paper noun ⇨paper (a research paper)⇨certificate (identification papers)⇨document (sign the necessary papers)⇨newspaper (the morning paper)⇨test2 (an exam paper)
paper
noun
➡ See also the entries for ⇨ article and ⇨ assignment另见article条和assignment条paper ♦︎ essay ♦︎ thesis ♦︎ dissertation ♦︎ monograph ♦︎ treatise ♦︎ tractThese are all words for a piece of academic writing on a particular subject.这些词均表示学术论文。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a paper / an essay / a thesis / a dissertation / a monograph / a treatise / a tract on sth◆a paper / an essay / a thesis / a dissertation / a monograph / a treatise about sth◆a short paper / essay / thesis / monograph / treatise / tract◆a long paper / essay / dissertation / treatise / tract◆a research paper / essay / thesis / dissertation / monograph◆a recent paper / essay / dissertation / monograph◆a scholarly paper / essay / monograph / treatise◆to write / read a paper / an essay / a thesis / a dissertation / a monograph / a treatise / a tract◆to publish a paper / an essay / a thesis / a monograph / a treatise / a tract◆to submit a paper / an essay / a thesis / a dissertation■paper [countable] an academic article about a particular subject that is written by and for specialists论文◆a recent paper in the Journal of Medicine最近刊在《医学学报》上的一篇论文◆She was invited to give a paper(= a talk) on the results of her research.她应邀作学术演讲，报告她的研究成果。ⓘ In American English a paper can also be a piece of written work done by a student.在美式英语中，paper也可以指学生写的论文◆Your grade will be based on four papers and a final exam.你的成绩由四篇论文和期末考试来评定。■essay [countable] a short piece of writing by a student as part of their studies; a short piece of writing on a particular subject, written in order to be published（作为课程作业，学生写的）文章，短文；（用于发表的）论说文，小品文◆We have to write an essay on the causes of the First World War.我们得写一篇关于第一次世界大战起因的文章。◆The book contains a number of interesting essays on women in society.本书有多篇关于社会女性的有趣文章。■thesis / /ˈθiːsɪs/ / (pluraltheses / /ˈθiːsiːz/ / ) [countable] a long piece of writing completed by a student as part of a university degree, based on their own research论文；毕业论文；学位论文◆Students must submit a thesis on an agreed subject within four years.学生必须在四年内提交一篇选题经过认可的论文。◆ (BrE) a doctoral / PhD thesis博士学位论文◆ (NAmE) a thesis for a master's degree硕士学位论文 see also thesis ⇨ theory2■dissertation /ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn; NAmEˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn/ [countable] a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one written for a university degree专题论文；学位论文◆She is writing her dissertation on the history of the Knights Templar.她正撰写关于圣殿骑士团历史的学位论文。NOTE辨析 Thesis or dissertation?These words are often used differently by different universities. For example, some universities use thesis in connection with a doctoral degree(= the highest level of degree), while others use dissertation. In general, thesis emphasizes that the piece of writing contains original research that the writer has done in order to support a particular theory or idea.不同的大学常常使用不同的词。如博士学位论文，一些大学用thesis，另一些大学则用dissertation。一般来说，thesis强调论文中有作者独创性的研究，以证实某种理论或思想。■monograph /ˈmɒnəgrɑːf; NAmEˈmɑːnəgræf/ [countable] (technical术语) a detailed written study of a single, often limited subject, usually in the form of a short book专论，专题文章，专著（通常为一本薄书）◆He has published several books on Cubism and numerous monographs on individual artists.他已经发表了几本关于立体主义的书，以及多篇针对个别艺术家的专题文章。■treatise /ˈtriːtɪs, ˈtriːtɪz/ [countable] (formal) a long and serious piece of writing that examines a particular subject（长篇的）专题论文◆Any of these questions would deserve a lengthy treatise, perhaps even a small book.这些问题中的任何一个都值得写一篇长论文，甚至是一本小书来探讨。■tract [countable] (sometimesdisapproving) a short piece of writing, especially on a religious, moral or political subject, that is intended to influence people's ideas（尤指宣传宗教、伦理或政治的）短文，传单，小册子◆He wrote several tracts on the dangers of alcohol.他写了几本有关酒精危害的小册子。◆socialist / feminist tracts社会主义／女权主义宣传册
