| 例句 |
tough adj.
⇨ difficult 2 (a tough childhood) ⇨ strict (get tough on crime)difficult2 adjective a difficult task 艰巨的任务make life difficult for sb 给某人找麻烦perversea difficult customerdifficult ♦︎ tough ♦︎ bad ♦︎ hard ♦︎ adverse ♦︎ rough ♦︎ unfavourable ♦︎ disadvantageousThese words all describe sth that is full of problems or causes a lot of problems. 这些词均表示问题成堆的、麻烦的、不利的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆difficult / tough / bad / hard / unfavourable / disadvantageous for sb◆tough / hard / rough on sb◆unfavourable / disadvantageous to sb◆a difficult / a bad / a hard / an adverse / an unfavourable / a disadvantageous position◆a difficult / a tough / a bad / a hard / a rough / an unfavourable situation◆difficult / tough / bad / hard / adverse / rough / unfavourable conditions◆difficult / tough / adverse / unfavourable circumstances◆a difficult / tough / bad / hard / rough time / day / week / year◆a difficult / tough / hard / rough life / childhood◆a bad / an adverse / an unfavourable / a disadvantageous effect■ difficult involving or causing a lot of problems 问题很多的；造成麻烦的◆The next few months were quite difficult.随后几个月出现了很多问题。◆My boss is making life very difficult for me.老板总是给我找很多麻烦。◆What's the most difficult personal situation you've ever been in?你所经历过的最麻烦的个人困境是什么？◆There was a great deal of difficult terrain to be covered.要穿越许多难以通过的地带。 see also difficulty ⇨ problem ■ tough / /tʌf/ / involving or causing a lot of problems, especially personal problems （尤指个人的问题）艰难的，棘手的◆She's been having a tough time of it.她最近的日子一直很难熬。◆This will be the toughest test of his leadership yet.这对他的领导工作将是最严峻的考验。◆It's tough out there in the real world.外面的现实世界有很多不如意。ⓘ Tough is a less general word than difficult and is used to talk about personal problems, not physical conditions. * tough不如difficult含义广，用于修饰个人问题而非自然环境◆tough terrain/weather conditions ■ bad full of problems; likely to cause problems in a particular situation 问题成堆的；可能引起麻烦的；不适当的◆Things were bad enough without her interfering.事情本来就够糟糕了，偏偏她又来管闲事。◆The situation couldn't get any worse.形势糟糕透了。◆It was the worst time of my life.那是我人生中最倒霉的一段时间。◆I think it was probably a bad time to ask him.我认为在那个时候问他可能不合适。◆He realized it had been a bad decision.他意识到那是个错误的决定。■ hard full of problems, especially because of bad conditions or a lack of money 艰难的；困苦的；困顿的◆My grandmother had a hard life.我祖母一生艰难。◆Times were hard at the end of the war.战争结束时生活很艰苦。◆Conditions were extremely hard in the camps.营地的生活条件极其恶劣。 see also hardship ⇨ trouble 2 ■ adverse / /ˈædvɜːs, ədˈvɜːs; NAmE ədˈvɜːrs/ [usually before noun] (rather formal) negative and unpleasant; having a negative effect on what you are trying to do 不利的；有害的；负面的◆Lack of money will have an adverse effect on the research programme.缺少资金将给这个研究方案带来不利影响。◆Adverse weather conditions meant the rescue had to be abandoned.恶劣天气意味着救援工作只能放弃。◆They have attracted strong adverse criticism.他们已招致强烈的非难。▸ adversely adverb ◆This move could adversely affect the UK's position in the market.此举可能会损害英国的市场地位。■ rough difficult and unpleasant 艰苦的；困顿的◆He's had a really rough time recently.他最近真是困难重重。◆Life was rough on the streets.流浪街头的生活很艰难。◆They set sail in rough conditions.他们冒着风浪的危险起航了。ⓘ Life or times can be rough if they are full of personal problems or violence; conditions are rough if they are physically difficult. 用rough形容生活或时代，指充满个人问题或暴力；用rough形容环境，指自然环境恶劣。■ unfavourable (BrE) (NAmE unfavorable) /ʌnˈfeɪvərəbl/ / (formal) (of conditions or situations) not good and likely to cause problems or make sth more difficult （条件或形势）不利的，有害的◆The conditions were unfavourable for increased crop production.这些条件不利于农作物增产。◆The country's geographical position is highly unfavourable.这个国家的地理位置十分不利。 OPP favourable ⇨ valuable 2 ■ disadvantageous / /ˌdɪsædvænˈteɪdʒəs/ / (formal) causing sb to be in a worse situation than other people; likely to cause problems 不利的；产生负面影响的◆The deal would not be disadvantageous to your company.这笔交易不会对你公司不利。◆Growing conditions here are disadvantageous.这里的生长条件很不利。OPP advantageous ⇨ valuable 2 see also disadvantage ⇨ disadvantage strict adjective strict ♦︎ tough ♦︎ harsh ♦︎ rigid ♦︎ stringent ♦︎ punitive ♦︎ firm ♦︎ severeThese words all describe a person or a set of rules that must be obeyed. 这些词均表示人或规则是严格的、严厉的。