study verb ⇨study (study a photograph)⇨examine (study a proposal)⇨learn (study English)study noun ⇨education (good study skills)⇨office2 (sb's private study)⇨report1 (a case study)⇨research (scientific study)
study
verb
study ♦︎ scrutinize ♦︎ scan ♦︎ surveyThese words all mean to look at sb/sth carefully, especially in order to find out sth.这些词均表示审视、察看。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to study / scrutinize / scan / survey sth for sth◆to study / scrutinize / scan sb's face◆to study / scrutinize / scan / survey sth carefully◆to study / scrutinize / scan sth closely / intently◆to study / scrutinize / survey sth in detail / thoroughly■study [transitive] to look at sb/sth carefully in order to find out sth审视；端详；细看◆Scientists are studying photographs of the planet for signs of life.科学家们正在仔细察看行星照片，寻找生命迹象。◆Fran was studying the menu.弗兰在仔细地看菜单。■scrutinize (BrE alsoscrutinise) [transitive] (especiallywritten) to look at or examine sb/sth carefully仔细查看；认真检查；细致审查◆The statement was carefully scrutinized(= considered) before publication.那份声明在发表前经过了仔细审查。 see also scrutiny ⇨ research■scan(-nn-) [transitive] to look at every part of sth carefully, especially because you are looking for sth particular细看，察看，审视，端详（各个细节）◆He scanned the horizon for any sign of land.他仔细眺望地平线，寻找陆地的踪影。■survey /səˈveɪ; NAmEsərˈveɪ/ [transitive] to look at the whole of sb/sth in order to get a general impression of it查看，审视，审察（整体情况）◆The next morning we surveyed the damage caused by the fire.次日上午我们查看了火灾的破坏情况。
examine
verb
examine ♦︎ analyse ♦︎ review ♦︎ study ♦︎ discuss ♦︎ go into sth ♦︎ take stock ♦︎ surveyThese words all mean to think about, study or describe sb/sth carefully, especially in order to understand them, form an opinion of them or make a decision about them.这些词均表示思量、调查、研究。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to examine / analyse / review / study / discuss / go into / take stock of / survey what / how / whether...◆to examine / analyse / review / study / discuss / take stock of / survey the situation◆to examine / analyse / review / study / discuss the possibility of sth◆to examine / analyse / review / study / discuss a / an proposal / idea◆to examine / analyse / review / study / discuss / survey the evidence / sb's work◆to examine / analyse / review / study / discuss / go into sth in depth / in detail◆to examine / analyse / review / study / discuss sth in the light of sth◆to examine / analyse / review / study / discuss / survey sth carefully / critically / systematically / briefly■examine [transitive] to think about, study or describe an idea, subject or piece of work very carefully思量；调查；研究◆These ideas will be examined in more detail in Chapter 10.这些观点将在第10章作更详尽的探讨。◆It is necessary to examine how the proposals can be carried out.有必要研究一下怎样才能实施这些方案。 see also examination ⇨ researchnoun■analyse (BrE) (NAmEanalyze) [transitive] to examine the nature or structure of sth, especially by separating it into its parts, in order to understand or explain it分析◆The job involves gathering and analysing data.这份工作需要搜集和分析资料。◆He tried to analyse his feelings.他试图分析自己的感情。◆We need to analyse what went wrong.我们需要分析是什么地方出了差错。 see also analysis ⇨ researchnoun■review [transitive] to examine sth again, especially so that you can decide if it is necessary to make changes复查；重新考虑◆Staff performance is reviewed annually.员工的业务表现每年考核一次。◆The decision may need to be reviewed in the light of new evidence.这个决定可能需要根据新获得的证据重新研究。◆Safety procedures are being urgently reviewed after a chemical leak at the factory.化学品泄漏事件发生之后，工厂正进行安全程序的紧急审查。▸review
noun
[uncountable, countable] ◆The case is subject to judicial review.这个案子必须接受司法审查。◆The terms of the contract are under review.合同条款正在审议。◆a pay / salary review工资评审 see also review ⇨ reportnoun1■study [transitive] to examine sb/sth in order to understand them研究；调查◆We will study the report carefully before making a decision.我们将认真研究这份报告，然后再作决定。◆The group will study how the region coped with the loss of thousands of jobs.这一小组将考察这个地区在减少了几千个工作岗位的情况下是如何应对的。 see also study ⇨ researchnoun, study ⇨ reportnoun1NOTE辨析 Examine or study?You examine sth in order to understand it or to help other people understand it, for example by describing it in a book; you study sth in order to understand it yourself. * examine以理解或帮助他人理解为目的，如在书中探讨等；study则以自己理解为目的。■discuss [transitive] to write or talk about sth in detail, showing the different ideas and opinions about it详述；论述◆This topic will be discussed at greater length in the next chapter.这个题目将在下一章里详细论述。 see also discussion ⇨ research■go ˈinto sth