certificate
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ licence另见licence条certificate ♦︎ documentation ♦︎ papers ♦︎ ID ♦︎ credentialsThese are all words for an official document that gives proof of sth.这些词均表示证件、证明书。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆on a certificate / the documentation◆in the documentation / papers◆(a / an) official / necessary certificate / documentation / papers◆to have (a / an) certificate / documentation / papers / ID / credentials◆to get / obtain (a) certificate / documentation / papers / credentials◆to issue / give (sb) (a) certificate / documentation / papers◆to see / check sb's certificate / documentation / papers / ID / credentials◆to examine sb's documentation / papers / ID / credentials◆to show / present your certificate / documentation / papers / ID / credentials■certificate / /səˈtɪfɪkət; NAmEsərˈtɪfɪkət/ [countable] an official document that may be used to prove that the facts it states are true证明；证明书◆This certificate is an important document. Keep it in a safe place.这份证明是重要文件，要妥善保管。◆a birth / marriage / death certificate出生／结婚／死亡证明◆She showed her certificate of insurance.她出示了她的保险证明。■documentation /ˌdɒkjumenˈteɪʃn; NAmEˌdɑːkjumenˈteɪʃn/ [uncountable] the documents that are required for sth or that give proof of sth必备资料；证明文件◆I couldn't enter the country because I didn't have all the necessary documentation.我不能入境，因为我的证明文件不全。◆We send comprehensive travel documentation, including tickets, hotel vouchers and a detailed itinerary.我们寄发全套旅行文件，包括票、酒店入住券和详细行程。◆If the technical documentation is inadequate, your system is not a quality product.如果技术资料不完整，你的系统就不是优质产品。 see also document ⇨ document■papers [plural] official documents that prove your identity or give you permission to do sth证明；证件◆We had to show our papers at the border.我们在边境必须出示证件。◆Do you have your identification papers with you?你带身份证明了吗？◆He hasn't received his divorce papers yet.他还没有拿到离婚书。 see also papers ⇨ documentNOTE辨析 Documentation or papers?Either word may be used for documents that prove your identity, especially when these are needed to travel between countries. Travel documentation, however, usually refers to tickets. Documentation can also be detailed printed technical information about a product such as a machine or computer system. Papers can also be legal documents that give you permission to do sth.这两个词均可指证明身份的文件，尤其是出国旅行所需的文件。不过，travel documentation常指出行的各种票。documentation亦指刊印的如机器或计算机系统等的产品技术信息的说明书。papers亦指法律上的许可证。■ID /ˌaɪ ˈdiː/ / [uncountable, countable] (ratherinformal) an official way of showing who you are, for example a document with your name, date of birth, and often a photograph on it (abbreviation for 'identity' or 'identification')身份证明（全写为identity或identification）◆Do you have any ID?你有身份证明吗？◆You must carry ID at all times.你必须随身携带身份证件。◆The police checked IDs at the gate.警察在大门口查看身份证件。◆You will need some form of photo ID.你得有附照片的身份证件。■credentials / /krəˈdenʃlz/ / [plural] documents such as letters that prove you are who you claim to be and can therefore be trusted资格证书；证明书；证件◆The ambassador presented his diplomatic credentials.大使呈递了他的国书。◆Check the credentials of any unknown caller.检查所有陌生访客的证件。
document
noun
