representative noun ⇨politician (the Representative for Iowa)⇨salesman (a sales representative)⇨spokesman (an elected representative)representative adj. ⇨typical
politician
noun
politician ♦︎ MP ♦︎ senator ♦︎ Congressman/Congresswoman ♦︎ Representative ♦︎ lawmaker ♦︎ legislator ♦︎ Member of Parliament ♦︎ statesmanThese are all words for a person whose job is concerned with politics.这些词均表示从政者。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the MP / Member of Parliament for an area◆the senator / Congressman / Representative from an area◆a great politician / senator / legislator / statesman◆a leading politician / senator / lawmaker / statesman◆an influential politician / senator / Congressman / lawmaker◆a local politician / MP / Congressman / lawmaker / Member of Parliament◆a state senator / Representative / lawmaker / legislator◆a Conservative / Labour, etc. politician / MP / Member of Parliament◆a Republican / Democratic, etc. senator / Congressman / Representative / lawmaker / legislator◆an opposition politician / MP / lawmaker / legislator / Member of Parliament◆to elect a politician / an MP / a senator / a Congressman / a Representative / a Member of Parliament■politician [countable] a person whose job is concerned with politics, especially as an elected member of parliament, etc.从政者（尤指议员）◆The affair led to the resignations of three leading politicians.这一事件导致三名重要的政治人物辞职。■MP [countable] the abbreviation for 'Member of Parliament'议会议员（Member of Parliament的缩写）◆You should write to your MP about it.你应该给你们选区的议员写信反映这事。◆A number of back-bench MPs(= MPs who do not have senior positions) have expressed doubts about the bill.一些普通议员对这一法案提出质疑。ⓘ MP is much more frequent than the full form, Member of Parliament, both in spoken and written English. * MP比全写Member of Parliament更常用，在口语和书面语中均如此。■senator ( Senator) / /ˈsenətə(r)/ / [countable] a member of a senate(= one of the two groups of elected politicians who make laws in some countries and most US states); used as a title（一些国家和美国大部分州的）参议员（亦用作头衔）◆He was elected senator for Pennsylvania in 2004.2004年他当选宾夕法尼亚州参议员。◆I would like to thank Senator Kelman for his warm welcome.我要感谢凯尔曼参议员的热情接待。■ˈCongressman■ˈCongresswoman [countable] a member of Congress in the US, especially of the House of Representatives; used as a title（尤指美国众议院的）国会议员（亦用作头衔）◆Congressmen from energy-producing states have opposed the deal.生产能源的各州国会议员反对这项协议。◆Congresswoman Barbara Lee国会议员芭芭拉•李■Representative [countable] a member of the House of Representatives, the Lower House of the US Congress; a member of the House of Representatives in the lower house of a US state parliament（美国联邦和各州的）众议院议员◆He was elected state Representative in 1989.他于1989年当选州议员。◆Representative Harris众议院议员哈里斯■lawmaker / /ˈlɔːmeɪkə(r)/ / (especially NAmE, especially journalism尤用于新闻) a person in government who makes the laws of a country or state立法者◆State lawmakers have been arguing over the new healthcare reform bill for months.州立法部门几个月来一直在争论新医改法案。■legislator / /ˈledʒɪsleɪtə(r)/ / [countable] (formal) a lawmaker立法委员◆Seven of the state's 90 legislators have been indicted.90位州立法委员中有7位遭起诉。NOTE辨析 Lawmaker or legislator?Legislator is formal; lawmaker is mostly used in journalism, especially in American English, where it is often used instead of politician. * legislator是正式用语。lawmaker多用于新闻报道，尤其在美式英语中，常用于代替politician一词。■ˌMember of ˈParliament [countable] (ratherformal) a person who has been elected to represent the people of a particular area in a parliament, especially in Britain and Canada（尤指英国和加拿大的）议会议员◆Phil Wilson, Member of Parliament for Sedgefield菲尔•威尔逊，塞奇菲尔德区议员■statesman [countable] a wise, experienced and respected political leader政治家◆Power still resided with the party's elder statesman.权力依然掌握在该党元老手中。◆He has a reputation as a world statesman.他享有国际政治家的美誉。
salesman
noun
