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rule verb
⇨ rule 1 (rule a country) ⇨ rule 2 (The court ruled that…) ⇨ determine (The pursuit of money ruled his life.)rule noun
⇨ rule (school rules) ⇨ control (majority rule) ⇨ habit (make it a rule to do sth) ⇨ principle 2 (a golden rule) ⇨ theory 1 (rules of grammar) ⇨ rules and regulations ⇨ bureaucracy ⇨ the rule of law ⇨ peace ⇨ as a rule ⇨ usually adv.rule1 verb rule a country 统治国家The court/judge ruled that... 法庭／法官裁定⋯rule ♦︎ govern ♦︎ be in power ♦︎ reignThese words all mean to control a country or an area and its people. 这些词均表示统治、控制、治理。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to rule / reign over sth◆to rule / govern a country◆a (political) party rules / governs / is in power◆a king / queen / monarch rules / reigns◆a ruling / governing party / coalition / class / elite■ rule [transitive, intransitive] to control and have authority over a country or area and its people 控制；统治；支配◆The country was ruled by a brutal dictatorship.这个国家当时处在残暴的独裁统治下。◆The family ruled London's gangland in the sixties.这个家族在20世纪60年代控制着伦敦的黑社会。◆Charles I ruled for eleven years.查理一世统治了十一年。◆She once ruled over a vast empire.她曾统治一个庞大的帝国。 see also rule ⇨ control noun , ruler ⇨ king ■ govern [transitive, intransitive] to legally control a country or area and be responsible for introducing new laws organizing public services, managing the economy and directing foreign policy 统治；治理◆The PCP had governed the province for 23 years.葡萄牙共产党曾统治该省23年。◆He accused the opposition party of being unfit to govern.他指责反对党无力治理国事。 see also government ⇨ government 1 2 NOTE 辨析 Rule or govern?A government or party which governs a country or area has legal political control and has usually been elected. Rule is more often used to talk about an individual who has political power but has not been elected, such as a king or queen, an emperor, dictator or military ruler. It can also be used about a small group of people who exercise power over the rest of the country, sometimes in a less direct way: in this meaning it is often used like an adjective. * govern指一国政府或党派对国家或地区进行法定的治理，执政的政府或政党通常是通过选举产生。rule较常指拥有政治权力但非经由民选的个人实施统治，如国王或女王、皇帝、独裁者或军事统治者等。rule也指一小群人有时以不太直接的方式对其他国民行使权力，表达此义时，rule常像形容词一样使用◆the ruling party / coalition / classes / elite执政党／联盟；统治阶级／精英 ■ be in power phrase to have political control of a country or area 统治；执政◆The present regime has been in power for two years.现政权已经执政两年了。■ reign / /reɪn/ / [intransitive] to rule a country as a king, queen or emperor 统治；为王；为君◆Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901.维多利亚女王自1837年至1901年在位。◆It was the first visit by a British reigning monarch to Russia.这是英国君主首次访问俄罗斯。 see also reign ⇨ government 1 rule2 verb rule a country 统治国家The court/judge ruled that... 法庭／法官裁定⋯ ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ order verb 1 另见order动词词条第1义rule ♦︎ prescribe ♦︎ lay sth down ♦︎ decree ♦︎ order ♦︎ legislate ♦︎ dictateThese words all mean to give an official decision about sth or officially say that sth should happen. 这些词均表示正式决定、裁定、命令。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to rule / legislate on / against sth◆to rule / prescribe / lay down / decree / order / legislate / dictate that...◆to rule / prescribe / lay down / decree / order / dictate how / what / who...◆It is prescribed / laid down / decreed / ordered that...◆to do sth as prescribed / laid down / ordered / dictated◆to officially rule / prescribe / lay down / decree / order / legislate (that...)■ rule [intransitive, transitive](especially of a judge or court) to give an official decision about sth （尤指法官或法庭）决定，裁定，判决◆The high court will rule on the legality of the action.高等法院将裁定此举是否合法。◆The judge ruled in favour of the plaintiff.法官判原告胜诉。◆The court ruled that the women had been unfairly dismissed.法院裁定这些妇女是被不公平地开除的。◆The deal may be ruled illegal.这笔交易可能会被判定为非法。 see also ruling ⇨ conclusion ■ prescribe / /prɪˈskraɪb/ / [transitive] (rather formal) (especially of rules) to say what should be done or how sth should be done （尤指规章、条例）规定，命令，指示◆The syllabus prescribes precisely which books should be studied.教学大纲明确规定了必读书目。■ ˌlay sth ˈdown phrasal verb (laid, laid)to state officially that people must obey a particular rule, law or principle 规定，制订（条例、法规或原则）◆You can't always lay down hard and fast rules.规则不能总是定得太死。◆You should follow the regulations as laid down in the handbook.