phrasal verb
(goes, went, gone) (ratherinformal, especiallyspoken) to examine a subject or question carefully, especially for practical reasons详细调查，认真研究（尤出于实际需要）◆We need to go into the question of costs.我们需要研究一下费用问题。■take ˈstock
idiom
(took, taken)to think carefully about the way in which a particular situation is developing in order to decide what to do next进行反思；作出评估◆It was time to stand back and take stock of his career.是时候该置身事外，反思一下他的职业生涯了。■survey /səˈveɪ; NAmEsərˈveɪ/ [transitive] to examine and give a general description of sth总体研究；概述◆This chapter briefly surveys the current state of European politics.本章对欧洲政治的现状作了简要概述。 see also survey ⇨ reportnoun1
learn
verb
learn ♦︎ study ♦︎ know ♦︎ acquire ♦︎ do ♦︎ memorize ♦︎ pick sth up ♦︎ master ♦︎ get the hang of sth ♦︎ revise ♦︎ learn/know sth by heart ♦︎ reviewThese words all mean to gain knowledge or skill by studying, from experience or from being taught.这些词均表示学会知识或技能。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to learn / know / pick up sth from sb / sth◆to study / revise / review (sth) for sth◆to learn / know / memorize / pick up / master / get the hang of what...◆to learn / know / master / get the hang of how...◆to learn / study to be sth◆to learn / study / know / do / pick up / master a language◆to learn / study / know / do / pick up / master French / Arabic, etc.◆to learn / study / know / do / master / revise / review a subject◆to learn / study / do / revise / review geography / biology, etc.◆to learn / acquire / pick up / master a skill◆to learn / do / memorize a poem / speech◆to memorize a number◆to learn / know a poem / speech / number (off) by heart◆to quickly learn / pick up / master sth◆to thoroughly learn / study / master / revise / review sth◆to study / revise hard■learn(learnt, learntorlearned, learned) [transitive, intransitive] to gain knowledge or skill by studying, from experience or from being taught; to read and repeat sth in order to be able to remember it学；学习；学会；熟记◆I've forgotten most of what I learned at school.上学时学的东西我大部分都忘记了。◆She's still quite young and she's got a lot to learn.她还年轻，有很多东西要学。◆She's very interested in learning more about Japanese culture.她很想多了解日本文化。◆I'll need to learn how to use the new software.我得要学习怎样使用这种新软件。◆He learned to ride when he was about three years old.他大约三岁时就学会了骑马。◆You'll have to learn your lines(= for an acting part) by next week.你下周前必须把台词背熟。◆Most of the kids here are eager to learn.这里的大多数孩子都很好学。◆All children learn through play(= by playing).所有孩子都从玩耍中学习。◆We have to learn one of Hamlet's speeches for school tomorrow.我们明天上学得背诵哈姆雷特的一段台词。 see also learning ⇨ educationnoun■study [intransitive, transitive] to spend time learning about a subject by reading, doing research or going to school or college学习；攻读◆Michael studied at Sussex University.迈克尔曾就读于萨塞克斯大学。◆He sat up very late that night, studying.那天晚上他学习到深夜。◆As a young composer he studied under Nadia Boulanger(= Nadia Boulanger taught him to be a composer).他年轻时师从纳迪亚•布朗热学习作曲。◆Did you ever study any sciences?你是否曾学习过自然科学？◆She's studying to be an architect.她在学建筑。ⓘ In American English study is the usual word for talking about preparing for a test or exam.在美式英语中，复习备考通常用study◆I have two tests tomorrow, and I've barely had time to study.明天我要参加两个测验，可我几乎没有时间复习功课。◆I was up late studying for my biology final.我熬夜复习功课，准备生物学期末考试。In British English the usual word for this is revise.在英式英语中，表达此义通常用revise。 see also study ⇨ educationnoun■know(knew, known) [transitive] to have learned a skill or language; to have gained knowledge of sth学会，掌握，熟悉（技能或语言）◆Do you know how to use spreadsheets?你知道怎样使用电子数据表吗？◆Do you know any Japanese?你会日语吗？◆He knows this city better than anyone.他比任何人都要熟悉这座城市。 see also knowledge ⇨ knowledge■acquire / /əˈkwaɪə(r)/ / [transitive] (formal) to gain knowledge or a skill获得，得到（知识或技能）◆She has acquired a good knowledge of English.她英语已经学得很好了。◆He decided to put his newly acquired skills to the test.他决定尝试一下自己新学到的技巧。 see also acquire ⇨ get1▸acquisition / /ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/ /
