| 例句 |
open adj.
⇨ open (open admiration/war) ⇨ honest (a very open person) ⇨ vulnerable (open to abuse) ⇨ lay sb open to sth ⇨ expose verbopen verb
⇨ begin (open a meeting) ⇨ spread (a parachute opens) ⇨ start (a story opens) ⇨ undo (open a letter/bottle) ⇨ open fire ⇨ shoot ⇨ open the way ⇨ help 2 open adjective ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ clear adj. 1 and ⇨ marked 另见clear形容词词条第1义和marked条open ♦︎ overt ♦︎ blatant ♦︎ under sb's nose ♦︎ glaringThese words all describe sth that is done in a very obvious way without any attempt to keep it secret. 这些词均表示公开的、不隐瞒的、明显的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an open / an overt / a blatant attempt◆open / overt / blatant discrimination◆overt / blatant sexuality◆a blatant / glaring example◆quite open / overt / blatant■ open known to everyone; not kept hidden 人人皆知的；非秘密的；公开的◆an open display of affection公开示爱◆One more border skirmish could lead to open war.再有一次边境冲突，就可能导致公开的战争。◆We need more open government, starting with a Freedom of Information Act.我们需要更加透明的政府，首先是要通过知情权法案。OPP secret ⇨ secret 1 ▸ openly adverb ◆The men in prison would never cry openly (= so that other people could see).狱中犯人从不当众哭泣。■ overt / /əʊˈvɜːt, ˈəʊvɜːt; NAmE oʊˈvɜːrt, ˈoʊvɜːrt/ [usually before noun] (rather formal) done in an open way and not secretly 公开的；明显的；不隐瞒的◆There was little overt support for the project.对这个项目公开表示支持的很少。◆Her overt sexuality shocked cinema audiences.她不加掩饰的性行为令电影观众震惊。 OPP covert ⇨ secret 2 ⓘ Overt is a less general word than open and is only used to talk about actions and behaviour, not feelings, events or systems. * overt含义不及open宽泛，只用于描述行为和举止，不用于描述感情、事件或制度◆an overt display of affection公开示爱◆overt admiration/war/government ▸ overtly adverb ◆Charities are not allowed to be involved in overtly political activities.慈善机构不得参与明显属于政治的活动。■ blatant /ˈbleɪtnt/ / (disapproving) (of an action that is considered wrong) done in an obvious and open way without caring if people object or are shocked, or if laws are broken （错误的行为）明目张胆的，公然的◆The opposition party made a blatant attempt to buy votes.反对党公然企图贿选。◆It was a blatant lie.那是个赤裸裸的谎言。▸ blatantly adverb ◆a blatantly unfair decision明显不公正的裁决■ under sb's ˈnose idiom (informal) if sth happens under sb's nose, they do not notice it, even though it is not being done secretly 当着某人的面，就在某人眼皮底下（却没有被察觉）◆The police didn't know the drugs ring was operating right under their noses.警方不知道贩毒集团就在他们眼皮底下运作。■ glaring /ˈgleərɪŋ; NAmE ˈglerɪŋ/ [usually before noun] (disapproving) (of a mistake or sth bad) very easily seen （错误或负面的事物）显眼的，明显的，易见的◆The failure to mention the role of Italy was a glaring omission in the book.未提到意大利的作用是书中一个明显的疏漏。▸ glaringly adverb ◆The mistakes were glaringly obvious.那些错误显而易见。 honest adjective ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ plain adj. 2 另见plain形容词词条第2义honest ♦︎ frank ♦︎ direct ♦︎ open ♦︎ outspoken ♦︎ straight ♦︎ blunt ♦︎ sincere ♦︎ truthful ♦︎ candid ♦︎ straightforward ♦︎ forthrightThese words all describe people saying exactly what they mean without trying to hide feelings, opinions or facts. 这些词均表示坦率的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆honest / frank / direct / open / outspoken / straight / sincere / truthful / candid / straightforward / forthright about sth◆honest / frank / direct / open / straight / blunt / truthful / candid / straightforward with sb◆honest / frank / outspoken / sincere / candid / forthright in your views / criticism, etc.◆an honest / an outspoken / a forthright opinion / view◆an honest / a direct / a straight / a blunt / a truthful answer◆an honest / a direct / an open / a sincere / a truthful person◆a frank / direct / blunt / forthright manner◆quite / very honest / frank / direct / open / outspoken / blunt / sincere / truthful / candid / straightforward / forthright◆extremely honest / frank / direct / open / outspoken◆completely honest / frank / open / straight / sincere / truthful◆absolutely honest / frank / open / straight / truthful◆perfectly honest / frank / sincere / candid◆To be / Let's be honest / frank / blunt...■ honest (often approving) not hiding the truth about sth 坦率的；坦诚的◆Give me your honest opinion.告诉我你的真实想法。◆Are you being completely honest about your feelings?你丝毫没有隐瞒你的感情吗？◆Thank you for being so honest with me.感谢你对我这么坦诚。◆ (spoken) To be honest, it was one of the worst books I've ever read.说实话，那是我读过的最差劲的书之一。◆Let's be honest, she's only interested in Mike because of his money.说白了，她对迈克感兴趣只不过是因为他有钱。OPP dishonest ⇨ dishonest ▸ honestly adverb ◆I didn't tell anyone, honestly!真的！我没告诉过任何人。