state noun ⇨state (the state of the economy)⇨country1 (a one-party state)⇨county (the State of Arkansas)⇨turn State's evidence⇨tell2state verb ⇨declare (state the facts)⇨list (arrive at the time stated)state adj. ⇨public
state
noun
state ♦︎ condition ♦︎ shape ♦︎ repairThese are all words for the quality or qualities that sth has at a particular time, for example whether it is good, bad, new, broken, etc.这些词均表示状态、状况。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in (a) ... state / condition / shape / repair◆(a) good state / condition / shape / (state of) repair◆(a) fine state / condition / shape◆excellent condition / shape / repair◆(a) reasonable condition / shape / (state of) repair◆(a) poor / bad state / condition / shape / (state of) repair◆sth's general state / condition / state of repair◆sth's physical state / condition / shape◆sb's / sth's financial / economic state / condition / shape◆to keep sth in (a) ... state / condition / shape / repair◆to get (sth) into (a) ... state / condition / shape■state [countable] the quality or qualities that sth has at a particular time, for example whether it is generally good, bad, etc.; the fact of having these qualities状态；状况；情况◆There are serious concerns about the current state of the economy.人们对当前的经济状况非常担忧。◆His teeth were in an appalling state.他的牙齿情况很糟糕。◆Look at the state of this room(= look how messy, dirty, etc. it is)!看看这房间这副样子！◆The government has declared a state of emergency in the flooded regions.政府已宣布洪水灾区进入紧急状态。 see also state of affairs ⇨ situation■condition [uncountable, singular] the state sth is in, especially how good or bad its physical state is状态；状况◆The car was in perfect condition.那辆汽车车况完好。◆The poor condition of our schools should be of concern to all of us.我们都应该关注我们的学校的糟糕状况。NOTE辨析 State or condition?State is a more general word and is used especially for the quality sth has at a particular time. You use state when you are saying that sth has not been well looked after or is in a mess. Condition is mainly used to talk about the appearance or working order of sth, often when you are saying how old and worn sth is. * state含义较广，尤指特定时间的状况，用于表示某物缺乏照管或凌乱不堪。condition主要指事物的外表或运转状况，常用于表示破旧。■shape [uncountable] (ratherinformal) the condition of sth, especially after sth has happened which you would expect to have an effect on it（尤指遭遇某事后的）状况，情况◆What sort of shape was your car in after the accident?你的汽车出过事故以后状况如何？◆The economy is still in pretty good shape.经济情况仍然相当不错。■repair [uncountable] the condition of sth, especially when you are talking about whether or not sth has been repaired over a period of time（尤指维修的）情况，状况◆Try to keep your vehicle in good repair.尽量让你的车辆保持良好的状况。◆ (especially BrE) The old clock tower is in a poor state of repair.那座老钟楼已经年久失修。ⓘ In this meaning repair is usually used in the phrases in good repair or in a poor state of repair. * repair表达此义时通常用于短语in good repair或in a poor state of repair中。 see also repair ⇨ repairnoun
country1
noun
a foreign country外国country life乡村生活country ♦︎ nation ♦︎ state ♦︎ land ♦︎ superpower ♦︎ powerThese are all words for an area of land that has its own government and laws.这些词均表示国家、国度。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a foreign country / nation / state / land / power◆a / an great / major / leading / industrial / colonial country / nation / state / power◆a / an independent / free / powerful / Third World / Communist / democratic country / nation / state◆an allied / enemy country / nation / power◆a sovereign nation / state / power◆to rule a country / nation / state / land◆to govern a country / nation / state◆to lead a country / nation◆to serve your country / nation■country [countable] an area of land that has or used to have its own government and laws国；国家◆They are holding special events all over the country.