care of a home and family, for example cleaning and cooking（打扫和做饭等）家务活，家务事◆I spent all morning doing housework.我用了一个上午做家务。■chore [countable] a task that you have to do regularly, especially one that you do in the home and find unpleasant or boring日常事务，例行工作（尤指令人厌烦或乏味无聊的家务事）◆Of all the household chores, I hate ironing most.所有的家务事中，我最不喜欢熨衣服。◆I find shopping a real chore(= a boring and unpleasant job).对我来说，购物真是件苦差事。■errand /ˈerənd/ / [countable] a job that you do for sb that involves going somewhere, for example in order to buy sth, deliver sth or take a message（替别人做的）差使，差事◆He often runs errands for his grandmother.他经常给他的祖母跑腿儿。■commission / /kəˈmɪʃn/ / [countable] a formal request to sb to do a piece of work for you, such as designing a building or doing a painting（正式的）委托工作（如请人做建筑设计或作画等）◆Who won the commission to design the new town hall?谁赢得了设计新市政厅的委托工作？◆The work will be done by commission(= sb will be formally asked to do it).该工程将通过委托方式请人来做。
tax
noun
tax ♦︎ duty ♦︎ customs ♦︎ tariff ♦︎ ratesThese are all words for money that you have to pay to the government.这些词均表示税款。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆(a) tax / (a) duty / a tariff / rates on sth◆to pay an amount of money in tax / duty / customs / rates◆to pay tax / duty / customs / a tariff / rates◆to collect taxes / duties / rates◆to increase / raise / reduce taxes / duty / tariffs / rates◆to cut taxes / duties / rates◆to impose a tax / duty / a tariff◆to levy a tax / duty / rates◆to put a tax / duty on sth■tax [countable, uncountable] money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services税；税款◆The government had to raise taxes to pay for the war.政府不得不增加税收以支付战争款项。◆The middle classes are demanding tax cuts.中产阶级要求减税。◆There's no tax on cigarettes in some countries.有些国家不对香烟征税。◆The business makes £750 000 after tax.那家公司税后赚了75万英镑。ⓘ People pay tax according to their income and businesses pay tax according to their profits. Tax is also often paid on goods and services.个人根据其收入缴税，公司根据其利润缴税，国家亦常对商品和服务征税◆income / sales / road / property tax所得税；销售税；公路税；财产税▸tax
verb
[transitive] ◆Any interest payments are taxed as part of your income.任何利息所得被视为收入，要征税。◆His declared aim was to tax the rich.他宣布他的目的是向富人征税。■duty [countable, uncountable] a tax that you pay on things that you buy, especially those that you bring into a country（消费）税；（尤指进口货物交纳的）关税◆The company has to pay customs duties on all imports.公司必须为所有进口商品缴纳关税。◆Duty on wine and beer has been increased.已提高了葡萄酒税和啤酒税。ⓘ Duty-free goods are goods that you can bring into a country without paying tax on them. * duty-free goods指免关税商品◆duty-free cigarettes免税香烟■customs [plural] tax that is paid when goods are brought in from other countries关税；进口税◆You must pay customs on all imports of alcohol.你必须为所有进口的酒缴纳关税。◆Imports from non-EU countries are subject to customs duty of 20 per cent.从非欧盟国家进口的商品须缴纳20%的关税。ⓘ Customs can also mean the government department that checks goods brought into a country and collects taxes on these goods; or the place at a port or airport where your bags are checked as you come into a country. * customs亦表示“海关部门”或港口、机场的“海关查验处”◆Customs have seized a large quantity of smuggled heroin.海关查获了大量走私的海洛因。◆We had to go through customs before we could leave the airport.我们在离开机场前必须要通过海关。■tariff / /ˈtærɪf/ / [countable] a tax that is paid on goods coming into or going out of a country, often in order to protect industry from cheap imports关税（常为保护国内工业免受廉价进口商品冲击而对出入境的货品征收的一种税）◆A general tariff was imposed on foreign imports.国外进口货物当时按普通税率征税。■rates [plural](in Britain) a tax paid by businesses to a local authority for land and buildings that they use, and in the past also paid by anyone who owned a house（英国地方政府征收的）商业房地产税；（旧指）房产税◆Business rates are very high in the city centre.市中心的商业房产税很高。 see also rate ⇨ rate2