| 例句 |
scratch verb
⇨ scratch 1 (scratch yourself on sth) ⇨ scratch 2 (a cat scratches) ⇨ creak (mice scratch)scratch noun
⇨ injuryscratch1 verb scratch yourself on a nail 在钉子上划了自己一下scratch at an insect bite/a cat scratches 挠被虫叮的包；猫挠人scratch ♦︎ scrape ♦︎ rub ♦︎ scuff ♦︎ grazeThese words all mean to damage a surface or to remove sth from it by moving sth sharp and hard across it. 这些词均表示擦破、划破、磨破。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to scratch sth / scrape sth / rub / scuff sth / graze sth on sth◆to scrape / graze your knee / knuckles / elbow / shin◆to scratch / scrape / graze a surface◆to scratch / scuff / graze sth badly■ scratch [transitive] to damage the surface of sth, especially accidentally, by making thin shallow marks on it; to cut or damage your skin slightly with sth sharp （尤指意外地）擦破，划损，刮坏；划破，划伤（皮肤）◆Be careful not to scratch the furniture.小心别刮坏了家具。◆The car's paintwork is badly scratched.汽车的漆面划损得很严重。◆I'd scratched my leg and it was bleeding.我把腿划破流血了。◆She scratched herself on a nail.她在钉子上划了一下。 see also scratch ⇨ injury noun ■ scrape [transitive] to rub sth accidentally against sth rough, so that it gets damaged or hurt （意外地）擦坏，擦伤，刮坏，蹭破◆I scraped the side of my car on the wall.我的车一侧被墙刮了。◆Sorry, I've scraped some paint off the car.抱歉，我把车刮掉了一块漆。◆She fell and scraped her knee.她摔了一跤，把膝盖蹭破了。◆The wire had scraped the skin from her fingers.她的手指被金属丝刮掉了皮。NOTE 辨析 Scratch or scrape?If you scratch a surface you make a long thin line on it; if you scrape it, you usually make a wider mark. If you scratch a part of your body, the damage is not very bad; if you scrape it, the damage is usually a little greater. 表示擦伤物体表面时，scratch指在上面留下细长的道子，scrape通常指在上面留下较宽的痕迹。表示擦伤身体某个部位时，scratch伤得不严重，scrape则通常伤得略严重些。■ rub (-bb-) [intransitive](of a surface) to move backwards and forwards many times against sth while pressing it, especially causing pain or damage （表面）磨，摩擦（尤指引起疼痛或造成损害）◆The back of my shoe is rubbing.我的鞋后跟磨脚。◆The wheel is rubbing on the mudguard.车轮蹭着挡泥板了。◆The horse's neck was rubbed raw (= until the skin came off) where the rope had been.马脖子上拴过缰绳的地方皮都给磨掉了。■ scuff [transitive] to make a mark on the smooth surface of sth when you rub it against sth rough 磨损，磨坏（光滑表面）◆I scuffed the heel of my shoe on the stonework.我的鞋跟被铺石路面磨坏了。■ graze [transitive] to break the surface of your skin by rubbing it against sth rough 擦伤，擦破（皮肤）◆I fell and grazed my knee.我摔了一跤，擦伤了膝盖。◆He grazed his elbow on a sharp piece of rock.他的手肘被一块尖石划伤了。 see also graze ⇨ injury noun NOTE 辨析 Scrape or graze? Graze is only used to talk about parts of the body; scrape can be used to talk about damaging many types of surface. Scrape places more emphasis on the action; graze places more emphasis on the injury. * graze仅指擦伤身体某部位，scrape可用于多种表面。scrape更强调擦伤的动作，graze更强调所受的损伤。 scratch2 verb scratch yourself on a nail 在钉子上划了自己一下scratch at an insect bite/a cat scratches 挠被虫叮的包；猫挠人scratch ♦︎ clawThese words both mean to rub or tear sth with claws or nails. 这两个词均表示用爪子或指甲搔、挠、抓。