| 例句 |
standard noun
⇨ criterion (by modern standards) ⇨ principle 1 (moral standards) ⇨ quality (falling standards)standard adj.
⇨ usual criterion noun criterion ♦︎ standard ♦︎ test ♦︎ measure ♦︎ benchmark ♦︎ guide ♦︎ guideline ♦︎ gauge ♦︎ yardstick ♦︎ normThese are all words for amounts, or levels of quality, that are used to help you estimate or judge sb/sth. 这些词均表示用来评判的标准、准则、尺度。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a criterion / measure / benchmark / yardstick / norm for sth◆by any criteria / standard / measure / yardstick◆against the criteria / standard / benchmark / yardstick / norm◆a useful criterion / test / measure / benchmark / guide / gauge / guideline / yardstick◆(an) objective criterion / standards / test / measure / guide◆(a) general standards / measure / guide / guideline◆(a) reliable test / measure / guide / gauge / guidelines◆to serve as a criterion / measure / guide / gauge / guideline / yardstick◆to provide a criterion / standard / measure / benchmark / guide / yardstick◆to set / establish criteria / a standard / the benchmark / norms■ criterion / /kraɪˈtɪəriən; NAmE kraɪˈtɪriən/ (plural criteria) [countable] a principle or level of quality by which sth is judged or by the help of which a decision is made （评判或作决定的）标准，准则，尺度◆The sole criterion is the market price of the land.唯一的标准是土地的市场价格。◆What are the criteria used in evaluating student performance?评定学生表现的准则是什么？◆The listing in the guide is proof that the restaurant meets certain criteria.在指南中榜上有名，证明这家餐馆达到了一定水准。■ standard [countable, usually plural] a level of quality that is normal or acceptable for a particular person or in a particular situation （正常）水平；（应有的）标准，水准◆No matter how hard I tried I could never reach their standards.无论怎样努力，我总是达不到他们的标准。◆You'd better lower your standards if you want to find somewhere cheap to live.要想找个便宜的地方住，你最好降低标准。◆I don't know if it's up to your standards.我不知道这是否符合你的标准。◆It was a simple meal, by Eddie's standards.按埃迪的标准，那不过是顿便饭。◆The equipment was slow and heavy by modern standards.按现代标准，这设备又缓慢又笨重。■ test [countable] a situation or event that shows how good, strong, etc. sb/sth is 检验；考验◆The local elections will be a good test of the government's popularity.地方选举对政府是否得人心将是一个很好的检验。◆The game against Dundee will be a real test of character for us.与邓迪队的比赛对我们的意志将是一次真正的考验。◆The latest pay dispute has really put her management skills to the test.最近的薪酬纠纷确实让她的管理才能受到了考验。■ measure [countable] a way of judging or measuring sth; a sign of the size or strength of sth 判断；衡量；尺度；程度◆Exam results are only one measure of a school's success.考试成绩只是衡量学校水平的一个标准。◆Is this test a good measure of reading comprehension?这个测试是判断阅读理解能力的好方法吗？◆Her hand trembled slightly, a measure of her anxiety.她的手微抖，表明她感到焦虑。■ benchmark /ˈbentʃmɑːk; NAmE ˈbentʃmɑːrk/ [countable] something that can be measured and used as a standard that other things can be compared with 基准◆The German recycling system is seen as a benchmark for schemes throughout Europe.德国的回收制度被视为全欧洲回收体系的标准。◆The central bank has cut its benchmark interest rate four times.中央银行已经四次调低基准利率。■ guide [countable, usually singular] something that gives you enough information to be able to make a decision about sth or form an opinion 指导原则；参考标准◆As a general guide, large dogs need more exercise than small ones.一般来说，大型犬比小型犬需要更多的运动。◆These figures should be taken as a rough guide.应该把这些数字看作大致的标准。■ guideline /ˈgaɪdlaɪn/ / [countable] something that can be used to help you make a decision or form an opinion 参考◆These prices are a guideline only.这些价格仅供参考。