你应该遵守手册中的规定。■ decree / /dɪˈkriː/ / [transitive] to decide sth officially, using your authority and without discussing it with other people （掌权者自行）裁定，判决，颁布◆The government decreed a state of emergency.政府下令进入紧急状态。◆It was decreed that the following day should be a holiday.法令宣布第二天为休假日。 see also decree ⇨ order noun ■ order [transitive] to use your position of authority to say that sth must happen 命令；指示；要求◆They ordered that for every tree cut down two more be planted.他们要求每砍伐一棵树就要补栽两棵。◆The Justice Minister has ordered an investigation into the matter.司法部长已下令对此事进行调查。■ legislate / /ˈledʒɪsleɪt/ / [intransitive] (formal) to make a law affecting sth 制定法律；立法◆The government has been urged to legislate against discrimination in the workplace.人们敦促政府制定法律禁止职场歧视。◆The King restricted Parliament's power to legislate.国王限制议会的立法权。 see also legislation ⇨ law ■ dictate /dɪkˈteɪt; NAmE ˈdɪkteɪt/ [transitive] to tell sb what to do or what should happen, especially in an annoying way （尤指以令人不快的方式）指使，强行规定◆What right do they have to dictate how we live our lives?他们有什么权利强行规定我们该怎样生活？◆I refuse to be dictated to.我拒绝受人摆布。◆They are in no position to dictate terms.他们没有资格发号施令。 determine verb determine ♦︎ shape ♦︎ govern ♦︎ dictate ♦︎ form ♦︎ decide ♦︎ ruleThese words all mean to control or to influence the way that sth happens or that sb/sth develops. 这些词均表示支配或影响事情的发生、发展或人的发展。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达支配或影响的程度| shape | ➔ | govern | ➔ | determine | | form | | rule | | dictate | | | | | decide |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to determine / shape / govern / dictate / decide how...◆to determine / govern / dictate / decide what / when / why...◆to determine / dictate that ...◆to determine / shape / dictate / decide the outcome / result (of sth)◆to determine / shape / dictate the course / direction / future (of sth)◆to determine / shape / form the character of sb / sth◆to determine / shape / govern behaviour◆a factor determines / shapes / governs / decides sth◆a force determines / shapes / governs sth◆to be largely determined / governed / dictated by sth■ determine [transitive, often passive] (formal) to make sth happen in a particular way or be of a particular type 决定；支配；影响◆Female employment was determined by economic and social factors.女性的就业受经济和社会因素的影响。◆The physical capabilities of a plant determine where it can and cannot live.植物的自然适应能力决定了它适合在什么地方生存。◆Upbringing plays an important part in determining a person's character.后天培养对于一个人性格的形成起着重要作用。■ shape [transitive] to have an important influence on the way sb/sth develops 决定⋯的形成；影响⋯的发展◆Historical events helped to shape the town.历史事件对这个城镇的发展有相当的影响。◆She had a leading role in shaping party policy.她在该党的政策方向定调上起了主导作用。◆Religion had long been losing its power to shape and control behaviour.长期以来宗教已经失去了对人们行为的影响和控制力。■ govern [transitive, often passive] (rather formal) to control or influence how sth happens or works or how sb behaves 控制；支配；影响◆Prices are very much governed by market demand.价格的高低在很大程度上取决于市场的需求。◆We need changes in the law governing school attendance.我们需要对影响就学率的法规作一些改动。◆All his decisions had been entirely governed by self-interest.他的所有决定完全受利己之心支配。■ dictate [transitive, intransitive](of particular circumstances) to control what happens or the way that sth happens （特定情况）支配，摆布，决定◆It's generally your job that dictates where you live now.一般说来，你的工作决定了你当前的居住地点。◆Circumstances dictated that I had to wait nearly two years.客观环境决定，我得等将近两年。◆This is clearly the best choice, unless financial considerations dictate otherwise.这显然是最佳选择，除非经济上不允许。◆She had to remain indoors for 30 days before the wedding, as custom dictates.按照习俗的规定，婚礼前30天她必须足不出户。■ form [transitive] to have an important influence on the way sb's character or ideas develop 对（性格或思想的形成）有重大影响◆Positive and negative experiences form a child's character.正反两方面的经历都会影响儿童性格的形成。◆No other work of fiction has had such an influence in forming public attitudes.没有哪本小说对公众的态度产生过这么大的影响。NOTE 辨析 Shape or form?Both these words can be used to talk about the influences on a person's character or ideas. 这两个词都可指对人的性格或思想产生影响◆to shape / form sb's character / ideas / attitude / opinions决定某人性格／思想／态度／观点的形成 Shape, but not form can also be used to talk about influencing sb's behaviour or a course of events. * shape还可指对人的行为或事态发展产生影响，form则不能◆Historical events helped to form the town. ◆the power of religion to form behaviour ■ decide [transitive, intransitive] to determine the result of sth 决定（或影响）⋯的结果◆A mixture of skill and good luck decided the outcome of the game.