salesman/saleswoman/salesperson ♦︎ rep ♦︎ representative ♦︎ auctioneer ♦︎ assistant ♦︎ clerkThese are all words for a person whose job is to sell goods.这些词均表示售货员、推销员。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a sales rep / representative / assistant / clerk◆a company rep / representative◆a car / computer salesman / saleswoman / salesperson◆a salesman / a saleswoman / a salesperson / a rep / a representative / an auctioneer / an assistant / a clerk sells sth■salesman■saleswoman■salesperson [countable] a person whose job is to sell goods, either in a shop or by travelling around visiting companies, organizations or people's houses（店内或上门的）售货员，推销员◆He began his career as an insurance salesman.他的职业生涯是从当保险推销员开始的。◆a travelling salesman销售代表◆A saleswoman came out from behind the counter and asked if she could help.一名女售货员从柜台后面走出来询问是否需要帮助。◆The salesperson should adopt a question-and-listen procedure.售货员应采取先问后听的工作程序。ⓘ The term salesperson is used especially in training material for people whose job is to sell goods. Although a salesperson may be either a man or a woman, it is less often used to refer to a particular man or woman whose job is to sell things, for which the words salesman or (less frequently) saleswoman are still used. * salesperson尤用于销售人员的培训材料中。尽管该词可兼指男女两种性别，但指特定的男或女售货员时较少使用，而仍用salesman或较少用的saleswoman◆He began his career as an insurance salesperson.◆A salesperson came out from behind the counter.■rep ( ˈsales rep) [countable] (ratherinformal) a person who works for a company and travels around selling its products销售代表◆She's a sales rep for a recording company.她是一家音像公司的销售代表。■representative / /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/ / [countable] (formal) a sales rep销售代表◆He works as a sales representative for an insurance company.他担任一家保险公司的销售代表。◆She's our representative in France.她是我们公司驻法国的销售代表。 see also representative ⇨ spokesman■auctioneer /ˌɔːkʃəˈnɪə(r), ˌɒkʃəˈnɪə(r); NAmEˌɔːkʃəˈnɪr/ [countable] a person whose job is to direct an auction and sell the goods拍卖人；拍卖师ⓘ An auction is a public event at which things are sold to the person who offers the most money for them. * auction指拍卖会◆'Yours for £200,' said the auctioneer.“您出价200英镑，这是您的了。”拍卖师说。■assistant ( ˈshop assistant, ˈsales assistant) [countable] (BrE) a person whose job is to serve customers in a shop售货员；店员◆She's a sales assistant in a department store.她是一家百货公司的售货员。◆Maybe one of our assistants can help you make your choice?也许我们的售货员能帮您挑选？NOTE辨析 Salesman/woman/person or assistant?Salesman/woman/person is usually used to talk about a person who is more highly trained in the job, or has more specialized knowledge of the goods that they are selling than an assistant or shop/sales assistant.与assistant或shop/sales assistant相比，salesman、saleswoman或salesperson通常受过更好的培训，或者对所售商品更加精通。■clerk /klɑːk; NAmEklɜːrk/ ( ˈsales clerk) [countable] (NAmE) a shop assistant售货员；店员◆The sales clerk answered all our questions.那售货员回答了我们所有的问题。
spokesman
noun
spokesman/spokeswoman/spokesperson ♦︎ representative ♦︎ delegate ♦︎ diplomat ♦︎ ambassador ♦︎ messenger ♦︎ envoy ♦︎ consulThese are all words for a person who speaks or acts on behalf of a group or organization.这些词均表示团体或机构的发言人、代表。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a spokesman, etc. / a representative / a delegate / an ambassador / a messenger / a consul for sb / sth◆a spokesman, etc. / a representative / a delegate / a diplomat / an ambassador / a messenger / an envoy from sb / sth◆a delegate / an ambassador / a messenger / an envoy to sb / sth◆a / an government / official spokesman, etc. / representative / delegate / envoy◆a party / trade union / UN spokesman, etc. / representative / delegate◆a special representative / ambassador / messenger / envoy◆to send a spokesman, etc. / a representative / a delegate / an ambassador / a messenger / an envoy◆to appoint a spokesman, etc. / a representative / a delegate / an ambassador / an envoy / a consul◆to elect a spokesman, etc. / a representative / a delegate◆a representative / a delegate / a diplomat / an ambassador attends sth■spokesman■spokeswoman■spokesperson [countable] a person who speaks on behalf of a group or organization（团体或机构的）发言人◆A police spokesman delivered the news to the crowd outside the hospital.