noun
[uncountable] ◆theories of child language acquisition儿童语言习得理论■do(does, did, done) [transitive] to study a subject, topic, book, etc., especially as a class at school or college学习，研究（尤指参加学校的课程）◆I'm doing physics, chemistry and biology.我在学习物理、化学和生物。◆Have you done any(= studied anything by) Keats?你研究过济慈的作品吗？■memorize (memorise) / /ˈmeməraɪz/ / [transitive] to learn sth carefully so that you can remember it exactly记住◆She had memorized his phone number.她已经记住了他的电话号码。◆Each night I tried to memorize long lists of verbs.每天晚上我都努力把一长串一长串的动词记起来。 see also memory ⇨ memory■ˌpick sth ˈup
phrasal verb
(ratherinformal) to get information or gain a skill by chance, without making a deliberate effort（偶然）得到，听到，学会◆I picked up one or two words of Thai while I was on vacation.度假期间我学了一两句泰语。◆This is a tip I picked up from my mother.这个窍门是我从我妈那里学来的。■master /ˈmɑːstə(r); NAmEˈmæstər/ [transitive] to learn or understand sth thoroughly精通；掌握◆Once you've mastered the basics, you can begin to experiment a little.一旦你掌握了基本原理，就可以开始做一些尝试了。■get the ˈhang of sth
idiom
(getting, got, got; NAmEspokengetting, got, gotten) (informal) to learn how to do or use sth掌握⋯的要领；了解⋯的方法◆It seems tricky at first but you'll soon get the hang of it.刚开始似乎很难对付，不过很快你就能掌握其要领。◆I never quite got the hang of riding a bike.我一直没能掌握骑自行车的要领。■revise [intransitive, transitive] (BrE) to prepare for an exam by looking again at sth you have studied and reminding yourself of what you have learned复习；温习◆I can't come out tonight－I'm revising.我今晚不能出去，我在复习。◆She's revising for her exams at the moment.目前她正在复习备考。◆Have you revised geography yet?你复习完地理了吗？▸revision
noun
[uncountable] ◆Have you started your revision yet?你开始复习了吗？■learn sth by ˈheart■know sth by ˈheart
idiom
(learnt, learntorlearned, learned; knew, known)to learn and be able to remember sth such as a poem or set of facts exactly背熟；记住◆He was told to learn the passage by heart.他被告知要把这段文章背熟。◆ (BrE) I had dialled the number so often that I knew it off by heart.这个号码我拨过很多次，都记住了。■review [transitive, intransitive] (especially NAmE) to look again at sth you have learned or studied, especially in order to prepare for a test（尤指为备考而）温习，复习◆Take a little time to review your notes the evening before.前一天晚上你可以花点时间把笔记复习一下。ⓘ If you are talking about an individual student, review must take an object.以单个学生作主语时，review后面必须接宾语◆I need to review for my math final.Use study instead.但这种情况可以用study◆I need to study for my math final.我需要温习功课，准备数学期末考试。However, if you are talking about a teacher leading the class in a review, review can be used with or without an object.但如果是指老师带领全班同学复习功课，review后面接不接宾语均可◆I think it would be a good idea to review the material in chapter 10.我觉得复习第10章的内容是个好主意。◆Next week we're going to be reviewing for the final.下周我们要复习，准备期末考试。▸review
noun
[countable, uncountable] ◆I should have time for a quick review of my notes before the test.测验前我应该有时间把笔记过一遍。◆We'll have time at the end of class for review.接近下课时我们会有时间进行复习。
education
noun
education ♦︎ training ♦︎ study ♦︎ teaching ♦︎ learning ♦︎ instruction ♦︎ tuition ♦︎ schooling ♦︎ mentoring ♦︎ coaching ♦︎ tutoringThese are all words for the process of learning or being taught.这些词均表示教育、培训。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆education / training / teaching / instruction / tuition / schooling / coaching / tutoring in sth◆education / training / study / teaching / tuition / coaching for sth◆education / teaching / learning / instruction about sth◆(a) good education / training / teaching / instruction / schooling / mentoring◆formal education / training / study / teaching / learning / instruction / tuition / schooling / coaching◆(a) basic education / training / teaching / instruction / tuition / schooling / coaching◆compulsory education / training / study / schooling◆private education / teaching / study / tuition / schooling / coaching / tutoring◆public / state education / schooling◆individual / one-to-one