实力和运气结合在一起决定了比赛的结果。◆In the end, price was the deciding factor.最终，价格成了决定因素。■ rule [transitive, often passive] (often disapproving) to be the main thing that influences and controls sb's life or choices, especially in a way that restricts them 支配；控制；制约◆The pursuit of money ruled his life.对金钱的追求支配着他的生活。◆We live in a society where we are ruled by the clock.我们生活在一个人人都受时间控制的社会里。 rule noun rule ♦︎ law ♦︎ regulation ♦︎ act ♦︎ statute ♦︎ commandmentThese are all words for an official statement of what may, must or must not be done in a particular situation. 这些词均表示规则、规章、条例。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the rules / laws / regulations on sth◆a rule / law against sth◆under a rule / the regulations / an act / a statute◆within the rules / law / regulations / act / statute◆against the rules / law / regulations◆strict rules / laws / regulations◆to pass a law / a regulation / an act / a statute◆to obey a rule / a law / the regulations / a commandment◆to comply with a rule / a law / the regulations / a statute◆to break a rule / law / regulation / commandment◆to contravene / be in breach of a rule / a law / the regulations / an act / a statute◆to repeal a law / a regulation / an act / a statute◆to tighten up a rule / a law / the regulations◆a rule / a law / a regulation / an act / a statute governs / prohibits / forbids sth◆a rule / a law / a regulation / an act allows (for) sth◆a rule / a law / a regulation / an act comes into force■ rule [countable] a statement of what may, must or must not be done in a particular situation or when playing a game （具体情况或游戏的）规则，规章，条例◆Tackling a player without the ball is against the rules.阻截无持球队员是犯规的。◆He was punished for breaking school rules.他因违反校规被罚。◆You and your room-mates should establish some ground rules.你和室友应该制订一些基本守则。◆Without unwritten rules civilized life would be impossible.没有不成文的规章，就不会有文明生活。◆Couldn't they just bend the rules and let us in without a ticket?难道他们就不能通融一下，让我们没票也进去吗？ see also rule ⇨ principle 2 ■ law [countable] a rule that everyone in a country or society must obey which deals with a particular crime or area of activity （针对某罪行或活动领域的一条）法律，法规◆The government has introduced some tough new laws on food hygiene.政府针对食品卫生出台了一些严格的新法规。◆There ought to be a law against it!应该立法加以禁止！◆The country has very strict gun laws.那个国家对枪支管理有非常严格的法律规定。 see also law ⇨ law noun , law ⇨ principle 2 ■ regulation [countable, usually plural] an official rule made by a government or some other authority 章程；规章制度；规则；法规◆It's against safety regulations to eat or drink in the laboratory.在实验室饮食违反安全章程。◆There are too many rules and regulations.规章制度过多。 see also regulation ⇨ government 2 ■ act ( often 常作 Act) [countable] a law that has been passed by a parliament （议会通过的）法案，法令◆an Act of Parliament / Congress议会／国会法案◆the Higher Education Act 19651965年颁布的高等教育法◆The Act was passed by a majority of 175 votes to 143.本法案以175票对143票多数表决通过。■ statute / /ˈstætʃuːt/ / [countable] a law that has been passed by a parliament, council, etc. and formally written down; a formal rule of an organization or institution 成文法；法令；章程；条例◆Penalties are laid down in the statute.法规中有关于惩罚措施的规定。◆Corporal punishment was banned by statute in 1987.1987年通过的法令明文禁止体罚。◆It is not yet on the statute book (= it has not yet become law).成文法中还没有这方面的规定。◆Under the statutes of the university they had no power to dismiss him.按大学的规章制度，他们无权开除他。■ commandment [countable] a law given by God, especially any of the Ten Commandments given to the Jews in the Bible 诫条（尤指《圣经》中上帝给犹太人的十诫之一）◆You shall keep the commandments of the Lord your God.你要谨守耶和华你们的神的诫命。 control noun control ♦︎ power ♦︎ rule ♦︎ authority ♦︎ jurisdiction ♦︎ discipline ♦︎ command ♦︎ hold ♦︎ grasp ♦︎ forceThese are all words for the ability that a person or group has to control sb/sth else. 这些词均表示控制力、操纵力。