document ♦︎ file ♦︎ papers ♦︎ archive ♦︎ deed ♦︎ paperwork ♦︎ dossierThese are all types of written paper containing information or records.这些词均表示文件、文案、文档。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a document / a file / the paperwork / a dossier on sb / sth◆in a document / a file / the archives / the paperwork / a dossier◆the relevant document / file / papers / paperwork◆the necessary documents / papers / paperwork◆(an) important document / papers / archive◆confidential documents / files / papers◆(a) personal / secret documents / file / papers / archive / dossier◆(a / an) official / government / state document / file / paper / archive◆to prepare a document / a file / the paperwork / a dossier◆to draw up a document / papers / the paperwork◆to release a document / a file / papers◆to keep a document / a file / papers / an archive / the deeds / the paperwork / a dossier◆to leak a document / a file / papers◆to read (through) a document / a file / the papers / the paperwork / a dossier◆to study a document / papers / a dossier■document [countable] an official paper or book that gives information about sth or that gives evidence or proof of sth; a computer file that contains text and that has a name that identifies it文件；证件；（计算机）文档◆Keep all your travel documents in a safe place.请妥善保管您的所有旅行证件。◆This is an important legal document.这是一份重要的法律文件。◆They have produced a new policy document.他们制订了一份新的政策文件。◆The committee presented a discussion document(= to be discussed) at yesterday's meeting.昨天的会议上，委员会提交了一份讨论文件。◆Save the document before closing.关闭文档之前要先存盘。 see also documentation ⇨ certificate■file [countable] a collection of documents and the information they contain, for example about a particular person or subject; a collection of information stored together in a computer, under a particular name档案；（计算机）文件◆The police were accused of keeping secret files on political activists.警方被指控存有政治活动人士的秘密档案。◆Please add this document to your files.请把这份文件归入你的档案。◆Exactly what information is kept in these files?这些档案里到底是什么内容？◆Your application will be kept on file.你的申请书将存档。◆Every file on the same disk must have a different name.同一磁盘里各个文件都必须有不同的文件名。 see also file ⇨ envelope, file ⇨ classify■papers [plural] pieces of paper with writing on them such as letters, pieces of work or private documents文件；文献◆His desk was covered with books and papers.他的办公桌上全是书和文件。◆I was sorting through his papers when I came upon a letter from my mother.我在整理他的文件时偶然发现一封我妈妈的来信。ⓘ Papers can also be official documents that give you permission to do sth or prove your identity. * papers也可指官方证明或证件。 see also papers ⇨ certificate■archive /ˈɑːkaɪv; NAmEˈɑːrkaɪv/ [countable] ( archives [plural]) a collection of historical documents or records of a government, family, place or organization档案；档案库◆These papers are an important part of the national archive.这些文件是国家档案馆的一个重要组成部分。◆The data is now held in the company archives.这份资料现在保存在公司的档案室里。◆The recording is preserved in the BBC's sound archive.该录音保存在英国广播公司的音响档案库中。◆It is one of the most important film archives in the world.这是世界上最重要的胶片档案之一。■deed [countable] (often plural in British English英式英语中常作复数) a legal document that you sign, especially one that proves that you own a house, a building or land（尤指房地产）契约，证书◆The deeds to the property are with my lawyer.这份房地产的契约在我的律师那里。◆Who currently keeps the title deed(= a deed showing who owns sth)?那份所有权凭证目前在谁手里？■paperwork /ˈpeɪpəwɜːk; NAmEˈpeɪpərwɜːrk/ [uncountable] all the documents that you need for sth, for example a court case or buying a house（诉讼案件、购置房产等所需的）全部文件，全部资料◆We can get the necessary paperwork signed tomorrow.明天我们就可以完成相关文件的签署手续了。 see also paperwork ⇨ bureaucracy■dossier /ˈdɒsieɪ; NAmEˈdɔːsieɪ, ˈdɑːsieɪ/ [countable] (formal) a collection of documents that contain information about a person, event or subject材料汇编；卷宗；档案◆They kept dossiers on all trade union members.他们保存着所有工会会员的档案。◆The group compiled a dossier of patients' complaints.该团体将病人的投诉汇编成册。