education / training / teaching / learning / instruction / tuition / mentoring / coaching / tutoring◆college / university education / teaching / study / tuition◆to have an education / training / instruction / tuition / schooling / coaching / tutoring◆to get / receive an education / training / instruction / tuition / coaching / tutoring◆to provide an education / training / instruction / tuition / schooling / mentoring / coaching / tutoring◆to give sb an education / training / instruction / tuition / coaching / tutoring◆to continue / complete / finish your education / training / studies / schooling■education [uncountable, singular] the process of teaching and learning, especially in schools or colleges, in order to improve knowledge or develop skills; a particular type of teaching or training（尤指学校）教育；培养；训练◆He had little formal education(= education in school, college, etc.).他没怎么接受过正规教育。◆It is only through education that prejudice can be overcome.只有通过教育才能克服偏见。◆Will she go on to higher education(= university or college)?她接下来要上大学深造吗？◆Sex education in schools needs to be improved.学校的性教育需要加强。◆ (BrE) In those days it was very difficult for poorer people to get a university education.那时候穷人要上大学很难。◆ (NAmE) a college education大学教育 see also educate ⇨ teach, educate ⇨ trainverb1, educator ⇨ teacher■training [uncountable] the process of learning the skills that you need to do a job训练；培训◆Few candidates had any training in management.没有几个候选人接受过管理培训。◆No one is allowed to operate the machinery without proper training.未经过适当的培训，任何人都不能操作这组机械。◆Vocational training should not be seen as less important than an academic education.不应一味重视学术教育，而轻视职业培训。◆She's an accountant by training.她经培训成了一名会计师。 see also train ⇨ trainverb1, trainer ⇨ coachnoun■study [uncountable] the activity of learning or gaining knowledge, either from books or by examining things（通过书本或考察的）学习◆Physiology is the study of how living things work.生理学是研究生物机能的学科。◆There's a quiet room set aside for private study.特地安排了一个安静的房间作书房。◆It's important to develop good study skills.培养良好的学习方法很重要。◆Students in the same field of study may have very different skill levels.在同一个领域从事研究的学生，其研究水平也许会大相径庭。ⓘ Studies [plural] (formal) are a particular person's learning activities, for example at a college or university.复数形式的studies指某人的学习活动，如在大学的学习◆Many undertake further studies after passing their exams.很多人考试通过后继续他们的学业。 see also study ⇨ learnverb■teaching [uncountable] the work of a teacher教学；授课；指导◆What made you go into teaching?是什么原因使你从事教学工作的？◆The system should reward good classroom teaching.这个体制应该对出色的课堂教学给予奖励。◆She retired at the end of a 40-year teaching career.她结束了40年的教学生涯，退休了。 see also teach ⇨ teach, teacher ⇨ teacher■learning [uncountable] the process of learning sth学习◆Effective teaching inevitably leads to effective learning.教学效果好，学习效果就会好。◆They run special classes for students with learning difficulties.他们为有学习障碍的学生开设特殊课程。◆You may get extra help if your child has a learning disability.如果你的孩子有学习障碍，你可以得到更多的帮助。◆They're new to the job and will be on a steep learning curve(= will have to learn a lot in a short time).他们刚入职，要在短时间内学习大量知识。 see also learn ⇨ learn■instruction [uncountable] (formal) the act of teaching sth to sb教导；教授；传授◆She had no formal instruction in music.她从未接受过音乐方面的正规指导。◆Religious instruction is banned in all state schools in the country.该国禁止所有公立学校传授宗教教义。◆The medium of instruction in these classes is English.这些课程用英语讲授。 see also instruct ⇨ trainverb1, instructor ⇨ coachnoun■tuition / /tjuˈɪʃn; NAmEtuˈɪʃn/ [uncountable] (ratherformal) the act of teaching sth to sb, especially to one person or to people in small groups（尤指对个人或小组的）教学，讲授，指导◆The price includes two weeks' horse riding plus expert tuition.这一价格包括两周的骑马训练和专业指导。◆One-to-one tuition can be arranged in certain languages.可以安排以某些语言进行一对一讲授。■schooling [uncountable] (formal) the education you receive at school学校教育◆He received very little formal schooling.他几乎没有接受过正规的学校教育。■mentoring /ˈmentɔːrɪŋ/ / [uncountable] individual help with learning a particular job, given by an experienced person to sb younger and less experienced（为年纪较小或经验不足者提供的）个别指导◆The company provides mentoring programmes as well as specialized training for its new employees.