◆I honestly can't remember a thing about last night.我实在想不起来昨晚的事了。▸ honesty noun [uncountable] ◆She answered all my questions with her usual honesty.她像平时一样老老实实地回答了我所有的问题。◆The book isn't, in all honesty, as good as I expected.说实话，这本书并没有我预期的那么好。■ frank (often approving) honest in what you say, sometimes in a way that other people might not like 坦率的，直率的（有时可能不讨人喜欢）◆a full and frank discussion一次全面而坦诚的讨论◆a frank admission of guilt坦率承认问心有愧◆He was very frank about his relationship with the actress.他毫不隐讳自己和那个女演员的关系。▸ frankly adverb ◆He spoke frankly about the ordeal.他如实讲述了所受的苦难。◆Quite frankly, I'm not surprised you failed.老实说，我对你的失败并不感到意外。▸ frankness noun [uncountable] ◆They outlined their aims with disarming frankness.他们坦诚地简述了他们的宗旨。■ direct saying exactly what you mean in a way that nobody can pretend not to understand 直率的；直爽的；坦率的◆I need a direct answer to a direct question.对于直率的问题，我想得到直截了当的回答。ⓘ Being direct is sometimes considered positive (as opposed to being indirect and not saying clearly what you mean); but sometimes it is used as a 'polite' way of saying that sb is rude. * direct有时含有褒义，与之相反的indirect表示“闪烁其词”。但direct有时用于委婉地表示某人无礼◆She has a very direct way of speaking (= she does not bother to be polite to people when speaking to them).她说话过于直白。 OPP indirect ⓘ An indirect answer or way of speaking avoids saying sth in a clear and obvious way. * indirect指回答或说话方式闪烁其词、拐弯抹角。▸ directness noun [uncountable]◆'What's that?' she asked with her usual directness.“那是什么？”她像往常一样直接问道。◆He presents his case with refreshing clarity and directness.他陈述自己的论据时直接明了，令人耳目一新。■ open (approving) (of a person) not keeping thoughts and feelings hidden （人）诚恳的，坦诚的◆She was always open with her parents.她和父母一向无话不谈。◆He was quite open about his reasons for leaving.他对离开的原因完全未加隐瞒。▸ openly adverb ◆The men in prison would never cry openly (= so that other people could see).狱中犯人从不当众哭泣。■ outspoken / /aʊtˈspəʊkən; NAmE ˈaʊtspoʊkən/ saying exactly what you think, even if this shocks or offends people 直率的，直言不讳的（不怕得罪人）◆He was known as an outspoken opponent of the leadership.大家都知道他是一个直言不讳反对领导的人。◆She was outspoken in her criticism of the plan.她对这个计划毫不留情地批评。▸ outspokenly adverb ◆outspokenly critical直言批评▸ outspokenness noun [uncountable] ◆I admire his outspokenness.■ straight (usually approving) honest and direct 坦诚的；直率的◆I don't think you're being straight with me.我觉得你没有对我坦诚。◆It's time for some straight talking.现在该开诚布公地谈谈了。■ blunt saying exactly what you think without trying to be polite 嘴直的，直言的（不顾及礼貌）◆She has a reputation for blunt speaking.她说话直截了当是出了名的。◆To be blunt, your work is appalling.说实话，你的活干得糟透了。▸ bluntly adverb ◆To put it bluntly, I want a divorce.坦白说吧，我要离婚。◆'Is she dead?' he asked bluntly.“她死了吗？”他脱口而出。■ sincere (approving) saying only what you really think or feel 诚实的；坦率的◆He seemed sincere enough when he said he wanted to help.他表示愿意帮忙，样子看起来很诚恳。◆She is never completely sincere in what she says about people.她谈论别人一向不尽坦诚。 OPP insincere ⇨ false see also sincerity ⇨ truth ▸ sincerely adverb ◆I sincerely believe that this is the right decision.我由衷认为这个决定是正确的。■ truthful (approving) saying only what is true; giving the true facts about sth 诚实的；讲真话的；如实的◆Are you being completely truthful with me?你跟我讲的全是真话吗？◆She was unable to give a truthful answer.她未能如实回答。 see also truth ⇨ truth ▸ truthfully adverb ◆He answered all their questions truthfully.他如实回答了他们所有的问题。■ candid (rather formal, often approving) saying what you think openly and honestly 坦率的；坦诚的；直言不讳的◆The ex-minister gave a candid interview about his reasons for resigning.前部长在访谈中坦率地谈到他辞职的原因。▸ candidly adverb ◆She candidly admitted her mistakes.她坦率地承认了错误。▸ candour (BrE) (NAmE candor) /ˈkændə(r)/ / noun [uncountable]◆'I don't trust her,' he said, in a rare moment of candour.“我信不过她。”他以少有的坦率说道。■ straightforward /ˌstreɪtˈfɔːwəd; NAmE ˌstreɪtˈfɔːrwərd/ (approving) (of a person or their opinions) honest and open; not trying to deceive sb or hide sth （人或观点）坦诚的，坦率的，直率的◆She's nice: very straightforward and easy to get on with.她人不错，很坦诚，易相处。ⓘ A straightforward person is generally liked. Straightforward is often used with positive words like intelligent, honest, and fair. * straightforward的人通常是受欢迎的，该词常与褒义词搭配，如intelligent、honest和fair。▸ straightforwardly adverb ◆a straightforwardly pleasant man■ forthright /ˈfɔːθraɪt; NAmE ˈfɔːrθraɪt/ saying clearly and strongly what you think, without being afraid of what other people might think 直言不讳的，慷慨陈词的（不畏惧他人看法）◆a woman of forthright views观点明确的女子◆He spoke in a forthright manner but without anger.他慷慨陈词，但并没有生气。