◆It may help to have a few guidelines to follow.有些规则可循，也许会有帮助。NOTE 辨析 Guide or guideline?There is very little difference in meaning between these two words. Guide is often used in situations where being exact is less important; guideline is often used in business situations, where it is impossible to be exact, but still important to be as nearly right as possible. Guide is not usually used in the plural. 这两个词含义差别很小。guide常用于不需要特别精确的场合，guideline常用于不可能精确但要尽量准确的商业场合。guide通常不用复数形式◆It may help to have a few guides to follow. ■ gauge (NAmE also gage) / /geɪdʒ/ / [countable, usually singular] (written, especially business 尤用于商业) a thing, event or fact that can be used to estimate or judge sth 依据；尺度；标准◆The company was regarded as a gauge of Britain's industrial well-being.这家公司被视为衡量英国工业发展状况的指标。 see also gauge ⇨ estimate verb , gauge ⇨ judge verb 1 ■ yardstick /ˈjɑːdstɪk; NAmE ˈjɑːrdstɪk/ [countable] something that can be measured and used as a standard that other things can be compared with 衡量标准；准绳◆Exam results are not the only yardstick of a school's performance.考试成绩并非衡量学校水平的唯一标准。◆Rates of progress are difficult to compare without a common yardstick.没有共同的标准，进步的快慢不好比较。NOTE 辨析 Benchmark or yardstick?A benchmark is usually the particular standard that is used or recommended for measuring a particular thing; a yardstick is more often one of several possible standards that can be used. * benchmark通常指衡量特定事物的特定标准；yardstick则多指可以采用的几种标准之一。■ norm [countable] a required or agreed standard, level or amount 标准；定额；定量◆The level of background radioactivity is well below international norms.本底辐射强度远低于国际标准。 principle1 noun a matter of principle 原则问题the principle that education should be available to all 所有人都应有权受教育的观念 ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ morality and ⇨ values 另见morality条和values条principle ♦︎ ethics ♦︎ ideal ♦︎ standards ♦︎ morals ♦︎ moralityThese are all words for a moral rule or strong belief that influences people's actions. 这些词均表示道德规范、道德意识。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆high principles / ideals / standards◆personal principles / ethics / standards / morality◆public ethics / morals / morality◆moral principles / ideals / standards◆religious principles / ideals / morality◆political principles / ethics / ideals / morality◆professional ethics / standards◆have (no / high etc.) principles / ideals / standards / morals◆compromise your principles / ideals / standards◆betray your principles / ideals◆a matter / question of principle / ethics / morality■ principle [countable, usually plural, uncountable] a moral rule or strong belief that influences your actions 道德原则；行为准则；规范◆I refuse to lie about it－it's against my principles.我绝不就此事说谎－那样做违背我的原则。◆Stick to your principles and tell him you won't do it.要恪守自己的原则，告诉他你是不会干的。◆He doesn't invest in the arms industry on principle.他有自己的原则，不投资军火工业。 see also unprincipled ⇨ corrupt ■ ethics / /ˈeθɪks/ / [plural] moral principles that control or influence sb's actions; the degree to which sth is right or wrong according to these principles 道德准则；伦理标准；道德水平◆Their professional body is drawing up a code of ethics (= a statement of acceptable principles for a particular group).他们的专业组织正在拟订一套职业道德规范。◆He began to question the ethics of his position.他开始质疑自己的立场是否符合道德准则。ⓘ Ethics is used especially about the principles that control a particular area of activity, especially business or professional life. Collocates include professional, business and medical. * ethics尤指商业道德或职业道德，与之搭配的词有professional、business和medical。 