该公司向新员工提供专业培训和个别指导。 see also mentor ⇨ adviser■coaching [uncountable] (BrE) the process of giving a student extra teaching in a particular subject（某科目上的）辅导◆Extra coaching is available for students who might need a little more help.需要更多帮助的学生可以得到额外的辅导。ⓘ In American English coaching is usually only used for talking about extra teaching in activities such as sports and acting.在美式英语中，coaching通常仅指对体育竞技或表演等活动的额外指导。 see also coach ⇨ coachnoun, coach ⇨ trainverb1■tutoring /ˈtjuːtərɪŋ; NAmEˈtuːtərɪŋ/ (especially NAmE) coaching（某科目上的）辅导◆Volunteer tutoring programs help children who are having trouble reading.志愿者辅导计划旨在帮助那些有阅读困难的孩子。 see also tutor ⇨ teachverb, tutor ⇨ teachernoun
office2
noun
Are you going to the office today?你今天去办公室吗？Come into my office.到我的办公室来。office ♦︎ study ♦︎ studio ♦︎ workroomThese are all words for a room in which a person works.这些词均表示某个人的办公室、工作室。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a large / small office / study / studio / workroom■office [countable] a room in which a particular person works, usually at a desk（某人的）办公室◆Some people have to share an office.有些人得合用一间办公室。◆Come into my office.到我的办公室来。ⓘ An office may be in a person's home or in a company building, but it is usually used for doing paid work rather than personal reading or writing. * office既可以在自己家里，也可以在公司的办公楼内，但通常用于从事有偿工作而非个人阅读或写作。■study [countable] a room, especially in sb's home, used for reading and writing书房◆She crossed the hallway and opened the door to her private study.她穿过门厅，打开了通往她私人书房的门。■studio /ˈstjuːdiəʊ; NAmEˈstuːdioʊ/ [countable] a room where an artist works（艺术家的）工作室◆He was hoping to convert the cellar into a photographic studio.他盼着把地窖改建成摄影工作室。■workroom [countable] a room in which work is done, especially work that involves making things工作室；工作间；作坊◆The jeweller has a workroom at the back of his shop.珠宝商在他的店铺后面有一间作坊。 see also workshop ⇨ factory
report1
noun
commission a report on the health service委托撰写有关公共医疗服务的调查报告newspaper reports报纸的报道a progress/medical report进度／医疗报告unconfirmed reports of a shooting未经证实的枪击事件传言report ♦︎ study ♦︎ investigation ♦︎ review ♦︎ surveyThese are all words for an official document written by a person or group that has examined a particular situation or problem.这些词均表示调查报告。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a report / an investigation / a survey into sth◆a report / a study / an investigation / a review / a survey by sb◆a / an new / recent / important / major / comprehensive / wide-ranging / extensive report / study / investigation / review / survey◆the latest report / study / investigation / review / survey◆a / an government / official / public / independent report / study / investigation / review / survey◆to do a report / a study / an investigation / a review / a survey◆to undertake a study / an investigation / a review / a survey◆to order a report / a study / an investigation / a review◆to commission a report / study / review / survey◆to call for a report / an investigation / a review◆to publish / release / read a report / study / review / survey◆a report / study / investigation / review / survey finds / shows / reveals / suggests sth◆a report / study / review calls for / proposes / recommends sth■report [countable] an official document written by a group of people who have examined a particular situation or problem调查报告◆The committee will publish their report on the health service in a few weeks.委员会将在几周后发布有关公共医疗服务的调查报告。◆We will have to wait until they deliver their report before we can come to any conclusions.我们得等到他们提交报告后才能下结论。■study [countable] a piece of research that examines a subject or question in detail, especially in order to recommend what should be done（尤指为了提出建议的）专题研究，专项调查◆A recent study revealed an unacceptable level of air pollution in the city.最近的一项研究显示，这个城市的空气污染已经达到令人无法接受的地步。◆The company undertook an in-depth feasibility study(= a study into whether sth is possible and how it could be done) before adopting the new system.采用新系统前，这家公司进行了一次深入的可行性研究。◆A comparative study(= a study comparing two things) was carried out into the environmental costs of different energy sources.对不同能源的环境成本进行了一项比较研究。