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆control / power / rule / authority / jurisdiction / command / a hold over sb / sth◆a hold / grasp on sb / sth◆to be in control / power / authority / command / force◆to be under sb's control / rule / authority / jurisdiction / command◆to be beyond / outside the control / power / authority / jurisdiction of sb◆the power / authority / jurisdiction to do sth◆absolute / complete control / power / authority / command◆direct control / rule / authority / command◆to have control / power / authority / jurisdiction / command / a hold over sb / force◆to exercise control / power / authority / jurisdiction◆to take control / power / command◆to assume control / power / authority / command◆to give sb control / power / authority / jurisdiction / command / a hold over sb◆to delegate power / authority / command (to sb)◆to lose control / power / authority / command / your hold on sth◆to relinquish control / power / command / your hold on sth■ control [uncountable] the power to make decisions about how a country, an area, an organization or sb's life is run; the ability to make sb/sth do what you want （对国家、地区、机构或人的）管理权，控制权，支配权；控制（或操纵）能力◆The party is expecting to gain control of the council in the next election.该党期待着下次选举能获得对地方议会的控制权。◆The aim is to give people more control over their own lives.目的是让人能对自己的生活有更多的自主权。◆The city is under enemy control.那座城市在敌人控制之下。◆The teacher had no control over the children.那个老师管不住学生。◆She struggled to keep control of her voice.她竭力控制住自己的声音。◆She lost control of her car on the ice.她在冰上开车失去了控制。◆Owing to circumstances beyond our control the flight to Rome has been cancelled.由于出现了无法控制的情况，飞往罗马的航班已经取消。 see also self-control ⇨ restraint , controlled ⇨ disciplined ■ power [uncountable] the ability to control people or things; political control of a country or area 控制力；影响力；统治；政权◆He has the power to make life very difficult for us.他权力很大，可以把我们整得狼狈不堪。◆The Emperor had absolute power over all his subjects.皇帝对所有的臣民拥有绝对权力。◆She was determined to go through with her plan, now that she had him in her power (= was able to do what she liked with him).既然可以摆布他，她决定把她的计划实施到底。◆The party came to power at the last election.该党在上次选举中当选执政。◆He seized power in a military coup.他在一次军事政变中夺了权。◆It was the beginning of a power struggle between rival factions within the party.这是该党内部对立派系间权力斗争的开始。◆The war brought about a shift in the balance of power.那场战争使势力的均衡发生了转变。 see also office ⇨ role ■ rule [uncountable] the government of a country or area by a particular person, group or political system （特定的人、团体或政治体系对国家或地区的）统治，管理◆There was a gradual process of returning the country to civilian rule.将那个国家恢复到文官统治经历了一个渐进的过程。◆The country remained under direct rule by the occupying powers.那个国家仍在占领势力的直接统治下。ⓘ Rule often refers to control by an outside country or group, by a political system which allows little freedom, or sth which contrasts with this. * rule常指外国或外部集团的控制，以及专制或非专制政体的统治◆colonial / British / Ottoman rule殖民地的／英国的／奥斯曼的统治◆Fascist / military rule法西斯主义／军事统治◆a return to civilian / democratic / majority rule回到文官／民主／多数派统治 see also rule ⇨ rule verb 1 ■ authority [uncountable] the power to give orders to people 权力；威权；当权◆She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses.她现在管辖着曾是她上司的那些人。◆Nothing will be done because no one in authority (= who has the power to do sth) takes the matter seriously.什么也办不了，因为掌权的谁也不认真对待这个问题。■ jurisdiction /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn; NAmE ˌdʒʊrɪsˈdɪkʃn/ [uncountable, countable] (formal) the power that an official organization has to make legal decisions about sb/sth 司法权；审判权；管辖权◆These matters do not fall within our jurisdiction.这些事情不归我们管辖。◆The agreement doesn't come under the jurisdiction of the EU courts.该协议不归欧盟法院管辖。■ discipline [uncountable] the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not; the controlled behaviour or situation that results from this training 守纪训练；训导；纪律；风纪◆The school has a reputation for high standards of discipline.这所学校以纪律严明著称。◆Strict discipline is imposed on army recruits.新兵受到严格的纪律训练。◆She keeps good discipline in class.她严格执行课堂纪律。 see also discipline ⇨ punish verb , disciplined ⇨ disciplined , self-discipline ⇨ restraint ■ command [uncountable] the power to give orders to a group of people, especially in the armed forces or police （尤指对军队或警察的）控制，管辖，指挥◆He has 1 200 men under his command.他掌管着1 200人。◆Who's in command here?这里谁主事？◆The police arrived and took command of the situation.警方到达后控制了局势。 see also command ⇨ order verb 1 , command ⇨ run 2 ■ hold [singular] influence or control over a person or situation （对人或局势的）影响，控制◆What she knew about his past gave her a hold over him.她知道他的过去，所以能够控制他。◆Enemy forces have consolidated their hold on the northern province.敌军已经巩固了他们对北部省份的控制。