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达严格的程度| firm | ➔ | strict | ➔ | harsh | | | tough | | punitive | | | stringent | | severe |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆strict / tough / harsh / firm / severe with sb / sth◆strict / tough / harsh / severe on sb / sth◆strict / tough / harsh / rigid / firm / severe discipline◆a tough / harsh / severe penalty / sentence◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent / firm controls◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent / severe restrictions◆strict / rigid / stringent / severe limits◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent rules / standards◆strict / tough / harsh / stringent conditions / legislation◆a strict / harsh / punitive regime◆tough / harsh / stringent / punitive / firm measures◆tough / punitive / firm action◆harsh / stringent / severe criticism◆increasingly strict / tough / harsh / stringent / punitive / severe◆extremely strict / tough / harsh / rigid / severe◆excessively / unnecessarily strict / harsh / rigid■ strict (of rules or instructions) that must be obeyed exactly; (of a person) demanding that rules, especially about behaviour, should be obeyed （规则或指示）严格的；（人）要求严格的，严厉的◆She left strict instructions that she must not be disturbed.她下了严格的指示，不准打扰她。◆She's on a very strict diet.她正严格节食。◆They were always very strict with their children.他们对子女一向十分严格。◆She's very strict about things like homework.她对作业之类的事要求非常严格。◆I had a very strict upbringing.我小时候家教很严。OPP lenient ⇨ lenient ▸ strictly adverb ◆The industry is strictly regulated.这个行业管理得很严格。◆She was brought up very strictly.她从小家教很严。■ tough / /tʌf/ / (rather informal) demanding that particular rules be obeyed and not showing sympathy for any problems or suffering that this may cause 严厉的；强硬的◆Don't be too tough on him－he was only trying to help.不要对他太严厉－他只是想帮忙而已。◆The government has promised to get tough on crime.政府已经承诺要严厉打击犯罪。◆The school takes a tough line on (= punishes severely) cheating.学校对作弊行为的惩罚很严厉。◆There will be tough new controls on car emissions.对汽车尾气的排放量将有新的严格控制。◆Courts are imposing tougher penalties for street crime.法院正在对街头犯罪实行更严厉的惩治。ⓘ Tough can describe the people who make or enforce the rules, the rules themselves, or the punishment for not obeying the rules. * tough可描述制订或实施规则的人、规则本身或者对违反规则的惩罚。 OPP soft ⇨ lenient ■ harsh (usually disapproving) (of a judgement, punishment or situation) extreme and cruel or unkind, especially more extreme than is appropriate for the situation （评价、惩罚或局势）残酷的，严酷的，严厉的◆It may seem a bit harsh to criticize him after his death.在他去世后对他进行批评可能会显得有点残酷。◆He later regretted his harsh words.过后他对自己的刻薄言辞感到后悔。◆He accused her of being unduly harsh.他指责她过分严厉。◆We had to face up to the harsh realities of life sooner or later.我们迟早都得正视严酷的生活现实。OPP lenient ⇨ lenient ▸ harshly adverb ◆Don't judge him too harshly.不要过分苛刻地评判他。■ rigid / /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ / (often disapproving) (of rules or methods) that must be obeyed or followed exactly and are difficult to change （规则或方法）死板的，僵化的◆His rigid adherence to the rules made him unpopular.他对规则的刻板坚持使得他不受欢迎。◆The warriors were governed by a rigid code of ethics.武士受制于一套严格死板的道德规范。▸ rigidly adverb ◆The speed limit must be rigidly enforced.必须严格执行限速规定。■ stringent / /ˈstrɪndʒənt/ / (formal) (of rules or procedures) that must be obeyed or followed exactly （规则或程序）严格的，严厉的◆There are stringent quality control procedures.有一些严格的质量控制程序。◆Safety standards were less stringent in those days.那时的安全标准没那么严格。■ punitive / /ˈpjuːnətɪv/ / [usually before noun] (formal) intended as a punishment; (of taxes or charges) very high and that people find very difficult to pay 惩罚性的；处罚的；（征税或收费）苛刻的◆Punitive action will be taken against the hooligans.那些小流氓将会受到惩治。◆ (NAmE) They could impose punitive tariffs of up to 100% on imports.他们可以向进口商品征收100%的惩罚性关税。ⓘ Punitive taxes, tariffs, charges, damages or sanctions are or seem to be designed to punish sb or to put them at a disadvantage. For example, a government might impose punitive tariffs on goods from a particular country as part of a trade dispute. * punitive taxes/tariffs/charges/damages/sanctions（惩罚性征税／关税／收费／损害赔偿金／制裁）都是（或似乎是）用来惩罚某人或者使其处于不利地位，例如，在贸易争端中，一国的政府可能会对来自特定国家的货物征收惩罚性关税。■ firm (often approving) (of sb's behaviour) strong and in control （行为）牢牢控制的，严格的◆People are looking towards him for firm leadership.人们都盼望他是个强悍的领导。◆Parents must be firm with their children.父母对子女必须严格。▸ firmly adverb ◆'I can manage,' she said firmly.“我应付得了。”她坚定地说。■ severe punishing sb in an extreme way when they break a particular set of rules （惩罚）严厉的，重的◆He received a severe reprimand for his behaviour.他因为自己的行为而受到严厉的斥责。◆The courts are becoming more severe on young offenders.法庭对青少年犯罪者的处罚趋于严厉。▸ severely adverb ◆Anyone breaking the law will be severely punished.违法者将受到严惩。 |