他们正在全国各地举办特别活动。◆This is just one of 30 sites around the country.这仅是全国30处场地中的一个。◆It's good to meet people from different parts of the country.能结识来自这个国家不同地区的人真好。◆'It's a free country!' he shouted. 'I can do what I like.'“这是一个自由的国家！”他喊道，“我可以做我喜欢的事情。”◆Sugar is only produced in tropical countries.糖仅在热带国家出产。◆She represented her country at the Olympics.她代表她的国家参加奥运会了。■nation [countable] a country considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history, who live in a particular area under one government国家；民族◆This is an important moment in our nation's history.这是我们民族历史上的重要时刻。◆They are a nation of food lovers.他们是热爱美食的民族。◆Leaders of the G8 leading industrial nations backed the plan.主要工业化国家的八国集团领导人支持这一计划。 see also national ⇨ national, national ⇨ cultural■state ( State) [countable] a country considered as an organized political community controlled by one government国家◆It has not yet been recognized as an independent sovereign state.它尚未被承认为独立的主权国家。◆The action was opposed by several UN member states.这一行动遭到几个联合国成员国反对。◆Many Third World countries are one-party states of one type or another.许多第三世界国家是某种类型的一党制国家。◆After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many new nation states were created.苏联解体后，许多新的民族国家建立起来了。 see also state ⇨ publicNOTE辨析 Country, nation or state?To refer to a country as a political unit or to its government, you can use country, nation or state.表示政治意义上的国家或其政府，用country、nation、state均可◆relations between the two countries / nations / states两国关系◆a newly independent country / nation / state新近独立的国家Country and nation can also refer to an area where people live, its economy, culture, etc. * country和nation亦可指人们居住的区域，及其经济、文化等◆a rich / wealthy country / nation富裕的国家◆an oil-producing country / nation产油国Country is the only word which can be used to refer to a country as a geographical area.只有country可用来指作为一个地理区域的国家◆a hot / cold / tropical country炎热的／寒冷的／热带国家■land [countable] (literary) used to refer to a country or region in an emotional or imaginative way（带有感情或想象色彩的）国度，地区◆She longed to return to her native land.她渴望回到她的祖国。◆America was seen as the land of freedom and opportunity.美国曾被认为是一个自由与充满机遇的国度。■superpower /ˈsuːpəpaʊə(r), ˈsjuːpəpaʊə(r); NAmEˈsuːpərpaʊər/ [countable] one of the countries in the world with very great military or economic power and a lot of influence超级大国◆The United States was left as the only global superpower.美国是当时仅存的超级大国。◆Japan's status as an economic superpower日本作为经济强国的地位■power [countable] a country with a lot of influence in world affairs, or the affairs of a region, or with great military strength有影响力的大国；军事强国◆Major European powers, such as France and Germany, are against the plan.法德等主要欧洲强国反对这个计划。◆He transformed a backward country into a world power.他把一个落后国家改造成世界强国。
county
noun
county ♦︎ state ♦︎ district ♦︎ province ♦︎ region ♦︎ zoneThese are all words for an area that forms part of a country and has its own official boundaries (= borders).这些词均表示郡、县、州、省等国家行政区。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in a county / state / district / province / region / zone◆a border / coastal county / state / district / province / region / zone◆the northern, southern, etc. counties / states / districts / provinces / region / zone■county [countable] an area, especially in Britain, Ireland and the US, that has its own official boundaries and local government（英国、爱尔兰的）郡；（美国的）县◆The US state of California is divided into 58 counties.美国的加利福尼亚州分为58个县。◆Originally, county boundaries often followed the course of a river.起初，郡的边界常沿河道划分。■state ( State) [countable] a large area, especially in the US and Australia, that has its own official boundaries and government（尤指美国和澳大利亚的）州；邦◆The hurricane swept across the southern states of the US.飓风横扫美国南方各州。