NOTE 辨析 Which word? Honest, frank and candid all refer to what you say as much as how you say it. * honest、frank和candid既修饰说话方式，也修饰说法内容◆a / an honest / frank / candid admission of guilt坦承有罪They are all generally positive words, although it is possible to be too frank in a way that other people might not like. Direct, outspoken, blunt and forthright all describe sb's manner of saying what they think. Of these, forthright is the most positive, suggesting that you are not afraid of what other people think. Outspoken suggests that you are willing to shock people by saying what you believe to be right. Blunt and direct often suggest that you think honesty is more important than being polite. Open and straightforward are both positive and both describe sb's character. 这三个词通常用作褒义词，但有时也可能指过于直率而使人不快。direct、outspoken、blunt和forthright都表示说话方式直率，其中forthright的褒义最强，表示不畏惧他人看法；outspoken表示宁可冒犯他人也要直抒己见；blunt和direct常表示说话人认为诚实比客套更重要；open和straightforward都有褒义，都用来形容人的性格◆He's a very open / straightforward person.他为人非常诚恳。 vulnerable adjective vulnerable ♦︎ at risk ♦︎ helpless ♦︎ endangered ♦︎ open to sth ♦︎ exposed ♦︎ defencelessThese words all describe sb/sth that is not well protected. 这些词均表示缺乏保护的、易受伤害的、脆弱的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆vulnerable / open / exposed to criticism, attack, etc.◆helpless / defenceless against sth◆vulnerable / helpless / defenceless people / children◆helpless / defenceless civilians / victims◆a vulnerable / an endangered species◆a vulnerable / a helpless / an exposed position◆to feel vulnerable / at risk / helpless / exposed / defenceless◆to leave sb / sth vulnerable / at risk / helpless / open to sth / exposed / defenceless◆totally / completely vulnerable / helpless / defenceless◆highly vulnerable / endangered / exposed◆increasingly vulnerable / at risk / exposed■ vulnerable / /ˈvʌlnərəbl/ / weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally （身体或感情上）脆弱的，易受⋯伤害的◆Exhaustion from their long and fruitless war had left them vulnerable to attack.长期而无果的战争所造成的疲惫使得他们易于受到攻击。◆We should protect the most vulnerable members of our society.我们应该保护那些最易受伤害的社会成员。■ ˌat ˈrisk idiom in danger of sth unpleasant or harmful happening 有危险；冒风险◆Butterflies are at risk from attack by birds.蝴蝶有受到鸟类攻击的危险。◆Lone parent families with young children are particularly at risk of becoming homeless.有年幼孩子的单亲家庭特别易于变得无家可归。◆If we go to war, innocent lives will be put at risk.如果我们发动战争，无辜的生命就会受到威胁。 see also risk ⇨ risk 1 ■ helpless unable to take care of yourself or do things without the help of other people 无自理能力的；不能自立的；无助的◆Paul threw up his hands in a helpless gesture of surrender.保罗举起双手，做出一种无可奈何的投降姿势。◆He lay helpless on the floor.他无助地躺在地板上。◆It's natural to feel helpless against such abuse.对这种虐待感到无能为力是自然的。▸ helplessly adverb ◆They watched helplessly as their home went up in flames.他们无奈地看着自己的家被大火烧毁。■ endangered /ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd; NAmE ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd/ at risk of disappearing or being destroyed 濒危的；有可能消失的；有可能毁坏的◆The sea turtle is an endangered species (= it may soon no longer exist).海龟是濒危物种。◆The group has campaigned to save several endangered buildings in the area.该组织展开了一场拯救这地区几座濒危建筑的运动。 see also endanger ⇨ threaten 2 ■ open to sth not well protected from sth such as attack, injury or criticism 易受损害；脆弱◆The system is open to abuse.这种制度容易被滥用。 see also lay sb open to sth ⇨ expose ■ exposed /ɪkˈspəʊzd; NAmE ɪkˈspoʊzd/ (of a person) not protected from danger, attack or criticism （人）无保护的，易受攻击（或批评）的◆She was left feeling exposed and vulnerable.她感到自己孤立无助，非常脆弱。◆From the moment of birth, a baby is exposed to all the hazards in the external environment.从出生那刻起，婴儿便受到外在环境的各种威胁。 see also expose ⇨ expose , exposed ⇨ bare ■ defenceless (BrE) (NAmE defenseless) weak and not able to protect yourself; having no protection 软弱的；不能自卫的；无防御的◆I can't believe that we persist in such cruelty to defenceless animals.我无法相信我们一直在虐待这些不能自卫的动物。◆The village is defenceless against attack.这个村庄毫无防御能力。 expose verb expose ♦︎ subject sb/sth to sth ♦︎ put sb through sth ♦︎ lay sb open to sthThese words all mean to make sb experience sth unpleasant or to put them in a situation where they might experience sth unpleasant. 这些词均表示使经受或遭受不快。