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to scratch / claw at sth◆to scratch / claw sth with sth◆to scratch / claw sb frantically■ scratch [transitive, intransitive] to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching (= making you feel uncomfortable); to cut sb's skin slightly with your nails 挠，搔（痒处）；抓破，抓伤（皮肤）◆John yawned and scratched his chin.约翰打了个哈欠，挠了挠下巴。◆Try not to scratch.尽量别挠。◆She scratched at the insect bites on her arm.她挠了挠胳膊上被虫咬的包。◆She had obviously tried to scratch her attacker.显然她曾试图抓伤袭击她的人。◆Does the cat scratch?这只猫挠人吗？■ claw [intransitive, transitive] to scratch or tear sb/sth with claws (= one of the sharp curved nails on an animal's or bird's foot) or with your fingernails （用爪子或指甲）抓，撕，挠◆The cat was clawing at the leg of the chair.那只猫在抓挠椅子腿。◆She had clawed Stephen across the face.她曾抓过斯蒂芬的脸。ⓘ When it is used to describe people's actions, claw is mostly used in literary writing, and may be used to talk about particularly desperate or violent acts. * claw表示人的行为时主要出现在文学作品中，可指抓扯得特别拼命或粗暴◆She flew at him, clawing blindly with her nails.她朝他扑过去，手指到处乱抓。 creak verb creak ♦︎ scrape ♦︎ groan ♦︎ squeak ♦︎ scratch ♦︎ raspThese words all mean to make a long sound like the sound made when two objects rub against each other. 这些词均表示嘎吱作响、发出刮擦声。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to scrape / scratch / rasp against sth◆to creak / groan / squeak open◆a door / bed / floorboard creaks / groans◆a pen scrapes / scratches◆a voice squeaks / rasps■ creak / /kriːk/ / [intransitive] to make a long low sound like the sound that is sometimes made when you open a door or step on a wooden stair or floor 嘎吱作响（开门或踩上木楼梯或地板时发出的声音）◆The stairs creaked as she went up them.她上楼梯时，楼梯嘎吱作响。◆The door creaked open.门嘎吱一下开了。▸ creak noun [countable] ◆Distant creaks and groans echoed eerily along the dark corridors.远处嘎吱嘎吱的声音在漆黑的走廊里回荡，怪可怕的。■ scrape / /skreɪp/ / [intransitive, transitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition 通常与副词或介词连用) to make an unpleasant rough sound like the sound made by rubbing or dragging a hard object across a surface; to make sth produce this sound （使）发出刺耳的刮擦声◆I could hear his pen scraping across the paper.我听得见他的钢笔在纸上沙沙地响。◆Bushes scraped against the car windows.灌木丛刮擦着汽车窗户。■ groan [intransitive] to make a long deep sound like the sound sb makes when they are unhappy or in pain 发出呻吟般的声音◆The trees creaked and groaned in the wind.树在风中嘎吱作响。 see also groan ⇨ whisper NOTE 辨析 Creak or groan? Groan is often used when sth creaks loudly, especially when the sound is caused by sth big or heavy being moved with a lot of effort. * groan发出的声音常比creak更响，尤其声音是由费力地移动大或重的东西引起时。■ squeak / /skwiːk/ / [intransitive] to make a short high sound that is not very loud 发出短促而尖利的声音；吱吱叫；嘎吱作响◆My new shoes squeak.我的新皮鞋走路嘎吱嘎吱响。◆The mouse ran away, squeaking with fear.那只老鼠吓得尖叫着溜了。▸ squeak noun [countable] ◆Shirley gave a little squeak of surprise.雪莉轻轻地惊叫了一声。■ scratch [intransitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition 通常与副词或介词连用) to make an unpleasant rough sound like the sound made by rubbing or dragging a sharp object across a surface 发出刺耳的刮擦声◆His pen scratched away on the paper.他的笔在纸上沙沙地响。NOTE 辨析 Scrape or scratch? Scrape is often used to describe the sound made by sth that does not have a sharp point. * scrape常指不带尖头的东西弄出声音◆Don't scrape your chairs on the floor.