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relative adj.
⇨ relativerelative noun
⇨ family 2relative adjective ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ equivalent adj. 另见equivalent形容词词条relative ♦︎ proportional ♦︎ proportionateThese words all describe things that are considered according to their position or connection with sth else. 这些词均表示相对而言的、相关联的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆relative / proportional / proportionate to sth◆a relative / proportional / proportionate increase■ relative considered according to its position or connection with sth else; considered and judged by being compared with sth else; that exists or has a particular quality only when compared with sth else 相对的；相关联的；相比较而言的；相比之下存在（或具有）的◆the position of the sun relative to the earth太阳与地球的相对位置◆You must consider the relative merits of the two plans.你必须考虑相比较之下两个计划各自的优点。◆They now live in relative comfort (= compared with how they lived before).他们现在过得比较舒适。◆It's all relative though, isn't it? We never had any money when I was a kid and $500 was a fortune to us.不过，一切都是相对的，是不是？我们小时候根本没钱，500块对我们就是很大一笔钱了。▸ relatively adverb ◆At first glance the poem seems to be relatively straightforward.乍一看，这首诗似乎比较直白。◆The colleges had become, relatively speaking, short of funds.相对来说，这些学院资金开始紧拙。■ proportional /prəˈpɔːʃənl; NAmE prəˈpɔːrʃənl/ (rather formal) increasing or decreasing in size, amount or degree according to changes in sth else （尺寸、数量或程度）成比例的，相应的，相称的◆Salary is directly proportional to years of experience.薪金与资历直接挂钩。◆The number of teachers appointed is proportional to the total number of students.委派教师人数和学生总数成比例。 see also proportion ⇨ ratio ▸ proportionally adverb ◆Families with children spend proportionally less per person than families without children.有子女家庭比无子女家庭人均开销相对要少。■ proportionate /prəˈpɔːʃənət; NAmE prəˈpɔːrʃənət/ (formal) proportional, especially when it is a question of what is fair or reasonable （尤指涉及公平或合理时）成比例的，相应的，相称的◆Inner cities have more than a proportionate share of social problems.内城区的社会问题多得不合比例。◆Penalties should be proportionate to the gravity of the offence.惩罚应与所犯罪行的严重程度相应。OPP disproportionate ⇨ excessive ▸ proportionately adverb ◆Prices have risen but wages have not risen proportionately.物价上涨了，但工资并未相应增加。NOTE 辨析 Proportional or proportionate?In many cases you can use either word. 在许多情况下这两个词可以通用◆Salary is proportional / proportionate to experience.薪金视资历而定。◆proportional / proportionate increases in costs成本的相应增加In these cases proportionate is more formal and less frequent than proportional. However, proportionate is often used when the question is not simply one of comparing two amounts, but of judging two actions or decisions and deciding whether one is fair or reasonable after considering the other. 在这些情况下，proportionate较正式，不如proportional常用。不过，如果谈论的不仅仅是两个数量的比较，而是对两个行动或决定作出判断，并评定哪一个更公平或合理时，常用proportionate◆The police response should be proportionate to the level of risk posed.警方的反应应该与事件的风险程度相称。The opposite, disproportionate, can be used when an action or judgement is not fair or reasonable in response to another action or situation. The opposite of proportional is inversely proportional. * proportionate的反义词是disproportionate，指某个行动或判断和另一个行动或情况不相称，显得不公平或不合理。proportional的反义词是inversely proportional（成反比）◆The amount of force needed is inversely proportional to the rigidity of the material (= the more rigid the material, the less force is needed).所需力量大小与材料刚性成反比。 family2 noun a family of four 四口之家the support of family and friends 亲友的支持The painting has been in our family for generations. 这幅画是我们家的传家宝。family ♦︎ relative ♦︎ relation ♦︎ kin ♦︎ connectionsThese are all words for a person who is related to sb else, or a group of people who are related to each other. 这些词均表示亲人、亲属。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a relative / relation of mine, yours, his, etc.◆(a) close / near / distant relative / relation / kin◆the / sb's immediate family / relatives / relations◆(a) female / male relative / relation / kin◆a living / surviving relative / relation◆to have family / relatives / relations (in Australia, abroad, in the car trade, etc.)◆to stay with / visit family / relatives / relations◆friends and family / relatives / relations■ family [countable + singular or plural verb, uncountable] a group consisting of one or two parents, their children and other people who are related to them, for example grandparents, wives and husbands （大）家庭（包括父母、子女及近亲）◆All our family came to Grandad's eightieth birthday party.我们所有的亲属都来参加了祖父的八十寿宴。◆The support of family and friends is vital.亲友的支持极为重要。◆I always think of you as one of the family.我一直把你当成自家人。◆ (informal) She's family (= she is related to us).她是我们家的人。◆She grew up surrounded by a large extended family (= a family group that includes not only parents and children but also uncles, aunts, grandparents, etc.).她在一个大家族中长大。■ relative [countable] a person who is in the same family as sb else; a thing that belongs to the same group as sth else 亲戚；亲属；同类事物◆I have close relatives.我有近亲。◆She's looking after an elderly relative.她在照料一位年老的亲戚。◆The ibex is a distant relative of the mountain goat.北山羊与石山羊有较远的亲缘关系。▸ related adjective ◆We're distantly related.我们是远亲。◆The llama is related to the camel.美洲驼和骆驼是亲缘物种。■ relation [countable] a person who is in the same family as sb else 亲戚；亲属◆She's a distant relation of mine.她是我的一位远亲。◆He's called Brady too, but we're no relation (= not related).他也叫布雷迪，但我们不是亲戚。◆Is he any relation to you?他是你的什么亲戚吗？NOTE 辨析 Relative or relation?Sometimes you can use either word. 这两个词有时可通用◆She's a distant relative / relation of mine.她是我的一位远亲。 Relative is often used when the exact relationship between the people is not known or does not matter. 人们之间的确切关系不详或不重要时，常用relative◆On his death, the house will pass to the nearest surviving relative (= whichever relative that happens to be).他死后，房子将传给在世的最近亲。 Relation is used especially when you are stating or asking the degree of relationship between people. * relation尤用于陈述或询问人们之间是何种程度的关系◆We're no relation.我们不是亲戚。◆What relation is Rita to you?丽塔是你的什么亲戚？It is also used, both literally and figuratively, in the phrase poor relation. * relation也用在短语poor relation中，有字面和比喻两层意思◆Our branch of the family was always regarded as the poor relations.我们家这一支总是被视为家族中的穷亲戚。◆ (figurative) He believes that interior design is the poor relation of (= inferior to) architecture.他认为室内设计的地位比不上建筑。 ■ kin [plural] (old-fashioned or formal) your family or your relatives （统称）家属，亲属，亲戚◆Marriage between close kin is prohibited.禁止近亲结婚。◆I'm her next of kin (= her closest living relative).我是她的直系亲属。ⓘ Kin is most often used in the expression next of kin. * kin最常用于短语next of kin（直系亲属；最近亲）中。■ connections [plural] people who are your relatives, but not members of your close family 亲戚；旁系亲属◆She is British but also has German connections.她是英国人，但也有德国亲戚。◆He has a whole network of family connections in Italy.他在意大利有一整张亲属关系网。 |