newspaper
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ magazine另见magazine条newspaper ♦︎ paper ♦︎ newsletter ♦︎ tabloid ♦︎ daily ♦︎ broadsheetThese words all mean a set of printed sheets of paper containing news, that is published every day.这些词均表示报纸。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a local newspaper / paper / newsletter / tabloid / daily◆a national newspaper / paper / daily / broadsheet◆a popular newspaper / paper / tabloid / daily◆a daily newspaper / paper◆a weekly newspaper / paper / newsletter◆a Sunday newspaper / paper / tabloid / broadsheet◆to publish a newspaper / paper / newsletter / daily◆to read a newspaper / paper / newsletter■newspaper [countable] a set of printed sheets of paper loosely folded together that contains news stories and articles and is published every day or every week报纸；报◆She works for the local newspaper(= the company that produces it).她在一家地方报社工作。■paper [countable] a newspaper报纸；报◆The papers(= newspapers in general) soon got hold of the story.报纸很快获悉了这件事的来龙去脉。◆Have you seen today's paper?你看了今天的报纸没有？NOTE辨析 Newspaper or paper?There is no real difference in meaning between these words. Newspaper is often shortened to paper when it is clear what is being talked about. In some situations using paper may not be clear because the word has many different meanings.这两个词在含义上没有实质差别。在意思明确时newspaper常缩略作paper。在有些情形下，用paper也许意思不够清楚，因为这个词有许多不同的含义◆The archive includes a scrapbook of newspaper cuttings and photographs relating to his career.档案中包含一本剪贴簿，内有跟他的职业生涯相关的剪报和照片。◆a scrapbook of paper cuttings■newsletter / /ˈnjuːzletə(r); NAmEˈnuːzletər/ [countable] a printed report containing news of the activities of a club or organization that is sent regularly to all its members（某组织的）内部通讯，简讯◆Our sailing club produces a monthly newsletter.我们的帆船俱乐部每月出一期内部通讯。■tabloid /ˈtæblɔɪd/ / [countable] (sometimesdisapproving) a newspaper with small pages that are usually about half the size of those in larger papers小报（版面通常比大报小一半）；通俗小报◆The story made the front page in all the tabloids.这件事成了所有小报的头版新闻。ⓘ Tabloids usually have short articles and a lot of pictures and stories about famous people, and are thought of as less serious than other newspapers. * tabloid通常文短图多，内容多为名人逸事，常被视为不太严肃。■daily [countable] a newspaper published every day except Sunday（除星期日外每日发行的）日报◆The story was in all the dailies.这则新闻刊登在所有日报上。■broadsheet / /ˈbrɔːdʃiːt/ / [countable] (BrE) a newspaper printed on a large size of paper, generally considered more serious than tabloid newspapers大幅报纸，大开本报纸（一般认为比小报严肃）◆The 'Daily Telegraph' is a broadsheet newspaper.《每日电讯报》是大开本报纸。
test2
noun
a blood test血液检测a driving test驾照考试➡ See also the entry for ⇨ assessment另见assessment条test ♦︎ exam ♦︎ examination ♦︎ paper ♦︎ quiz ♦︎ oral ♦︎ practicalThese are all words for a set of questions for sb to answer or activities for them to carry out in order to see how much they know about a subject or what they can do.这些词均表示对知识或能力的测验、考查。