一个警方发言人在医院外面向群众发布了这个消息。◆A spokeswoman for the government denied the rumours.一名政府女发言人否认了那些传闻。ⓘ Spokesman is still the most frequent of these words. However, many people feel that it is important to use language that includes both men and women, and some people may be offended if you do not. Use spokesperson if you do not know whether it is a man or a woman, or to show that it is not important if it is a man or a woman. * spokesman仍然是这几个词中最常用的词。不过，许多人觉得有必要使用把男性和女性都包括在内的用语，否则有些人会生气。如果不知道发言人的性别，或者为了表明发言人的性别并不重要，就用spokesperson◆A spokesperson for the band confirmed that a national tour is planned for 2009.该乐队一个发言人证实，乐队计划于2009年举行全国巡回演出。■representative / /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/ / [countable] a person who has been chosen to speak or vote for sb else or on behalf of a group; a person chosen to take the place of sb else代表；代表他人者◆I was voted student representative for my class.我当选为班级学生代表。◆He was the Queen's representative at the ceremony.他代表女王出席了那次庆典。 see also representative ⇨ salesman■delegate / /ˈdelɪgət/ / [countable] a person who is chosen or elected to represent the views of a group of people and vote on their behalf at a meeting代表；会议代表◆The conference was attended by delegates from 56 countries.此次会议有来自56个国家的代表出席。NOTE辨析 Delegate or representative?Representative is a more general word than delegate. A delegate is always sb who represents their group or organization at a meeting. * representative比delegate含义更广，delegate总是指代表团体或机构出席会议的人。■diplomat / /ˈdɪpləmæt/ / a government official whose job is to represent his or her country in a foreign country, for example an ambassador外交官◆He served as a diplomat in Russia before the war.战前他在俄罗斯担任外交官。■ambassador / /æmˈbæsədə(r)/ / [countable] a government official who lives in a foreign country as the senior representative there of his or her own country大使；使节◆The British Ambassador to Italy has been contacted.已经与英国驻意大利大使取得联系。■messenger [countable] a person who gives a message to sb or who delivers messages to people as a job信使；送信人；通信员；邮递员◆Don't blame me for the bad news－I'm just the messenger.可别怪我带来这个坏消息－我不过是送信的。◆A motorcycle messenger arrived with a large parcel.一个骑摩托车的邮递员带来一个大邮包。■envoy / /ˈenvɔɪ/ / [countable] a person who represents a government or organization and is sent as a messenger to talk to other governments and organizations使者；使节；（谈判等的）代表◆A UN peace envoy is to be sent to the region as the warring parties hold ceasefire talks.交战各方举行停火谈判时，一名联合国和平大使将被派往该地区。■consul /ˈkɒnsl; NAmEˈkɑːnsl/ a government official who is the representative of his or her country in a foreign city领事◆She's the British consul in Miami.她是英国驻迈阿密领事。
typical
adjective
typical ♦︎ characteristic ♦︎ symbolic ♦︎ representative ♦︎ classic ♦︎ archetypal ♦︎ stereotypical ♦︎ quintessentialThese words all describe things that have the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person, thing or group.这些词均表示典型的、有代表性的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆typical / characteristic / symbolic / representative of sth◆a typical / a characteristic / a representative / a classic / an archetypal example of sth◆a typical / a characteristic / a symbolic / a representative / an archetypal figure◆a typical / characteristic / symbolic gesture◆typical / characteristic / stereotypical behaviour◆very typical / characteristic / symbolic / representative / stereotypical◆highly typical / characteristic / symbolic◆fairly typical / characteristic / representative / stereotypical■typicalhaving the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person, thing or group典型的；有代表性的◆It's a typical Italian café.这是典型的意大利式小餐馆。◆This meal is typical of local cookery.这是有当地风味的饭菜。◆The weather at the moment is not typical for July.现在的天气并不是7月份常有的。ⓘ You can also use typical to talk about a person who behaves in the way that you expect, because you know their character so well. This use often shows disapproval. * typical亦可用于熟知对方秉性的情况，指某人的行事方式是恰如所料的。这种用法常含贬义◆It was typical of her to forget.她经常忘事。◆He spoke with typical enthusiasm.他带着惯有的热忱讲话。◆ (informal, spoken, disapproving) She's late again－typical!她又迟到了－那是她一贯的作风！OPPatypical ⇨ unusual▸typically