■ grasp [singular] (rather informal) control over a situation, especially when it is hard to hold on to （尤指对难以控制的局势的）掌控◆The company continues to maintain its grasp on the business computer market.那家公司继续维持着对商用电脑市场的控制。◆Don't let the situation escape from your grasp.别让局面失控。NOTE 辨析 Hold or grasp?In this meaning, a hold is stronger than a grasp. You have, strengthen or consolidate a hold. A grasp has to be maintained or things may slip or escape from it. 表达此义时，hold语气比grasp强。hold可以作have、strengthen或consolidate的宾语。grasp则可以作maintain、slip或escape from的宾语。■ force [uncountable] the authority of a law or rule （法律或规定的）权力，效力◆These guidelines do not have the force of law.这些指导原则不具有法律效力。◆The court ruled that these standards have force in British law.法院裁定，这些标准在英国法律中具有效力。 habit noun habit ♦︎ practice ♦︎ policy ♦︎ ways ♦︎ ritual ♦︎ ruleThese are all words for things that you do often or for your usual behaviour. 这些词均表示习惯、惯常行为。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to be sb's habit / practice / policy to do sth◆as is sb's habit / practice◆the / sb's usual habit / practice / policy / ritual◆sb's personal habits / practice / ritual◆bad habits / practices / policy / ways◆to make a habit / practice of doing sth◆to make it a habit / practice / policy / rule to do sth◆to become a habit / practice / ritual◆to have a habit / policy / ritual / rule◆to follow a policy / ritual / rule◆to change a / your habit / practice / policy / ways■ habit [countable, uncountable] a thing that you do often and almost without thinking, especially sth that is hard to stop doing; usual behaviour 习惯；惯常行为◆You need to change your eating habits (= what and how you eat).你得改变你的饮食习惯。◆It's all right to borrow money occasionally, but don't let it become a habit.偶尔借点钱没关系，但不要养成习惯。◆I'm not in the habit of letting strangers into my apartment.我不习惯让陌生人进我家。◆I got into the habit of going there every night for dinner.我习惯了每晚都到那里吃饭。◆I do it out of habit.我这样做是出于习惯。◆When it comes to clothes, men are creatures of habit (= have fixed and regular ways of doing things).男人在衣着方面总是一成不变。 see also habitual ⇨ frequent , habitual ⇨ regular , habitual ⇨ usual ■ practice [countable] (rather formal) a thing that is done regularly, either for a good reason, or out of habit 惯常做的事；习惯；通常做法◆I like the German practice of giving workers a say in how their company is run.我喜欢德国人在公司经营上给工人发言权的做法。◆Established practices can be difficult to modify.成规难改。■ policy [countable, uncountable] (formal) a principle that influences how you behave; a way in which you usually behave 原则；为人之道◆It is my policy not to say anything to the press.我的原则是对新闻媒体保持缄默。◆As the old saying goes, honesty is the best policy.常言道，诚实为上。■ ways [plural] your usual behaviour 行为方式；作风◆It's unlikely that your boss will change his ways.你的老板不太可能改变他的行事风格。◆They seem to have seen the error of their ways.他们似乎已经认识到自己的错误做法。◆You're going to have to mend your ways (= stop behaving badly).你得改正你的不良行为。◆She had become set in her ways (= did not want to or was not able to change her habits and opinions).她的行为方式已成定式，很难改变。■ ritual / /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ / [countable] a thing that is done regularly and always in the same way 习惯；老规矩◆She had been following this daily ritual for several months.几个月来她每天都遵循这一习惯。◆It was all part of the ritual of returning home.那是回家必做的事。ⓘ A ritual is often a series of small actions that are done at a particular time or in particular circumstances, for no obvious reason except that they have been done in that way on those occasions for a long time and people like to continue doing them. * ritual常指在特定时间或场合所做的一套琐事。人们这样做没有什么明确的原因，仅仅是做得时间久了，乐得继续做下去。 see also ritual ⇨ ceremony ■ rule [countable, usually singular] a thing that you usually do because you think it is wise （认为有益而保持的）习惯，常规，惯常的做法◆I make it a rule never to mix business with pleasure.我的规矩是从不把工作和娱乐搅在一起。◆He occasionally allowed himself to break his own rule.他偶尔允许自己破一次例。 see also rule ⇨ principle 2 , as a rule ⇨ usually principle2 noun a matter of principle 原则问题the principle that education should be available to all 所有人都应有权受教育的观念principle ♦︎ rule ♦︎ law ♦︎ tenetThese are all words for a belief about the way sb should behave and what actions they should take. 这些词均表示行事原则、行为准则。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the principle / rule / law / tenet that ...