■district [countable] an area of a country, town or state that has official boundaries for administrative purposes区；管区；行政区◆Delivery is free within the London postal district.伦敦邮政区内免费送货。◆The district council granted planning permission for ten new houses.区政务委员会颁发了十座新房屋的建筑许可证。 see also district ⇨ area1■province / /ˈprɒvɪns; NAmEˈprɑːvɪns/ [countable] a large area in countries such as Canada and South Africa that has its own official boundaries and government（加拿大和南非等国的）省，一级行政区◆Canada is divided into ten provinces and three territories.加拿大分为十个省和三个地区。▸provincial /prəˈvɪnʃl/ /
adjective
◆the provincial assembly省议会NOTE辨析 County, state or province?These words are used differently for different parts of the world, depending on a country's traditions and how it is organized. Britain and Ireland are both divided into counties, but in Ireland these counties are organized into four large provinces. There are no provinces in Britain. The US is divided into states, and nearly all these states are divided into counties. Canada is divided into provinces, but only some of these provinces are divided into counties. State and province usually describe an area that is larger than a county.因应国家的传统及其组织形式，世界各国表示行政区的用词会不一样。英国和爱尔兰均划分为郡，但在爱尔兰这些郡组成四个大的省；英国则没有省。美国划分为州，几乎所有的州都再细分为县。加拿大划分为省，但这些省只有一些划分为郡。state和province一般比county大。■region [countable] one of the areas that a country is divided into, that has its own customs and/or its own government行政区◆Bilbao is the largest city in the Basque region in northern Spain.毕尔巴鄂是西班牙北部巴斯克地区最大的城市。 see also region ⇨ area1▸regional
adjective
◆the regional council区域市政局■zone [countable] one of the areas that a larger area is divided into for the purposes of organization（规划的）区域，分区◆The ticket may be used on any bus in zone 2.这种票可在第2区内任何公共汽车上使用。◆All countries in zones 1 and 2 have free incoming calls.在第1区和第2区的所有国家都可免费接听来电。 see also zone ⇨ area1
tell2
verb
tell sb the news告诉某人消息Promise you won't tell.你要保证不说出去。tell ♦︎ betray ♦︎ stab sb in the back ♦︎ blow the whistle on sb/sth ♦︎ turn King's/Queen's/State's evidence ♦︎ grass ♦︎ blab ♦︎ inform on sb ♦︎ fingerThese words all mean to let sb know a secret or give information about sb/sth to an enemy.这些词均表示泄密、告密、告发。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to tell / blow the whistle / grass / inform on sb◆to betray sb / grass / blab to sb◆to tell on / betray / inform on a friend◆to betray / blow the whistle on / inform on a colleague◆to betray / blow the whistle on your partner / husband / employer / wife / master■tell(told, told) [intransitive] (informal, especiallyspoken, oftendisapproving) to let sb know a secret泄密；告发◆Promise you won't tell.你要保证不说出去。◆'Who are you going out with tonight?' 'That would be telling!'(= it's a secret)“你今晚要和谁约会？”“那可不能讲！”◆Don't tell on me, will you?(= Don't tell anyone in authority what I have done.)别告发我，好吗？■betray [transitive] (ratherformal, disapproving) to give information about sb/sth to an enemy出卖；泄漏（秘密）◆For years they had been betraying state secrets to Russia.他们多年来一直在向俄罗斯泄漏国家机密。◆He was offered money to betray his colleagues.有人收买他出卖他的同事。 see also give sb/sth away ⇨ reveal, betray ⇨ cheatverb, betrayal ⇨ betrayal■stab sb in the ˈback
idiom
(-bb-) (informal) to do or say sth that harms sb who trusts you暗算某人；陷害（或中伤）信任你的人◆It was very competitive and everyone was stabbing everyone else in the back.竞争太激烈了，所有人都在暗中相互算计。■blow the ˈwhistle on sb/sth
idiom
(blew, blown) (informal, oftenapproving, especially journalism尤用于新闻) to tell sb in authority about sth wrong or illegal that sb is doing检举，告发（不当或违法之事）◆It is getting more difficult for people to blow the whistle on their employers.人们要告发雇主越来越难了。■turn King's ˈevidence■turn Queen's ˈevidence (BrE) (NAmEturn State's ˈevidence)
idiom