see also ethical ⇨ good 5 , ethical ⇨ moral , ethic ⇨ values ■ ideal [countable] an idea or standard that seems perfect and worth trying to achieve or obtain 理想；看似完美的思想（或标准）◆His followers sometimes found it hard to live up to his high ideals.他的追随者有时觉得很难达到他的高标准。◆Is true love an unattainable ideal (= one that can never be achieved)?真爱是渺不可得的吗？■ standards [plural] a level of behaviour that sb considers to be morally acceptable 行为标准；道德水准◆Standards aren't what they used to be.现在的行为标准跟以前不一样了。◆We intend to uphold standards of behaviour throughout the college.我们希望维护整所大学的道德水平。■ morals [plural] standards or principles of good behaviour, especially in sexual matters （尤指性方面的）品行，道德◆He thinks that young people these days have no morals.他觉得现在的年轻人根本不讲道德。◆The play was considered an affront to public morals.人们认为这出戏有辱公德。 see also amoral ⇨ corrupt , moral ⇨ good 5 , moral ⇨ moral ■ morality / /məˈræləti/ / [uncountable] a system of moral principles followed by a particular person or group of people; the degree to which sth is right or wrong according to these principles 道德规范；道德体系；道德水平◆Whatever her personal morality, she has no right to judge others.不管她的个人品行如何，她都没有权利去评判他人。◆There is a continuing debate on the morality of abortion.关于堕胎是否道德的辩论持续不休。 see also moral ⇨ good 5 , moral ⇨ moral quality noun quality ♦︎ standard ♦︎ level ♦︎ grade ♦︎ calibreThese are all words for how good or bad sth is, especially when compared with other things. 这些词均表示质量、品质、水准。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to be of (a / the) ...quality / standard / level / grade / calibre◆high / highest / low quality / standard / level / grade / calibre◆poor quality / standard / level / grade◆top quality / level / grade◆to raise / improve the quality / standard / level / calibre of sth◆to maintain the quality / standard / level of sth◆to reach a standard / level■ quality [uncountable, countable] how good or bad sth is, especially when compared with sth similar 质量；品质◆Most of the goods on offer are of very poor quality.大部分打折出售的商品质量都很差。◆Use the highest quality ingredients you can find.使用可以找到的最优质的原料。◆There's been a serious decline in air quality recently.最近空气质量严重下降。◆Their quality of life improved dramatically when they moved to the US.他们移居美国以后，生活质量大大提高了。■ standard [countable, uncountable] a level of quality, especially one that people generally think is acceptable （品质的）标准，水平，规范◆There are real concerns about falling standards in schools.人们对学校办学水平下降深感忧虑。◆A number of Britain's beaches fail to meet European standards on cleanliness.英国有几处海滩不符合欧洲的清洁标准。◆Who sets the standard for water quality?水质标准由谁来定？◆sb's standard of living某人的生活水准◆living standards生活水平◆Her work is not up to standard (= of a good enough standard).她的工作不合格。■ level [countable, uncountable] a particular standard or quality, for example of achievement, progress or ability （成就、进步、能力等的）标准，水平，等级◆Most of these students have a high level of language ability.这些学生大多语言能力很强。◆This computer game has fifteen levels.这款电脑游戏有十五级。◆ (BrE) She studied psychology at degree level.她修读了心理学的学位课程。■ grade [countable] the quality of a particular product or material （产品或材料的）等级，品级◆All the materials used were of the highest grade.所用材料全是最上等的。◆ (BrE) a piece of top grade beef一块顶级牛肉◆ (NAmE) Grade A beefA级牛肉■ calibre (BrE) (NAmE caliber) / /ˈkælɪbə(r)/ / [uncountable] the quality of sth, especially a person's ability 质量；（尤指人的）能力◆The company needs more people of your calibre.公司需要更多像你这样有才干的人。 usual adjective usual ♦︎ traditional ♦︎ standard ♦︎ general ♦︎ routine ♦︎ regular ♦︎ habitualThese words all describe things that happen in most cases, especially over a long period, or things that are considered typical of a person. 