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达遭受不快的程度| expose | ➔ | subject sb/sth to sth | | lay sb open to sth | | put sb through sth |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to expose / subject / lay sb open to sth◆to expose / subject yourself to sth◆to put yourself through sth◆to lay yourself open to sth◆to expose sb to / subject sb to / lay sb open to criticism / ridicule / abuse / attack◆to expose sb / lay sb open to charges / risk◆to subject sb to / put sb through an ordeal■ expose [transitive] to put sb/sth in a place or situation where they are not protected from sth harmful or unpleasant 使面临，使遭受（危险或不快）◆You could be exposing yourself to unnecessary risks.你有可能遭受不必要的风险。◆Do not expose babies to strong sunlight.不要让婴儿受到强烈阳光的照射。OPP protect ⇨ protect see also exposed ⇨ vulnerable ▸ exposure /ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r); NAmE ɪkˈspoʊʒər/ noun [uncountable] ◆prolonged exposure to harmful radiation长时间接触有害辐射■ subˈject sb/sth to sth phrasal verb [often passive] (rather formal) to make sb/sth experience, suffer or be affected by sth, usually sth unpleasant 使遭受（不快的经历、痛苦或不好的影响）◆Referees are often subjected to verbal abuse.裁判员常常受到言语攻击。◆The city was subjected to heavy bombing.这座城市遭到了狂轰滥炸。■ ˌput sb ˈthrough sth phrasal verb (putting, put, put) (rather informal) to make sb experience sth very difficult or unpleasant 使经受（磨难或不幸）◆You have put your family through a lot recently.最近你让家人受了不少苦。◆Why am I putting myself through all this?我为什么要让自己经受所有这一切？■ ˌlay sb ˈopen to sth idiom (laid, laid)to put sb in a situation where they are likely to suffer criticism or embarrassment 使某人遭受批评；置某人于尴尬处境◆He has laid himself wide open to political attack.他让自己饱受政治攻击。 see also open to sth ⇨ vulnerable begin verb ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ establish, ⇨ introduce 1 and ⇨ start verb 另见establish条、introduce条第1义和start动词词条begin ♦︎ start ♦︎ open ♦︎ embark on/upon sth ♦︎ take sth up ♦︎ set about sth ♦︎ go about sth ♦︎ commenceThese words all mean to do the first part of sth, or to do sth or make sth happen or exist for the first time. 这些词均表示开始、着手。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to begin / start / take up / set about / go about / commence doing sth◆to begin / start to do sth◆to begin / start sth by doing / with sth◆to begin / start / open / embark on a / an campaign / enquiry◆to begin / start / open a discussion / conversation◆to begin / start / embark on a war / scheme◆to begin a / start a / commence battle◆to begin / start / take up / commence work◆to begin / start / open a story / letter / sentence◆to begin / start / open a day / year / meeting◆to begin / start / embark on / take up / commence a career / life◆to begin / start / embark on a journey / search / relationship◆to begin / start / take up a / your employment / duties / hobby◆to begin / start / commence production◆to immediately begin / start / embark on / set about / commence / launch into sth◆to have just begun / started / opened / embarked on / taken up / launched into sth■ begin (beginning, began, begun) [intransitive, transitive] to do the first part of sth; to do sth that you were not doing just before 开始；启动；着手做◆She began by thanking us all for coming.她首先对我们大家的到来表示感谢。◆We began work on the project in May.我们于5月份开始了这个项目。◆I began (= started reading) this novel last month and I still haven't finished it.我上个月开始读这本小说，到现在还没读完。◆She began to cry.她哭了起来。◆I was beginning to think you'd never come.我开始以为你不会来了。◆Everyone began talking at once.大家同时开始讲话。OPP end ⇨ end verb see also beginning ⇨ start noun , begin ⇨ start verb ■ start [transitive, intransitive] to begin doing sth; to make sth begin to happen 开始；着手做；使发生◆I start work at nine.我9点开始工作。◆The kids start school next week.孩子们下星期开学。◆We need to start (= begin using) a new jar of coffee.我们得新开一罐咖啡了。◆It started to rain.下起雨来了。◆Mistakes were starting to creep in.不知不觉间，开始出错了。◆She started laughing.她笑了起来。◆Let's start by reviewing what we did last week.我们先来复习一下上星期所学的内容。◆It's time you started on your homework.你该做功课了。◆Who started the fire?谁放的火？◆Do you start the day with a good breakfast?你早晨起来会先好好吃一顿早饭吗？OPP finish , stop ⇨ end verb , finish ⇨ finish , stop ⇨ stop verb 3 see also start ⇨ start noun , start ⇨ start verb NOTE 辨析 Begin or start?There is not much difference in meaning between these words. Start is more frequent in spoken English and in business contexts; begin is more frequent in written English. Start, but not begin, can also mean 'to make sth start happening' or 'to make a machine start working'. 这两个词意思差别不大。start较常用于口语和商务语境中，begin较常用于书面语中。start还可表示使某事发生或发动机器，但begin无此用法◆Who began the fire? ◆I can't begin the car. ■ open [transitive] to make an activity or event begin; to make a story, piece of writing or period of time begin in a particular way 着手；开始；（故事、文章）以⋯开篇；（一段时期）以⋯开头◆Who is going to open the conference?谁来宣布会议开幕？