to give information against other criminals in order to get a less severe punishment提供同犯的罪证，揭发其他案犯（以求减轻惩罚）◆Two of the prisoners agreed to turn Queen's evidence.两名囚犯愿意揭发其他案犯。■grass [intransitive] (BrE, slang, disapproving) to tell the police about sb's criminal activities（向警方）告密，告发◆Who grassed on us?谁向警方告发了我们？◆You wouldn't grass up your mates, would you?你不会告发你的同伴，对吧？■blab(-bb-) [intransitive, transitive] (informal, disapproving) to tell sb sth that should be kept secret（向某人）透露秘密，告密◆Someone must have blabbed to the police.一定有人向警方告密了。◆Try not to blab the whole story.整件事都不要说出去。■inˈform on sb
phrasal verb
(ratherformal, oftendisapproving) to tell the police or sb in authority about sb's criminal activities告发；检举◆He informed on his own brother.他告发了他的亲弟弟。■finger [transitive] (especially NAmE, informal) to accuse sb of doing sth illegal and tell the police about it（向警方）告发，告密◆Who fingered him for the burglaries?谁告发他入室盗窃的？
declare
verb
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ say2另见say条第2义declare ♦︎ state ♦︎ indicate ♦︎ announce ♦︎ proclaim ♦︎ pronounceThese words all mean to say sth, usually firmly and clearly and often in public.这些词均表示公开、坚定、明确地宣布某事。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to declare / state / indicate / announce / proclaim / pronounce sth to sb◆to declare / state / indicate / announce / proclaim / pronounce that...◆It was declared / stated / indicated / announced / proclaimed that...◆to declare / state / proclaim / pronounce sb / sth to be sth◆to declare / state / indicate / announce / proclaim your intention to do sth◆to declare / state / indicate / announce your support◆to declare / state / announce / proclaim / pronounce sth formally / officially◆to declare / state / announce / proclaim sth publicly / proudly / boldly◆to declare / state / announce / pronounce sth confidently / firmly■declare / /dɪˈkleə(r); NAmEdɪˈkler/ [transitive] (ratherformal) to say sth officially or publicly; to say sth firmly and clearly公布；宣布；宣示；宣称◆Germany declared war on France on 3 August 1914.德国于1914年8月3日向法国宣战。◆The president declared a state of emergency.总统宣布进入紧急状态。◆The court declared that strike action was illegal.法庭宣判罢工为非法。◆The painting was declared to be a forgery.这幅画被判定为赝品。◆The area has been declared a national park.该地区已被公布为国家公园。◆I declare this bridge open.我宣布大桥正式启用。 see also declaration ⇨ statement■state [transitive] (ratherformal) to formally write or say sth, especially in a careful and clear way陈述；声明；说明◆The facts are clearly stated in the report.报道中对事实真相作了清楚的说明。◆There is no need to state the obvious(= to say sth that everyone already knows).显而易见的事就不必陈述了。◆State clearly how many tickets you require.说清楚你需要多少张票。 see also statement ⇨ statement■indicate [transitive] (ratherformal, especiallyspokenorjournalism新闻) to state sth, sometimes in a way that is slightly indirect透露；暗示；间接提及◆As I've already indicated to you, what we do next depends on a number of factors.我向你提过，我们下一步做什么将取决于若干因素。◆During our meeting, he indicated his willingness to cooperate.我们会面时他表示愿意合作。 see also indication ⇨ sign1, indicate ⇨ show1, indicate ⇨ suggest■announce [transitive] to tell people officially about a decision or plans; to give information about sth in a public place, especially through a loudspeaker; to say sth in a loud and/or serious way宣布，宣告（决定或计划）；（尤指通过广播）通知；宣称◆They haven't formally announced their engagement yet.他们还没有正式宣布订婚。◆Has our flight been announced yet?广播通知了我们的航班没有？◆'I've given up smoking,' she announced.“我戒烟了。”她郑重其事地说。 see also announcement ⇨ statementNOTE辨析 Declare or announce?Declare is used more often for giving judgements; announce is used more often for giving facts. * declare更常指表明意见、看法，announce更常指说明事实◆The painting was announced to be a forgery.◆They haven't formally declared their engagement yet.