◆a basic / fundamental principle / rule / law / tenet◆a moral principle / rule / law◆a religious principle / law◆to accept a principle / rule / tenet◆to apply a principle / rule■ principle [countable, uncountable] a belief that is accepted as a reason for acting or thinking in a particular way 观念；（行动或思想的）理由；信条◆Their policy is based on the principle that free education should be available for all children.他们的政策以所有儿童都有权享受免费教育的理念为基础。◆The order to show no mercy was contrary to the most basic principles of their religion.绝不心慈手软这一命令与他们宗教最基本的信条相背离。 see also principle ⇨ theory 1 ■ rule [countable] a statement of what you do, or are advised to do, in a particular type of situation 规矩；准则◆I've made it a rule not to talk to the press.我已立下规矩，不接受媒体采访。◆There are no hard and fast rules for planning healthy meals.在安排健康饮食方面，没有什么一定之规。◆The golden rule (= most important rule) of teaching is to remember that all children learn at different rates.做教师最重要的一条是要牢记孩子学习有快有慢。 see also rule ⇨ habit , rule ⇨ rule noun , rule ⇨ theory 1 , as a rule ⇨ usually ■ law [countable, uncountable] a rule or set of rules for good behaviour or how you should behave in a particular situation 良好行为的准则；（某场合下的）行为规范◆He frequently behaved as though moral laws did not exist.他的所作所为常常无视道德准则的存在。 see also law ⇨ rule noun , law ⇨ theory 1 ■ tenet / /ˈtenɪt/ / [countable] (formal) one of the principles or beliefs that a theory or larger set of beliefs is based on 原则；信条；教义◆Underlying Leninism was the tenet that revolution was inevitable.列宁主义的根本信条是革命是不可避免的。 theory1 noun the theory of relativity 相对论I have this theory that... 依我看⋯theory ♦︎ principle ♦︎ law ♦︎ rule ♦︎ theoremThese are all words for an idea or set of ideas that explains why sth happens or why sth exists. 这些词均表示学说、理论、原理。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a theory / law / rule / theorem about sth◆the theory / principle behind sth◆in theory / principle◆the theory / principle / law / rule / theorem that...◆a basic / fundamental theory / principle / law / rule / theorem◆a mathematical theory / principle / law / rule / theorem◆a scientific theory / principle / law / rule◆to prove a theory / principle / law / rule / theorem◆to define a law / rule◆to apply a theory / principle◆a theory / principle / law / rule / theorem states that...■ theory [countable, uncountable] a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why sth happens or exists; the ideas on which a particular subject is based 学说；理论◆There are conflicting theories as to the very early origins of mankind.关于人类最早的起源有些相互矛盾的理论。◆According to Einstein's theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light.根据爱因斯坦的相对论，任何东西都无法超越光速。◆He wrote a number of books on political theory.他撰写了几本政治理论方面的书。◆In theory, all children get an equal chance at school.从理论上讲，所有孩子在学校都能获得平等的机会。 see also theoretical ⇨ intellectual 1 ■ principle [countable, uncountable] an idea or theory that sth is based on; a general or scientific idea that explains how sth works or why sth happens 法则；原则；原理；定律◆The principle behind it is very simple.这背后的原理很简单。◆We must get back to first principles (= the basic principles of sth).我们必须回到根本原则上来。◆It is based on the principle that heat rises.这是基于热气上升的定律。◆A tidal current turbine is similar in principle to a windmill.潮流涡轮机从原理上和风车相似。 see also principle ⇨ principle 2 ■ law [countable] the fact that sth always happens in the same way in an activity or in nature; a scientific statement made by sb that explains a natural process 规律；法则；原理；定律◆The usual laws of supply and demand do not seem to apply in this case.一般的供求规律似乎不适用于这种情况。◆Do you remember anything about Ohm's Law?你还记得欧姆定律吗？ see also law ⇨ principle 2 ■ rule [countable] a statement of what is possible according to a particular system, for example the grammar of a language 规则；法则◆He's a writer who doesn't seem to know the most basic rules of English grammar.他这个作家似乎连最基本的英语语法规则都不知道。 see also rule ⇨ principle 2 ■ theorem /ˈθɪərəm; NAmE ˈθiːərəm, ˈθɪrəm/ [countable] (technical 术语) a rule or principle, especially in mathematics, that can be proved to be true （尤指数学）定理◆Work out the answer using Pythagoras's Theorem.运用毕达哥拉斯定理算出答案。 bureaucracy noun bureaucracy ♦︎ paperwork ♦︎ red tape ♦︎ rules and regulationsThese are all words for official rules or ways of doing things, such as filling in forms, especially when these seem too complicated and waste time. 这些词均表示官僚作风、繁文缛节。