◆The police have opened an investigation into the death.警方已开始调查这桩命案。◆They will open the new season with a performance of 'Carmen'.他们将上演《卡门》，以此拉开新戏剧季的帷幕。◆I opened the story with Viola because I wanted the reader to 'meet' everybody through her eyes.我把薇奥拉作为故事的开场人物，因为我想让读者通过她的眼睛去“结识”每个人。 OPP close ⇨ end verb see also open ⇨ start verb , opening ⇨ launch noun , opening ⇨ start noun , opening ⇨ first det. adj. ■ emˈbark on sth■ emˈbark upon sth phrasal verb (rather formal) to begin doing sth new or difficult 从事，着手，开始（新的或艰难的事情）◆She is about to embark on a diplomatic career.她即将开始外交生涯。◆Remember these basic rules before embarking upon major home improvements.在着手进行重大家居装修之前要记住这些基本准则。■ ˌtake sth ˈup phrasal verb (took, taken) [no passive] to begin sth such as a job or hobby 开始从事（某项工作或业余爱好）◆He takes up his duties next week.他下周开始履行职责。◆She has taken up (= started to learn to play) the oboe.她学起吹双簧管来了。OPP give sth up ⇨ stop verb 1 ■ ˈset about sth phrasal verb (setting, set, set) [no passive] to begin doing sth 开始做；着手做◆She set about the business of cleaning the house.她动手打扫起房子来。◆We need to set about finding a solution.我们得着手寻找一个解决办法。■ ˈgo about sth phrasal verb (goes, went, gone) [no passive] (often used in negative statements and questions with how 常用于否定陈述和以how引导的疑问句中) to begin working on sth, especially in a particular way （尤指以特定的方式）开始做◆You're not going about the job in the right way.你一开始做这事的方法不对。◆How should I go about finding a job?我该怎样着手找工作呢？■ commence / /kəˈmens/ / [transitive] (formal) to begin sth 开始；着手◆The company commenced operations in April.公司4月份开业了。 see also commence ⇨ start verb spread verb spread ♦︎ lay sth out ♦︎ lay ♦︎ unfold ♦︎ open ♦︎ unrollThese words all mean to open sth flat such as paper or fabric so that it covers a greater area. 这些词均表示展开、摊开。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to spread / lay / lay out / open sth on sth◆to spread / lay sth over sth◆to spread / lay / open sth out◆to spread out / lay out / unfold / open a map◆to spread / lay / unfold a cloth / tablecloth◆to unfold / open your arms■ spread (spread, spread) [transitive] to open sth that has been folded or rolled so that it is flat and covers a larger area than before （把折叠或卷着的东西）展开，打开◆Tom spread the map out on the floor.汤姆把地图摊开在地板上。◆The bird spread its wings and flew away.那只鸟展开翅膀飞走了。■ ˌlay sth ˈout phrasal verb (laid, laid)to spread sth out on a flat surface so that it can be seen easily or is ready to use 铺开；摆开；展开◆Lay the material out flat.把布料展开铺平。■ lay (laid, laid) [transitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition 通常与副词或介词连用) to spread sth flat on sth; to cover sth with a layer of sth （在某物上）摊开，敷；用一层⋯覆盖◆Before they started they laid newspaper on the floor.他们开始之前在地板上铺了报纸。◆The grapes were laid to dry on racks.葡萄被摊开放在架子上晒干。■ unfold /ʌnˈfəʊld; NAmE ʌnˈfoʊld/ [transitive, intransitive] to spread open or flat sth that has previously been folded; (of sth that has been folded) to become open or flat 把（折叠的东西）展开，打开；（折叠的东西）展开◆She unfolded the letter and read it yet again.她打开信又读了一遍。◆He unfolded his arms and stood up.他松开双臂站了起来。◆The collapsible ladder unfolds quickly and locks into place for added safety.那折叠梯很快就能打开，并能固定住，更加安全。 OPP fold ⇨ fold verb ■ open [intransitive, transitive](of sth that is folded or closed up) to spread out or become unfolded; to spread out or unfold sth that has been folded or closed （折叠或关闭的东西）展开，打开；使展开◆What if the parachute doesn't open?降落伞打不开怎么办？◆The flowers open in the morning and close again in the evening.这些花早上绽放，傍晚又合拢。◆He opened his arms wide to embrace her.他张开双臂去拥抱她。■ unroll /ʌnˈrəʊl; NAmE ʌnˈroʊl/ [transitive, intransitive] to make sth that is rolled up become open and flat; (of sth that is rolled up) to become open and flat 把（卷着的东西）展开，摊开，铺开；（卷着的东西）展开◆We unrolled our sleeping bags.我们打开了睡袋。 OPP roll ⇨ wrap sb/sth around/round sb/sth start verb ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ begin 另见begin条start ♦︎ begin ♦︎ start off ♦︎ kick off ♦︎ commence ♦︎ openThese words are all used to talk about things happening from the beginning, or people doing the first part of sth. 这些词均表示开始发生、开始做。