■proclaim /prəˈkleɪm/ / [transitive] (ratherformal) to publicly and officially tell people about sth important宣布，宣告，声明（重要事项）◆The charter proclaimed that all states would have their own government.宪章规定各州将成立自己的政府。◆He proclaimed himself emperor.他自封为皇帝。ⓘ Proclaim is often used to talk about a statement made by sb in authority about a situation that affects everyone. A situation that is proclaimed is usually being presented as a positive one. * proclaim常指掌权者就影响甚广的局势发表声明，而用proclaim通常表示所宣告的局势是正面的。■pronounce [transitive] (formal) to say sth formally, officially or publicly正式宣布；宣告；宣判◆The judge will pronounce sentence today.法官将于今日宣判。◆I now pronounce you man and wife(= in a marriage ceremony).现在我正式宣布你们结为夫妻。◆She was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital.她送达医院时就被宣告已经死亡了。
list
verb
list ♦︎ define ♦︎ specify ♦︎ detail ♦︎ state ♦︎ name ♦︎ itemizeThese words all mean to present things in a list or in a particular order.这些词均表示给事物列清单或排次序。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to list / define / specify / detail / state / name / itemize sth as sth◆to list / define / specify / detail / state / name / itemize sth in sth◆to list / define / specify / detail / itemize sth under sth◆to define / specify / detail / state what / how / where / who...◆to specify / state that...◆to list / define / specify / detail tasks◆to list / specify / state / itemize details◆to list / define / specify / detail / name / enumerate items◆to fully / carefully list / define / specify / detail / itemize sth◆to clearly define / specify / state sth◆to list / define / specify / itemize sth separately■list [transitive] to write the names of things in a particular order; to include sth in a list（按某种次序）把⋯列表，列清单；把⋯列入清单◆We were asked to list our ten favourite songs.我们应要求列出自己最喜爱的十首歌曲。◆Towns in the guide are listed alphabetically.旅游指南里的城镇是按字母顺序排列的。◆Articles may be listed under more than one heading.有些条款可能列在不止一个标题之下。◆The names are listed below.名单如下。■define [transitive] to describe or show sth accurately阐明；明确；界定◆We need to define the task ahead very clearly.我们需要明确今后的任务。◆The difficulty of a problem was defined in terms of how long it took to complete.问题的难易度是以解决这个问题所花时间的长短来衡量的。◆It is difficult to define what makes him so popular.很难解释清楚是什么原因使他如此走红。 see also definition ⇨ definition■specify / /ˈspesɪfaɪ/ / [transitive] (ratherformal) to give exact details of sth such as a measurement, time or instructions具体说明；明确规定；详述◆Forms must be returned by the specified date.这些表格必须在指定日期前交回。◆The contract clearly specifies who can operate the machinery.合同明确规定什么人可以操作机器。◆The regulations specify that calculators may not be used in the examination.考试规则明确规定考试时不得使用计算器。▸specification / /ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ /
noun
[countable, uncountable] ◆the technical specifications of the new model(= of car)新车型的技术规格◆The house has been built exactly to our specification.房子完全是按照我们的设计要求建造的。■detail [transitive] to give a list of facts or all the available information about sth详细列举；详细说明；详述◆The brochure details all the hotels in the area and their facilities.这本小册子详细介绍了当地所有旅馆及其设施。 see also detail ⇨ informationnoun■state [transitive, usually passive] to fix or announce the details of sth, especially on a written document（尤指在书面文件中）规定，公布◆This is not one of their stated aims.在他们公布的目标里没有这一条。◆You must arrive at the time stated.你必须在规定时间到达。■name [transitive] to specify sth exactly确定；说定；准确陈述◆Name your price.你给个价吧。◆They're engaged, but they haven't yet named the day(= fixed a date for the wedding).他们订婚了，但尚未确定结婚日期。◆Activities available include squash, archery and swimming, to name but a few.所设活动项目包括壁球、射箭、游泳等等，不一而足。◆Chairs, tables, cabinets－you name it, she makes it(= she makes anything you can imagine).椅子、桌子、橱柜－凡是你说得出的，她都能做。ⓘ Name is less formal than specify, but it is mostly used in a few fixed phrases. * name不如specify正式，主要用于几个固定短语中。■itemize (BrE alsoitemise) / /ˈaɪtəmaɪz/ / [transitive] to produce a detailed list of things列出清单◆The report itemized over 25 different faults.报告列举了超过25处不同的错误。◆You can ask for an itemized phone bill(= one which gives details of each call).你可以索要一份电话明细账单。