这些词均表示通常的、惯常的、常规的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to be usual / traditional / routine to do sth◆usual / traditional / routine for sb / sth◆the usual / traditional / standard / general / routine / regular procedure / practice◆the usual / traditional / standard / general / routine / regular / habitual way◆the usual / traditional / standard / general approach◆the usual / traditional / general sense / style◆sb's usual / traditional / habitual role◆usual / standard / general / routine / regular / habitual behaviour◆in the / sb's usual / traditional / standard / habitual manner◆very traditional / general / routine◆fairly usual / traditional / standard / general / routine■ usual that happens or is done most of the time or in most cases 通常的；寻常的；惯常的◆It is usual to start a speech by thanking everybody for coming.讲话前先感谢大家光临，这是惯例。◆It is usual for the employer to pay the costs.通常由雇主来支付这些费用。◆He came home later than usual.他回家比平时晚了些。◆She arrived at the usual time.她到的时间和平时一样。◆She made all the usual excuses.她净找些司空见惯的借口。◆He didn't sound like his usual happy self.他听起来不像平常那个乐天派了。◆Despite the problems staff arrived for work as usual.尽管有困难，员工照常来上班。OPP unusual ⇨ unusual ■ traditional being part of the beliefs, customs or way of life of a group of people that have not changed for a long time 传统的；习俗的；惯例的◆The band plays traditional Celtic music.乐队演奏了传统的凯尔特音乐。◆Most of the buildings are in the traditional style.大多数建筑都是传统风格的。◆It's traditional in America to eat turkey on Thanksgiving Day.感恩节吃火鸡是美国的传统。▸ traditionally adverb ◆Traditionally, markets are held in the open air.按照传统，集市设在露天。■ standard of the usual type, without special or unusual features 普通的；正常的；标准的◆Pizza dough is oilier than standard bread dough.比萨饼面团比普通的面包面团含油多。◆Calls will be charged at the standard rate.电话费将按标准资费收取。◆The rifle was standard issue for the British army before the First World War.步枪是第一次世界大战前英国陆军的标准装备。◆All vehicles come with a catalytic converter as standard.所有汽车出售时通常都配有催化转化器。OPP non-standard ⇨ abnormal ■ general [usually before noun] that is true in most cases 一般的；普遍的；常规的◆The machines all operate on the same general principle.这些机器均依照同样的一般性原理运转。◆As a general rule, the paler the roast the milder the coffee.一般情况下，咖啡豆焙烤的颜色越浅，咖啡的味道越淡。◆In general, Japanese cars are very reliable.日本汽车通常很可靠。 see also general ⇨ general 1 2 ■ routine / /ruːˈtiːn/ / [usually before noun] done or happening as a normal part of a job, situation or process; not unusual or different in any way 常规的；例行公事的；平常的；毫不特别的◆The fault was discovered during a routine check.这个错误是在一次常规检查中发现的。◆Don't worry－these are just routine enquiries.别担心，这些只是例行的询问。◆He died of heart failure during a routine operation.他在一次普通手术中死于心脏衰竭。 see also routine ⇨ mundane adj. , routine ⇨ process noun , routinely ⇨ often ■ regular [only before noun](of an action or thing) that you usually do or use; (of a person) who usually does a job （行为或事情）经常做的，惯常的；（人）通常做某工作的◆On Monday he would have to return to his regular duties.他星期一就得回去正常上班了。◆The other bag had my regular clothes in it.另一个包里有我平常穿的衣服。◆I couldn't see my regular doctor today.我今天找不到平常给我看病的医生。▸ regularly ◆He regularly got up at four in the morning.他常常清晨4点就起床。■ habitual / /həˈbɪtʃuəl/ / [only before noun] (rather formal) typical of a particular person （某人）惯有的，惯常的，典型的◆She reverted to her habitual frown.她又开始习惯性地紧锁双眉了。◆He sat smoking his habitual cigarette.他一如平常地坐着吸烟。 see also habit ⇨ habit , habitually ⇨ often |