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a test / an exam / an examination / a quiz on sth◆a test / an exam / an examination in sth◆a written test / exam / examination / paper / quiz◆a practical test / exam / examination / paper◆a / an difficult / easy / important / final / end of year test / exam / examination◆a chemistry / geography, etc. test / exam / examination / paper / quiz / practical◆to pass / fail a test / an exam / an examination / a paper / a quiz / an oral / a practical◆to take a test / an exam / an examination / a paper / a quiz / a practical◆to do a test / an exam / an examination / a paper / a quiz◆to set / mark a test / an exam / an examination / a paper◆to grade a test / an exam / an examination / a paper / a quiz◆test / exam / examination / quiz questions■test [countable] a set of questions for sb to answer or activities for them to carry out to in order to see how much they know about a subject or what they can do测验；考查◆There are end of year tests in English, maths and science.年终有英语、数学和科学测验。◆ (BrE) a good mark in the test优良的测验成绩◆ (NAmE) a good grade on the test优良的测验成绩◆Is this a fair test of students' skills?这是对学生技能的公平测试吗？◆ (BrE) I took my driving test last week.我上周参加了驾照考试。◆ (NAmE) my driver's test我的驾照考试■exam [countable] a formal written, spoken or practical test, especially at a school or college, to see how much you know about a subject or what you can do（尤指学校举行的正式）考试◆ (BrE) She did well in her exams.她考试考得不错。◆ (NAmE) She did well on her exams.她考试考得不错。◆ (BrE) to mark an exam阅卷评分◆ (NAmE) to grade an exam阅卷评分◆ (BrE) I got my exam results today.我今天拿到了考试成绩。◆ (NAmE) I got my exam grades / scores today.我今天拿到了考试成绩。◆ (BrE) He's practising hard for his piano exam.他为了钢琴考试刻苦练习。■examination [countable] (formal) an exam考试◆Students may enter for both examinations.学生可报考这两种考试。◆There has been a fall in the number of examination candidates.考试报名人数有所下降。NOTE辨析 Test, exam or examination?An exam is a written, spoken or practical test at school or college, usually an important one at the end of a year, semester or course of study. In the US these are often called final exams or just finals. In Britain, finals is only used to mean the exams at the end of a degree programme. Examination is a much more formal word for an exam. A test is sth that students might be given in the middle of a year, semester or course of study, covering only part of the material. Test is also usually used when it is a practical skill or physical or mental ability, rather than academic knowledge, that is being tested. * exam是学校举行的考试，形式可以是笔试、口试或操作考试，通常为年终、期末或课程结业时的重要考试。在美国，这种考试常称为final exams，或仅称finals。在英国，finals仅指学位课程结束时的考试。examination是exam正式得多的说法。test指在年度、学期或课程学习中间进行的测验，仅考查部分学习内容。test亦常指对操作技能、体能或智力，而非学术知识的测试◆an endurance test耐力测试◆an IQ test智商测试◆ (BrE) a driving test驾照考试◆ (NAmE) a driver's test驾照考试■paper [countable] (BrE) a set of exam questions on a particular subject; the answers that people write to the questions试卷；试题；答卷◆The geography paper was hard.地理试题很难。◆She spent the evening marking exam papers.她用了一个晚上批阅试卷。■quiz(pluralquizzes) [countable] (especially NAmE) a short informal test given to students小测验◆After reading a book, students take a short reading comprehension quiz.读了一本书后，学生做了一次阅读理解小测验。◆We had a pop quiz(= one that we were not told about in advance) in math class today.我们今天的数学课进行了突击小测验。■oral / /ˈɔːrəl/ / [countable] a spoken exam口试◆I've got my French oral on Tuesday.我星期二要参加法语口试。◆He passed the written exam, but failed the oral.他通过了笔试，但口试不及格。ⓘ In British English, an oral is usually an exam in a foreign language to test your speaking skills. In American English, an oral usually refers to a spoken exam in college in which the student answers questions in any subject.在英式英语中，oral通常指外语考试中的口试。在美式英语中，oral通常指大学里学生回答某科目问题的口试。■practical [countable] (BrE, ratherinformal) a lesson or exam in science or technology in which students have to do or make things, not just read and write about them实习课；实践课；实验考核◆The course involves lectures, demonstrations and practicals.这门课程包括讲课、演示和实习。◆The second part of the exam is a three-hour practical.考试第二部分是三个小时的实际操作。