public
adjective
public ♦︎ state ♦︎ national ♦︎ federalThese words all describe things connected with the government of a country, especially government spending and services.这些词均表示政府出资或提供服务的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆public / state / national / federal authorities / funding / expenditure / investment◆public / state / federal power / control / regulation / institutions / officials / employees / funds / money / finance / spending◆public / state education / hospitals / enterprise / ownership◆the public / state sector◆the national / federal government■public [only before noun] connected with the government and the services it provides政府的；政府提供服务的◆Their tax plans would hit public services.他们的税收计划将对公共服务造成影响。◆There has been massive investment in public housing.已经在公屋项目上投入巨资。◆He spent much of his career in public office(= working for the government).他职业生涯的大部分时间在政府部门工作。ⓘ In the US, Australia, Scotland and some other countries a public school is a free local school paid for by the government; in England this is called a state school. In Britain, especially England, a public school is a private school for young people between the ages of 13 and 18, who often live at the school while they are studying, and whose parents pay for their education. A public company or public limited company (in British English) or public corporation (in American English) is also not owned by the government, but a company that sells shares in itself to the public. However, in British English a public corporation is an organization that is owned by the government and that provides a national service.在美国、澳大利亚、苏格兰和其他一些国家，public school是由政府拨款的地方免费学校，这类学校在英格兰称为state school。在英国，尤其是英格兰，public school是招收13至18岁学生的私立学校，常为寄宿学校，学费由父母承担。英式英语中的public company或public limited company，和美式英语中的public corporation都不是国有企业，而是向公众出售公司股份的上市公司。但是在英式英语中，public corporation是国有企业，提供公共服务。OPPprivateⓘ A private service or institution is owned or managed by an individual person or an independent company rather than by the government. * private指服务或机构是私有或私营的◆private companies / schools私营公司；私立学校◆a programme to return many of the state companies to private ownership国有企业私有化的计划▸publicly
adverb
◆a publicly owned company上市公司■state [only before noun] provided or controlled by the government国家提供（或控制）的◆The law applies only to schools within the state system.这条法规只适用于公办学校。◆There needs to be an increase in the basic state pension.由政府拨款的基本养老金需要增加。◆Many local families are dependent on state benefits(= in Britain, government money given to people who are poor).当地许多家庭靠政府的救济金生活。OPPprivate see also state ⇨ country1■national [usually before noun] owned, controlled or financially supported by the government国有的；国立的；国营的◆The collection is housed at the national museum.这批收藏品保存在国家博物馆里。◆The Romanian national airline has ordered seven of the new aircraft.罗马尼亚国家航空公司已经订购了七架这种新飞机。■federal / /ˈfedərəl/ / connected with national government rather than the local government of an individual state联邦政府的◆On 15th February a federal judge ruled in their favour.2月15日联邦法官判他们胜诉。◆We will continue federal funding for the arts.我们将继续对艺术给予联邦政府拨款。ⓘ Federal is used about countries, especially the US, which have a system of government in which the individual states of a country have control over their own affairs, but are controlled by a central government for national decisions. * federal表示“联邦制的”，指某些国家，尤其是美国采用的国家结构形式。在这些国家，各州掌管自己的事务，但全国性的决议则由中央政府即联邦政府掌控。▸federally