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to start / begin / start off / kick off / commence / open with sth◆to start / begin / start off / kick off / commence / open by doing sth◆to start / begin / start off / commence as sth◆a campaign / season / tour / competition / match / festival / meeting starts / begins / starts off / kicks off / commences / opens◆a film / book / chapter starts / begins / starts off / opens◆an enquiry / investigation starts / begins / commences / opens◆work / production starts / begins / starts off / kicks off / commences◆proceedings start / begin / kick off / commence / open◆a period starts / begins / commences / opens◆to have just started / begun / started off / kicked off / commenced / opened◆to start / begin / start off / kick off / commence / open immediately■ start [intransitive](of an event or thing) to happen or exist, when it was not happening or did not exist just before; to start in a particular way or from a particular point （事件或事物）发生，出现；（以某方式或从某事物）开始◆When does the class start?什么时候开始上课？◆There are a lot of small businesses starting up in that area.小型企业在那个地区大量涌现。◆She started as a secretary but ended up running the department.她以当秘书起步，最后成了那个部门的主管。◆The company started out with 30 employees.该公司创业时有30名员工。◆The evening started badly when the speaker failed to turn up.那天晚上一开始就很糟糕，因为演讲者没有到场。◆The trail starts just outside the town.那条小路是从刚出城的地方开始的。◆Hotel prices start at £65 a night for a double room.旅馆的双人房间从一宿65英镑起价。OPP finish ⇨ end verb see also start ⇨ begin verb ■ begin (beginning, began, begun) [intransitive] to start to happen or exist; to start in a particular way or from a particular point; to start speaking 开始发生（或出现）；（以某方式或从某事物）开始；开始讲话◆When does the concert begin?音乐会什么时候开始？◆The evening began well.晚会开始得很顺利。◆Use 'an' before words beginning with a vowel.在以元音开始的单词前要用an。◆'Ladies and gentlemen,' he began, 'welcome to the Town Hall.'“女士们、先生们，”他开始发言说，“欢迎光临市政厅。”OPP end ⇨ end verb see also begin ⇨ begin verb NOTE 辨析 Start or begin?There is not much difference in meaning between these words. Start is more frequent in spoken English and in business contexts; begin is more frequent in written English and is often used when you are describing a series of events. 这两个词含义差别不大。start较多用于口语和商务语境；begin较多用于书面语，常用于描述一系列事件◆The story begins on the island of Corfu.这个故事从科孚岛上开始。 Start is not used to mean 'begin speaking'. * start不表示开始讲话◆'Ladies and gentlemen,' he started. ■ ˌstart ˈoff phrasal verb (rather informal) to start happening or doing sth; to start by doing or being sth 进行（或开展）起来；首先进行；一开始是◆The discussion started off mildly enough.讨论颇为温和地开始了。◆The leaves start off green but turn red later.树叶起先是绿色，但之后会变红。◆I started off working quite hard, but it didn't last.我一开始非常勤奋，但没有坚持下去。OPP finish up ⓘ In British English, to finish up... is to be in a particular state or at a particular place after a series of events. 在英式英语中，finish up ...表示在一系列事件之后“结果成为⋯”或“最终来到⋯”◆ (BrE) If you're not careful, you could finish up seriously ill.你要是不小心，到头来可能会得一场大病。 ■ ˌkick ˈoff phrasal verb (informal) to start an event or activity, especially in a particular way; (of an event, activity, film or book) to start, especially in a particular way 开始（活动）；（事件、活动、电影或书）开始，以⋯开头◆Tom will kick off with a few comments.汤姆讲话时要先发表几点意见。◆The festival kicks off on Monday, September 13.节期从9月13日星期一开始。 OPP wind up ⇨ end verb ■ commence / /kəˈmens/ / [intransitive] (formal) to start happening 开始发生◆The meeting is scheduled to commence at noon.会议定于午间召开。◆I will be on leave during the week commencing 15 February.我将于2月15日开始休假一周。 see also commence ⇨ begin ■ open [intransitive] to start an event or activity in a particular way; (of an event, film or book) to start, especially in a particular way 以⋯开始（活动）；（事件、电影或书）开始，以⋯开头◆He opened with a version of Elvis's 'Can't Help Falling in Love.'他以埃尔维斯《情不自禁爱上你》的一个版本开始了。◆The story opens with a murder.这个故事以一宗谋杀案开篇。ⓘ Open is a less informal way of saying kick off; however, it is not usually used to talk about the time that people begin a shorter or more informal activity. * open是kick off的一种较正式的说法，但当表示活动于某个时间开始时，若活动时间较短或较不正式，通常不用open◆What time do we kick off?我们什么时候开始？◆What time do we open? You can use it for the dates and times of longer or more formal events. 若活动时间较长或较为正式，则可用open来表示何时举行◆The Annual General Meeting opens at 1pm on March 15th.年度全体会议于3月15日下午1时开始。 OPP close ⇨ end verb see also open ⇨ begin verb undo verb undo ♦︎ open ♦︎ untie ♦︎ unbutton ♦︎ detach ♦︎ unfasten ♦︎ unzip ♦︎ unwrapThese words all mean to open sth that is fastened, tied or wrapped, or to separate two things that are joined together. 这些词均表示打开、解开、拆开。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to undo / open / untie / unwrap a parcel / package◆to undo / untie a knot / rope / string / ribbon / lace / shoelace◆to open / unwrap a present◆to undo / unbutton / unfasten / unzip a jacket / coat / fly◆to undo / unbutton / detach / unfasten a collar◆to undo / unfasten a belt / button / clip / strap / zip / buckle / catch / seat belt◆to undo / unbutton a blouse / shirt■ undo / /ʌnˈduː/ / (undid, undone) [transitive] to open sth that is fastened, tied or wrapped 打开；解开；拆开◆I can't undo this zip－it seems to be stuck.