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regulation noun
⇨ government 2 (regulation by the authorities) ⇨ rule (against the regulations) ⇨ rules and regulations ⇨ bureaucracygovernment2 noun the British government 英国政府strong government 严厉的统治government ♦︎ management ♦︎ leadership ♦︎ regulation ♦︎ administration ♦︎ supervision ♦︎ directionThese are all words for the activity of running or controlling a business or organization, or of governing a country. 这些词均表示对企业、机构或国家的管理、管治。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆leadership / supervision / direction from sb◆regulation / supervision by sb◆under the management / leadership / administration / supervision / direction of sb◆(to be / work, etc.) in government / management / administration◆good government / management / leadership / administration◆firm / strong government / management / leadership / direction◆effective government / management / leadership / regulation / administration / supervision / direction◆weak government / management / leadership◆poor management / leadership / regulation / administration / supervision◆day-to-day government / management / administration / supervision◆general management / regulation / administration / supervision◆government regulation / administration / supervision / direction◆to be responsible for the management / regulation / administration / supervision of sth◆to take over the management / leadership / administration■ government [uncountable] the activity of controlling a country; the way in which a country is controlled （一国的）统治，治理；统治方式；管理方式◆The Nationalists had been in government for most of the 1980s.20世纪80年代的大部分时间都是民族主义者执政。◆Democratic government has now replaced military rule.民主政府现已取代军事统治。 see also govern ⇨ rule verb 1 ■ management [uncountable] the activity of running and controlling a business or other organization; the way in which it is run 经营；管理；管理方式◆She studied hotel management in Munich.她在慕尼黑学过酒店管理。◆The report blames bad management.那份报告将问题归咎于管理不善。◆The company's top-down management style made decision-making slow.该公司最高层决策一切的管理风格致使决策缓慢。 see also management ⇨ management , manage ⇨ run 2 , manager ⇨ manager ■ leadership [uncountable] the activity or position of being a leader; the abilities or qualities needed to be a leader 领导；领导地位；领导才能；领导应有的特质◆The party thrived under her leadership.该党在她的领导下壮大起来。◆In the crisis he showed real leadership.危机中，他展现出真正的领导才能。 see also lead ⇨ lead verb 2 , leader ⇨ leader 1 ■ regulation / /ˌregjuˈleɪʃn/ / the practice of controlling sth by means of rules （运用条规的）管理，控制◆There are calls for tighter regulation of the industry.人们呼吁对这个行业进行更严格的管理。◆Theatre, cinema and broadcasting are all subject to regulation by local authorities.剧院、电影院和广播机构均由地方政府管理。 see also regulation ⇨ rule noun , regulate ⇨ regulate ■ administration [uncountable] the activities that are done in order to plan, organize and run a business or other organization （企业或机构的）管理，行政◆A large part of his job involves routine administration.他的大部分工作涉及日常管理。◆Administration costs are passed on to the customer.行政成本转嫁给了顾客。ⓘ Although administration refers to all the activities needed to organize and run a company which are not the actual business of the company (such as producing or selling a product), it is often used especially to refer to the paperwork necessary, such as filling in forms, writing letters or emails and filing. * administration可指经营公司所需的所有非实际业务（即不属于生产或销售等）的活动，但尤指必要的文书工作，如填表、写信、发电子邮件和文件归档等。 see also administer ⇨ run 2 , administrator ⇨ organizer ■ supervision /ˌsuːpəˈvɪʒn, ˌsjuːpəˈvɪʒn; NAmE ˌsuːpərˈvɪʒn/ [uncountable] the activity of being in charge of sb/sth and making sure that everything is done correctly or safely 监督；管理；主管◆New employees are trained to work without direct supervision.新员工要接受培训，学会在没有直接监督的情况下工作。◆There was inadequate supervision of children in the swimming pool.对游泳池中的儿童照看不足。 see also supervise ⇨ regulate , supervisor ⇨ manager ■ direction [uncountable] (rather formal) the activity of managing or guiding sb/sth 管理；指导◆All the work was produced by the students under the direction of John Williams.所有作品都是在约翰•威廉斯的指导下由学生创作完成的。◆The teacher provided clear direction, but allowed children some autonomy.老师提供了明确的指导，但允许孩子们有一些自主权。 see also direct ⇨ run 2 , director ⇨ manager rule noun rule ♦︎ law ♦︎ regulation ♦︎ act ♦︎ statute ♦︎ commandmentThese are all words for an official statement of what may, must or must not be done in a particular situation. 这些词均表示规则、规章、条例。