别用椅子刮地板。◆Don't scratch your chairs on the floor. Scratch is often used when an object with a sharp point is making the sound, like the nails on an animal's foot. * scratch常指动物的爪子等带尖头的物体弄出声音◆The dog kept scratching at the door to go out.那条狗不停地抓门，想出去。◆The dog kept scraping at the door to go out. ■ rasp /rɑːsp; NAmE ræsp/ [intransitive] to make a harsh unpleasant sound, especially a sound made by speaking or breathing （尤指说话或呼吸时）发出刺耳声◆He struggled to the top of the hill, his breath rasping loudly.他挣扎着到了山顶，呼哧呼哧地喘气。 injury noun injury ♦︎ wound ♦︎ cut ♦︎ bruise ♦︎ scratch ♦︎ gash ♦︎ grazeThese are all words for harm to sb's body, usually when the skin is broken. 这些词均表示对身体的伤害、损伤，通常伴有皮肤破损。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an injury / a wound / cuts / a bruise / a gash to a part of the body◆(a) severe injuries / wound / bruise◆a deep wound / cut / scratch / gash◆minor injuries / wounds / cuts / bruises◆to suffer an injury / a wound / cuts / bruises / scratches / a gash◆to sustain an injury / a wound / cuts / bruises◆to clean a wound / cut◆a wound / cut / bruise heals◆cuts and bruises / scratches / grazes■ injury [countable, uncountable] harm done to a person's or animal's body, for example in an accident （对躯体的）伤害，损伤◆As a result of the accident, several passengers sustained serious head injuries.几名乘客因这起事故头部受了重伤。◆She escaped with only minor injuries.她幸免于难，只受了几处轻伤。◆Two players are out of the team because of injury.两名队员因伤离队。ⓘ The other words in this group generally refer to skin, but an injury can affect bones, muscles, or other parts of the body. 本组词中injury可指骨骼、肌肉或身体其他部位的伤，其他词一般指皮肤上的伤。 ■ wound [countable] an injury to part of the body, especially one in which a hole is made in the skin using a weapon （身体上的）伤，伤口；（武器造成的）伤◆She survived, despite receiving severe stab wounds.她尽管被严重刺伤，还是活了下来。◆He proudly showed us his war wounds.他骄傲地向我们展示了他的战伤。ⓘ Wound often collocates with the name of the weapon that caused it. * wound常与造成伤害的武器的名字搭配◆a bullet / gunshot / knife / shrapnel wound枪伤；刀伤；弹片伤 ■ cut [countable] a place where a sharp object has made a hole in sb's skin. 伤口；划口◆He came home covered in cuts and bruises.他遍体鳞伤地回到家。◆Blood poured from the deep cut on his arm.鲜血从他手臂上深深的伤口中涌出。 see also cut ⇨ cut verb 4 ■ bruise / /bruːz/ / [countable] a blue, brown or purple mark on the skin after sb has fallen or been hit 青肿；瘀伤；碰伤◆He had a huge bruise over his eye.他眼睛上有一大块瘀伤。◆ (BrE) His legs were covered in bruises.他腿上布满了瘀伤。◆ (especially NAmE) covered with bruises浑身青肿◆She was treated for minor cuts and bruises.她因轻微划伤和瘀伤而接受治疗。■ scratch [countable] a thin cut which produces very little or no blood （出血很少或不出血的）小伤口，划口◆Her hands were covered in scratches from the brambles.她双手布满了黑莓荆棘划的口子。 see also scratch ⇨ scratch verb 1 ■ gash [countable] a long, deep cut in the skin 深长的切口◆He had a nasty gash across his chest.他的胸部有一道又深又长的伤口。 see also gash ⇨ cut verb 4 ■ graze [countable] a small injury where the skin has been slightly broken by rubbing against sth （表皮）擦伤◆Paul had a graze on his knee from where he had fallen over on the concrete.保罗摔倒在水泥地上，擦伤了膝盖。 see also graze ⇨ scratch verb 1 |