我拉不开这个拉链，好像卡住了。◆He undid his jacket and threw it over a chair.他解开上衣，扔到椅子背上。◆I undid the package and took out the books.我打开包裹取出书来。 OPP do (sth) up ⇨ tie ■ open [transitive] to remove the lid or undo the fastening of a container, etc. in order to see or get what is inside 打开，开启（盖子、封口等）◆Shall I open another bottle?要不要我再开一瓶？◆He opened the letter and read it.他拆开信读了起来。■ untie / /ʌnˈtaɪ/ / [transitive] to undo a knot in sth; to undo sth that is tied 解开⋯的结；打开◆Can you untie this knot for me?你能帮我解开这个结吗？◆He untied the rope and pushed the boat into the water.他解开缆绳，把小船推入水中。◆She untied his hands and let him go.她解开他的双手把他放了。OPP tie ⇨ tie , tie ⇨ attach ■ unbutton [transitive] to undo the buttons on a piece of clothing 解开⋯的纽扣◆He unbuttoned his shirt.他解开衬衣扣子。 OPP button ⇨ tie see also button ⇨ button noun 2 ■ detach / /dɪˈtætʃ/ / [transitive, intransitive] (rather formal) to remove sth from sth larger; to become separated from sth 拆卸；使分开；脱离◆Detach the coupon and return it as soon as possible.将赠券撕下后尽快寄回。◆One of the panels had become detached from the main structure.其中一块镶板已从主体结构上脱落。◆The skis should detach from the boot if you fall.要是你跌倒了，滑雪板应会脱离靴子。 OPP attach ⇨ attach ■ unfasten [transitive] (rather formal) to open sth that is fastened 解开；松开；打开◆Passengers are permitted to unfasten their seat belts.乘客获准解开安全带。 OPP fasten ⇨ tie see also fastener ⇨ button noun 2 ■ unzip / /ˌʌnˈzɪp/ / (-pp-) [transitive, intransitive] to undo a bag or piece of clothing by unfastening the zip; (of a bag or piece of clothing) to open with a zip 拉开⋯的拉链；（包或衣服）用拉链拉开ⓘ A zip (BrE) or zipper (NAmE) is a type of fastener that consists of two rows of metal or plastic teeth that you can pull together to close sth or pull apart to open it. * zip（英式英语）或zipper（美式英语）指拉链、拉锁◆She unzipped his jacket, as if he were a child.她拉开他的上衣拉链，仿佛他是一个孩子。◆The bag unzips at the side.这个包的拉链开在侧面。 OPP zip ⇨ tie see also zip , zipper ⇨ button noun 2 ■ unwrap / /ʌnˈræp/ / (-pp-) [transitive] to take off the paper, etc. that covers or protects sth 拆开⋯的包装◆Don't unwrap your present until your birthday.礼物要等到你生日那天才可以打开。 OPP wrap ⓘ To wrap sth (up) is to cover it completely in paper or other material, for example when you are giving it as a present. * wrap sth (up)指用纸或其他物料把东西包裹起来，如包装礼物等◆He spent the evening wrapping up the Christmas presents.他花了一晚上把圣诞礼物都包了起来。◆individually wrapped chocolates独立包装的巧克力 shoot verb ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ kill 另见kill条shoot ♦︎ fire ♦︎ open fire ♦︎ launchThese words all mean to use a gun or to send a weapon from somewhere, for example a ship. 这些词均表示开枪或发射武器。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to shoot / fire at sb / sth◆to fire / open fire on sb / sth◆to shoot / fire wide / back◆to shoot / fire blanks / bullets / arrows◆to fire / launch a missile / torpedo◆a gun shoots / fires■ shoot (shot, shot) [intransitive, transitive] to use a gun or bow and arrow; (of a gun, etc.) to shoot bullets or arrows; to kill or wound a person or animal by shooting at them 开枪；射击；（枪等）发射（子弹或箭）；射杀；射伤◆Don't shoot－ I surrender.别开枪－我投降。◆The police rarely shoot to kill (= try to kill the people they shoot at).警察开枪很少是要把人打死。◆Does this gun actually shoot?这支枪真能发射子弹吗？◆This is just a toy gun－it doesn't shoot real bullets.这只是支玩具枪，不能发射真子弹。◆A man was shot in the leg.一名男子腿部中弹。◆He shot himself during a fit of depression.他一时心灰意冷，开枪自杀了。◆Three people were shot dead during the robbery.抢劫过程中有三人被开枪打死。ⓘ In British English you can shoot bullets/arrows but you cannot 'shoot a gun' or larger weapons such as missiles. 在英式英语中，可以说shoot bullets/arrows，但不说shoot a gun，发射导弹等更大的武器也不能用shoot◆He shot his gun into the air. ◆Missiles were shot at the enemy. It is possible to use shoot in this way in American English. 但在美式英语中可以这样用◆ (NAmE) Have you ever shot a gun before?你以前开过枪吗？ ■ fire [intransitive, transitive] to shoot bullets from a gun; to shoot an arrow or missile into the sky or through water; (of a gun) to shoot bullets 开枪；射（箭）；发射（导弹）；（枪）射出（子弹）◆The officer ordered his men to fire.那军官下令士兵射击。◆Soldiers fired on the crowd, killing several people.士兵们向人群开枪，打死了几个人。◆He fired the gun into the air.他朝天鸣枪。◆They ran away as soon as the first shot was fired.第一枪刚响他们就跑了。◆We heard the sound of guns firing.我们听见了枪炮声。■ ˌopen ˈfire idiom to start firing shots from a gun 开始射击；开火◆The gunmen opened fire on the police.持枪歹徒向警察开火。