adverb
◆They treated us to some typically American hospitality.他们以美国人特有的殷勤好客招待我们。◆Typically, she couldn't find her keys.她果然又找不到自己的钥匙了。■characteristic (ratherformal) very typical of sth, or of sb's character or behaviour典型的；独特的；特有的◆With characteristic modesty she insisted on sharing the credit with the whole team.她一贯谦虚，认为功劳是整个团队的，而不应归功于她一人。◆They suffer from many of the environmental problems that are characteristic of inner-city areas.他们遭受着许多内城区典型的环境问题。OPPuncharacteristicⓘ Uncharacteristic describes sth that is not typical of sb/sth or the way sb usually behaves. * uncharacteristic指非典型的、一反常态的◆The remark was quite uncharacteristic of her.这话很不像是她说的。▸characteristically
adverb
◆Characteristically, Helen paid for everyone.海伦按照她惯常的做法，为每个人付了费。NOTE辨析 Typical or characteristic?When it is used to mean that sb behaves as you would expect, typical often shows disapproval (although it can show approval), but characteristic usually shows approval.描述某人不出意料的行事方式时，typical常含贬义（尽管也可作褒义），但characteristic通常含褒义◆It was typical of her to forget.她经常忘事。◆Such generosity was characteristic of Mike.迈克总是这样慷慨。■symbolic / /sɪmˈbɒlɪk; NAmEsɪmˈbɑːlɪk/ containing symbols; being used as a symbol使用象征的；作为象征的；象征性的◆The dove is symbolic of peace.鸽子是和平的象征。◆He shook his fist in a symbolic gesture of defiance.他做了一个象征性的挑战手势－挥了挥他的拳头。◆The new regulations are largely symbolic(= they will not have any real effect).新的规章制度基本上只是做做样子，没什么实际效用。▸symbolically
adverb
◆a symbolically significant gesture有象征意义的姿态■representative (ratherformal) typical of a particular group of people; containing or including examples of all the different types of people or things in a large group典型的；有代表性的；能代表不同类别的◆The paper-thin models in magazines are not representative of most women.杂志上纸片般瘦削的模特儿并不是大多数女人的样子。◆We interviewed a representative sample of teachers.我们采访了一些教师代表。OPPunrepresentativeⓘ Sth that is unrepresentative of sb/sth is not typical of a group of people or things and therefore not useful as a source of information about them. * unrepresentative指不典型的、没有代表性的，因此不能反映群体的情况◆an unrepresentative sample缺乏代表性的样品■classicvery typical as an example of sth, with all the features you would expect to find典型的；有代表性的；具备所有特征的◆It was a classic example of poor communication.这是沟通不良的典型实例。◆She displayed the classic symptoms of depression.她表现出抑郁症的典型症状。ⓘ Example is by far the most frequent collocate of classic in this meaning.表达此义时，classic最常与example搭配。■archetypal /ˌɑːkiˈtaɪpl; NAmEˌɑːrkiˈtaɪpl/ [usually before noun] (ratherformal, written) having all the important qualities and characteristics that make sb/sth a typical example of a particular kind of person or thing典型的◆The Beatles were the archetypal pop group.披头士乐队是典型的流行音乐乐队。◆It was the archetypal British suburb, built in the 1930s.这是典型的英国郊区，建于20世纪30年代。■stereotypical /ˌsteriəˈtɪpɪkl/ / (oftendisapproving) typical of the fixed idea or image that many people have of a particular type of person or thing, but which is often not true in reality模式化观念所认为的，老一套的，有刻板印象的（常与事实相悖）◆She did not conform to his stereotypical image of feminine behaviour.她的行事作风不符合他印象中的女性形象。■quintessential / /ˌkwɪntɪˈsenʃl/ / [only before noun] (formal) perfect as an example of sth典型的；典范的◆He was the quintessential tough guy.他是典型的硬汉。▸quintessentially
adverb
◆a sense of humour that is quintessentially British典型的英国式幽默感