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆unnecessary / too much / endless bureaucracy / paperwork / red tape◆government bureaucracy / red tape / rules and regulations◆to involve bureaucracy / paperwork / red tape◆to reduce / cut bureaucracy / paperwork / red tape◆to deal with bureaucracy / paperwork■ bureaucracy /bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi; NAmE bjʊˈrɑːkrəsi/ [uncountable] (often disapproving) official rules and ways of doing things, created by a government or organization, especially when these seem too complicated 官僚主义；官僚作风◆She is initiating a project to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy.她正发起一项计划，清除不必要的官僚作风。 see also bureaucracy ⇨ authorities , bureaucrat ⇨ official noun ■ paperwork /ˈpeɪpəwɜːk; NAmE ˈpeɪpərwɜːrk/ [uncountable] the written work that is part of a job or is necessary to do sth, such as filling in forms or writing letters and reports 文书工作◆She spent the day catching up on the vast mound of paperwork that had built up.她花了一天的时间补做积攒下来的一大堆文案工作。ⓘ Paperwork is not always as disapproving as bureaucracy or red tape. It often refers to written work which people accept as necessary, even if they do not like dealing with it and would rather spend their time doing other things. It can also refer to the documents that you need for sth. * paperwork并非总像bureaucracy或red tape那样带贬义，常指人们视之为必要的文书工作，即便他们不愿处理而宁愿去做其他事情。paperwork还可指做某事所需的文件。 see also paperwork ⇨ document ■ ˌred ˈtape [uncountable] (disapproving, journalism 新闻) official rules that seem too complicated and prevent things from being done quickly 繁文缛节；官僚作风◆Plans may take longer and involve more red tape than you expect.计划实施起来也许比预料中花更长时间，手续更繁杂。■ ˌrules and reguˈlations phrase official rules and ways in which things should be done 规章制度◆They seem to be more concerned with enforcing petty rules and regulations than really improving employee safety.他们似乎更关心执行琐碎的规章制度，而不是真正改善雇员的安全状况。 peace noun peace ♦︎ order ♦︎ law and order ♦︎ the rule of law ♦︎ calmThese are all words for a situation or period of time in which there is no war or violence in a country or area and people obey the law. 这些词均表示和平、太平或治安。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an uneasy peace / calm◆relative / comparative peace / calm◆to maintain / establish / preserve peace / order / law and order / the rule of law◆to restore peace / order / law and order / the rule of law◆to enforce peace / order / law and order / the rule of law◆peace / order / law and order / the rule of law / calm prevails◆order / law and order / the rule of law breaks down◆the breakdown of order / law and order / the rule of law■ peace [uncountable, singular] a situation or period of time in which there is no war or violence in a country or area 和平；太平◆Any hopes of peace between the two nations seem to have faded.这两国之间的和平希望似乎逐渐渺茫。◆The two communities now live together in peace.这两个群落现在和睦相处。◆England and France were once again at peace with each other.英格兰和法国又一次和平共处，相安无事了。◆Peace finally returned to the city streets.城市的街道终于恢复了平静。◆The negotiators are trying to make peace between the warring factions.谈判代表试图让交战各方和解。◆Troops were brought in to keep the peace.出动了部队来维持和平。◆Obviously world peace is our ultimate goal.显然世界和平是我们的最终目标。◆After years of war, the people longed for a lasting peace.经历了多年的战乱之后，人民渴望永久和平。OPP war ⇨ war ■ order [uncountable] the state that exists when people obey laws, rules or authority 治安；秩序；规矩◆The army had been brought in to maintain order in the capital.出动了军队来维持首都的治安。◆Some teachers find it hard to keep order in their classes.有些教师觉得难以维持课堂秩序。◆Some teachers find it difficult to keep their classes in order.有些教师觉得难以维持课堂秩序。◆It is our duty to preserve public order.我们的责任是维护公共秩序。OPP disorder ⇨ trouble 1 ■ ˌlaw and ˈorder idiom a situation in which people obey the law and behave in a peaceful way 法治；治安；遵纪守法◆They regarded the forces of law and order (= the police and the courts) as their enemy.他们视法制力量为敌。■ the rule of ˈlaw idiom (rather formal) the situation in which all members of society, including its leaders, accept the authority of the law 法治◆It is our duty to uphold the rule of law.我们的责任是维护法治。■ calm [uncountable, singular] a situation in which there is no violence, angry protests or arguments （没有暴力、抗议或争吵的）平静，宁静（的状态）◆The police appealed for calm.警方呼吁保持冷静。◆An uneasy calm descended on the streets.街上有一种令人不安的宁静。 see also calm ⇨ quiet adj. 1 usually adverb usually ♦︎ often ♦︎ normally ♦︎ generally ♦︎ commonly ♦︎ mostly ♦︎ most of the time ♦︎ in general ♦︎ as a rule ♦︎ more often than not/as often as notThese words are all used when sth is done or happens in most cases. 