■ launch / /lɔːntʃ/ / [transitive] to send a weapon such as a missile into the sky or through water 发射（导弹等）◆The ship was hit by three torpedoes launched from the enemy submarine.船被敌方潜艇发射的三颗鱼雷击中了。 help2 verb I was only trying to help. 我只是想帮忙。This should help reduce the pain. 这个应有助于缓解疼痛。help ♦︎ facilitate ♦︎ benefit ♦︎ assist ♦︎ aid ♦︎ clear the way ♦︎ ease ♦︎ open the wayThese words all mean to make it easier for sth to happen or to improve sth. 这些词均表示促进、改善。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to help / assist / aid in (doing) sth◆to clear the way / open the way for sth◆to help / clear the way for / open the way for sb to do sth◆to help / facilitate / assist / aid / ease a process◆to help / facilitate / assist / aid / ease the development of sth◆to facilitate / assist / ease the flow / transition / transfer / passage / introduction of sth◆to help / facilitate / ease matters◆to clear / ease / open the way (for sth)◆to undoubtedly help / facilitate / benefit / assist / aid sth◆to greatly / certainly help / facilitate / benefit / assist / aid sth◆to considerably help / benefit / assist sth■ help [intransitive, transitive] to improve a situation; to make it easier for sth to happen 改善；促进；促使◆The money raised helped towards the cost of organizing the event.筹来的钱解决了组织这个活动所需的部分经费。◆Iron helps in the formation of red blood cells.铁促进血红细胞的形成。◆This should help (to) reduce the pain.这个应有助于缓解疼痛。◆The exhibition helped her establish herself as an artist.这个展览奠定了她的艺术地位。◆It certainly helped being able to talk about it.能谈谈这件事当然很有好处。OPP hinder , hamper ⇨ block 1 see also help ⇨ aid noun , helpful ⇨ valuable 2 ■ facilitate / /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/ / [transitive] (formal) to make an action or process possible or easier 促进；促使；使便利◆The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth.新贸易协定应该会促使经济加速发展。◆Structured teaching facilitates learning.有条理的讲授有利于学习。■ benefit (-t- or -tt-) [transitive] to be useful or bring an advantage to sb, especially a particular group of people, or improve their life in some way 对⋯有益；使受益◆We should spend the money on something that will benefit everyone.我们应该把这笔钱花在大家都能受益的事上。◆The new tax laws will clearly benefit those on low wages.很明显新税法将使低收入者受益。 OPP disadvantage ⓘ To disadvantage sb or a group of people is to bring them a disadvantage [transitive, usually passive]. * disadvantage作及物动词时表示使陷入不利处境，通常用于被动语态◆In the past women have been disadvantaged by the narrow range of occupations open to them.过去妇女一直处于弱势，因为她们可从事的工作范围很窄。 see also beneficial ⇨ valuable 2 ■ assist [intransitive, transitive] (rather formal, especially written) to make it easier for sth to happen 促进；促使◆Two approaches might assist in tackling the problem.有两种方法可能有助于解决问题。◆These activities will assist the decision-making process.这些活动将有利于决策。■ aid [transitive, intransitive] (formal) to make it easier for sth to happen 促进；促使◆New drugs are now available to aid recovery.促进康复的新药现已问世。◆Aided by strong winds, the fire quickly spread.借助强风，火势迅速蔓延。◆Computers can be used to aid in management decision-making.计算机可用于辅助管理人员作出决策。NOTE 辨析 Facilitate, assist or aid?In some cases you can use any of these words. 在有些情况下这三个词可以通用◆to facilitate / assist / aid a process / transition促进进程／转变◆to facilitate / assist / aid the development of sth促进某事的发展 Facilitate and assist have a wider range of collocates than aid, including many nouns that describe a process such as passage, flow, transition, transfer, introduction and removal. Assist is often followed by in. * facilitate和assist的搭配词比aid多，其中包括许多描述过程的词，如passage、flow、transition、transfer、introduction和removal。assist常后接in◆assist in the development of sth有利于某事的发展 Aid can also be used in this way, but not facilitate. * aid也可这么用，但facilitate不可以◆facilitate in the development of sth Facilitate and assist are nearly always used to describe making helpful processes easier; aid can also be used to talk about unhelpful processes. * facilitate和assist几乎总是表示促进好事的进展，aid还可表示加剧坏事的发展◆Facilitated/assisted by strong winds, the fire quickly spread. ■ clear the way idiom to remove things that are stopping the progress or movement of sth 清除障碍◆The ruling could clear the way for extradition proceedings.这个裁决也许能为引渡程序扫清障碍。■ ease [transitive] to make sth easier, especially by removing or changing sth that has been making it difficult （尤指清除障碍以）使⋯容易些◆Ramps have been built to ease access for the disabled.为方便残疾人出入修建了坡道。■ open the way idiom to make it possible for sb to do sth or for sth to happen, especially sth which was not possible before 开方便之门◆The agreement could open the way for the country to pay off its debts.这一协定使得该国有望还清债务。 |