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the rules / laws / regulations on sth◆a rule / law against sth◆under a rule / the regulations / an act / a statute◆within the rules / law / regulations / act / statute◆against the rules / law / regulations◆strict rules / laws / regulations◆to pass a law / a regulation / an act / a statute◆to obey a rule / a law / the regulations / a commandment◆to comply with a rule / a law / the regulations / a statute◆to break a rule / law / regulation / commandment◆to contravene / be in breach of a rule / a law / the regulations / an act / a statute◆to repeal a law / a regulation / an act / a statute◆to tighten up a rule / a law / the regulations◆a rule / a law / a regulation / an act / a statute governs / prohibits / forbids sth◆a rule / a law / a regulation / an act allows (for) sth◆a rule / a law / a regulation / an act comes into force■ rule [countable] a statement of what may, must or must not be done in a particular situation or when playing a game （具体情况或游戏的）规则，规章，条例◆Tackling a player without the ball is against the rules.阻截无持球队员是犯规的。◆He was punished for breaking school rules.他因违反校规被罚。◆You and your room-mates should establish some ground rules.你和室友应该制订一些基本守则。◆Without unwritten rules civilized life would be impossible.没有不成文的规章，就不会有文明生活。◆Couldn't they just bend the rules and let us in without a ticket?难道他们就不能通融一下，让我们没票也进去吗？ see also rule ⇨ principle 2 ■ law [countable] a rule that everyone in a country or society must obey which deals with a particular crime or area of activity （针对某罪行或活动领域的一条）法律，法规◆The government has introduced some tough new laws on food hygiene.政府针对食品卫生出台了一些严格的新法规。◆There ought to be a law against it!应该立法加以禁止！◆The country has very strict gun laws.那个国家对枪支管理有非常严格的法律规定。 see also law ⇨ law noun , law ⇨ principle 2 ■ regulation [countable, usually plural] an official rule made by a government or some other authority 章程；规章制度；规则；法规◆It's against safety regulations to eat or drink in the laboratory.在实验室饮食违反安全章程。◆There are too many rules and regulations.规章制度过多。 see also regulation ⇨ government 2 ■ act ( often 常作 Act) [countable] a law that has been passed by a parliament （议会通过的）法案，法令◆an Act of Parliament / Congress议会／国会法案◆the Higher Education Act 19651965年颁布的高等教育法◆The Act was passed by a majority of 175 votes to 143.本法案以175票对143票多数表决通过。■ statute / /ˈstætʃuːt/ / [countable] a law that has been passed by a parliament, council, etc. and formally written down; a formal rule of an organization or institution 成文法；法令；章程；条例◆Penalties are laid down in the statute.法规中有关于惩罚措施的规定。◆Corporal punishment was banned by statute in 1987.1987年通过的法令明文禁止体罚。◆It is not yet on the statute book (= it has not yet become law).成文法中还没有这方面的规定。◆Under the statutes of the university they had no power to dismiss him.按大学的规章制度，他们无权开除他。■ commandment [countable] a law given by God, especially any of the Ten Commandments given to the Jews in the Bible 诫条（尤指《圣经》中上帝给犹太人的十诫之一）◆You shall keep the commandments of the Lord your God.你要谨守耶和华你们的神的诫命。 bureaucracy noun bureaucracy ♦︎ paperwork ♦︎ red tape ♦︎ rules and regulationsThese are all words for official rules or ways of doing things, such as filling in forms, especially when these seem too complicated and waste time. 这些词均表示官僚作风、繁文缛节。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆unnecessary / too much / endless bureaucracy / paperwork / red tape◆government bureaucracy / red tape / rules and regulations◆to involve bureaucracy / paperwork / red tape◆to reduce / cut bureaucracy / paperwork / red tape◆to deal with bureaucracy / paperwork■ bureaucracy /bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi; NAmE bjʊˈrɑːkrəsi/ [uncountable] (often disapproving) official rules and ways of doing things, created by a government or organization, especially when these seem too complicated 官僚主义；官僚作风◆She is initiating a project to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy.她正发起一项计划，清除不必要的官僚作风。 see also bureaucracy ⇨ authorities , bureaucrat ⇨ official noun ■ paperwork /ˈpeɪpəwɜːk; NAmE ˈpeɪpərwɜːrk/ [uncountable] the written work that is part of a job or is necessary to do sth, such as filling in forms or writing letters and reports 文书工作◆She spent the day catching up on the vast mound of paperwork that had built up.她花了一天的时间补做积攒下来的一大堆文案工作。ⓘ Paperwork is not always as disapproving as bureaucracy or red tape. It often refers to written work which people accept as necessary, even if they do not like dealing with it and would rather spend their time doing other things. It can also refer to the documents that you need for sth. * paperwork并非总像bureaucracy或red tape那样带贬义，常指人们视之为必要的文书工作，即便他们不愿处理而宁愿去做其他事情。paperwork还可指做某事所需的文件。 see also paperwork ⇨ document ■ ˌred ˈtape [uncountable] (disapproving, journalism 新闻) official rules that seem too complicated and prevent things from being done quickly 繁文缛节；官僚作风◆Plans may take longer and involve more red tape than you expect.计划实施起来也许比预料中花更长时间，手续更繁杂。■ ˌrules and reguˈlations phrase official rules and ways in which things should be done 规章制度◆They seem to be more concerned with enforcing petty rules and regulations than really improving employee safety.他们似乎更关心执行琐碎的规章制度，而不是真正改善雇员的安全状况。 |