这些词均表示通常、一般地、大体上。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆usually / often / generally / commonly / mostly known as...◆usually / often / normally / generally / commonly / mostly called / found...◆usually / often / normally / generally / commonly / mostly used◆usually / normally / generally / commonly accepted◆to usually / often / normally / generally / commonly happen◆not usually / often / normally / generally / commonly / in general / as a (general) rule◆most usually / often / generally / commonly◆quite often / generally / commonly■ usually in the way that is usual or normal; in most cases 通常地；正常地；一般地◆The journey usually takes an hour.这段旅程通常要花一个小时。◆Usually, there's no extra charge for delivery.送货一般不额外收费。◆Planning permission is not usually needed.通常不需要规划许可。◆Describe what usually happens.描述一下经常发生的事。■ often in many cases 往往；大多◆Old houses are often damp.老房子大多潮湿。◆People often find it difficult to say goodbye.人们往往觉得很难开口说再见。◆She's mean. Rich people very often are.她很吝啬，富人大多如此。◆Traffic has increased and the roads are all too often inadequate.交通流量增加了，道路不敷使用是司空见惯的事。 see also often ⇨ often ■ normally in normal circumstances 通常；正常情况下◆The journey to work normally takes an hour.上班路上一般要花一个小时。◆The Prime Minister would not normally be expected to attend the meeting.通常情况下，首相预计不会出席会议。◆Normally it takes three or four years to complete the training.完成培训一般要花三四年的时间。NOTE 辨析 Usually or normally? Usually gives general information about what happens in most cases; normally is used especially in the context of a particular case that is not normal. * usually用于给出通常情况下一般性的信息，normally尤用于不太正常的特殊情况的语境◆It's normally much warmer than this in July (= but this July is unusually cold).通常7月要比现在热得多。◆He normally stayed in luxury hotels (= but this time he could not afford to do so).他往常都住豪华旅馆。 ■ generally in most cases; usually 一般地；通常；大体上◆Payments are generally made on an annual basis.通常按年付款。◆Repairs are occasionally needed but generally the machine is quite reliable.这机器偶尔需要维修，但总体上十分可靠。ⓘ Generally is often slightly more formal than usually; it is used slightly more in written English, with passive structures, and when talking about general conditions rather than personal habits. * generally常较usually略正式，略多用于书面语和被动结构，描述一般的情况而非个人的习惯。■ commonly very often; by most people 通常；常常；普遍◆To receive satellite TV you need an antenna (commonly known as a dish).要想接收卫星电视，得有天线（俗称“锅”）。◆These companies are commonly thought of as models of efficiency.这些公司通常被视为效率的典范。 see also common ⇨ general 1 ■ mostly in most cases; usually 一般地；通常；大体上◆People mostly grew their own vegetables.人们大多自己种菜吃。◆She mostly calls me by my last name.她一般称呼我的姓。◆Mostly he eats in a restaurant.他通常在餐馆吃饭。ⓘ Mostly is often slightly more informal than usually, used especially in spoken English and more informal written contexts. It describes what people in general do, or what a particular person usually does; it does not usually describe what usually happens. * mostly常较usually略非正式，尤用于口语和较非正式的书面语境，描述大多数人做的事或特定的个人通常做的事，一般不描述通常发生的事◆The journey mostly takes an hour. ◆Describe what mostly happens. ■ ˈmost of the time idiom almost always 几乎总是；很多时候◆Most of the time I quite liked being on my own.大多数时候我很喜欢独处。◆The weather was cold and it rained most of the time.天气很冷，老是下雨。■ in ˈgeneral idiom (rather formal, especially written) in most cases; usually 一般地；通常；大体上◆In general the instruments are extremely reliable.这些仪器通常极为可靠。◆The attacks were in general not reported in the media.这些袭击事件在当时一般没有媒体报道。ⓘ In general is a slightly more formal way of saying generally. * in general是generally略正式的说法。■ ˌas a ˈrule idiom in most cases; usually 一般地；通常；大体上◆As a rule students have one piano lesson a week.学生通常每周有一节钢琴课。◆As a general rule the softer cheeses are less fattening.一般来说，较软的奶酪不那么容易使人发胖。ⓘ As a general rule is used more often to mean 'as a guideline', to give advice about what you should do, rather than to say what usually happens. * as a general rule较常表示“作为参考”之意，用于建议应当怎么做，而非描述通常发生的事◆As a general rule, mild mustards should be served with spicy food.一般来说，味重的食物应当配淡味芥末酱。 see also rule ⇨ habit , rule ⇨ principle 2 ■ more ˌoften than ˈnot■ as ˌoften as ˈnot idiom usually; in a way that is typical of sb/sth 通常；往往；一贯◆More often than not, the victims have serious medical problems.患者往往都有严重的病症。◆As a teenager he was in trouble at school as often as not.他年少时在学校总是麻烦缠身。 |