ⓘ A case study is a detailed study of the development of a person, group or situation over a period of time. * case study指个案研究，是对个人、群体或状况在一段时间内发展的详细研究。 see also study ⇨ researchnoun, study ⇨ examineverb■investigation [countable, uncountable] a formal or academic examination of a situation, especially in order to discover the facts（尤指为了解真相的）正式调查，学术研究◆The government has ordered an official investigation into the matter.政府已下令对此事展开正式调查。◆Closer investigation showed this idea to be untenable.更进一步的研究显示这种构想站不住脚。 see also investigate ⇨ investigate■review [countable] a report on a subject or series of events报告；汇报；述评；回顾◆The first chapter presents a critical review of the existing preschool education system.第一章对现行学前教育体系进行了批判性述评。ⓘ Review is often used to talk about a report that considers all the research and writing about a subject or events over a period of time, and gives an opinion about the current situation or state of knowledge. * review常指报告考虑了某段时期关于某课题或相关事件的所有研究和著作，并就目前情况或知识现状提出意见。 see also review ⇨ examineverb■survey /ˈsɜːveɪ; NAmEˈsɜːrveɪ/ [countable] a general study or description of sth总体研究；概述◆They are carrying out a survey of small businesses in London.他们在对伦敦的小型企业进行总体研究。 see also survey ⇨ examineverb
research
noun
research ♦︎ analysis ♦︎ exploration ♦︎ scrutiny ♦︎ examination ♦︎ study ♦︎ discussion ♦︎ enquiryThese are all words for the process of examining and finding out more about sth, or the result of this process.这些词均表示调查、研究或研究结果。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆research / enquiry into sth◆detailed research / analysis / exploration / scrutiny / examination / study / discussion / enquiry◆close analysis / scrutiny / examination / study◆scientific research / analysis / exploration / scrutiny / examination / study / enquiry◆historical research / analysis / exploration / examination / study / enquiry◆to carry out / conduct / undertake research / analysis / exploration / an examination / a study◆to do research / analysis / a study◆research / analysis / exploration / scrutiny / examination / the study reveals sth◆research / analysis / examination / the study shows / suggests sth■research [uncountable] ( researches [plural]) the process of studying a subject in detail, especially in order to discover new information about it（尤指为了发掘更多信息的）研究，调查，探索◆He's done a lot of research into renewable energy sources.他已经对可再生能源做了大量研究。◆I've done some research to find out the cheapest way of travelling there.为了找到去那里最省钱的方式，我做了一些研究。◆Recent research on deaf children has yielded some interesting results.对失聪儿童的最新研究已经取得了一些有意义的结果。◆We're trying to raise money for cancer research.我们正在努力为癌症研究筹集资金。◆This is a piece of research that should be taken very seriously.这是一项应该严肃认真对待的研究。◆James is a 24-year-old research student from Iowa.詹姆斯是一个来自艾奥瓦州的24岁研究生。◆They pour millions of dollars into research and development(= researching and creating new products).他们投入数百万元进行研发。◆I work for a market research organization(= an organization that finds out what people buy and why).我在一家市场调查机构供职。◆In the course of my researches, I came across some of my grandfather's old letters.在我的研究过程中，我偶然接触到一些祖父的旧信。 see also research ⇨ investigateverb■analysis / /əˈnæləsɪs/ / [uncountable, countable] the process of studying sth in detail in order to understand more about it; the result of this study（对事物的）分析，分析结果◆Most of the information we have so far is based on statistical analysis.迄今为止我们的信息大多基于统计分析得来。◆The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes.这本书分析了贫困及其根源。 see also analyse ⇨ examineNOTE辨析 Research or analysis?When you do research you try to find out new information; when you do analysis you look in more detail at the information you already have, in order to understand it better. * research指试图找到新的信息，analysis指深入了解已有信息。■exploration / /ˌekspləˈreɪʃn/ / [uncountable, countable] the act of travelling through a place in order to find out about it or look for sth; the act of looking at sth or considering it in detail in order to find out more about it勘探；勘查；探索；探究◆The film is a chronicle of man's exploration of space.这部电影讲述了人类太空探索的历史。◆Extensive oil exploration was carried out using the latest drilling technology.应用最新的钻井技术进行了大规模的石油勘探。◆This was the time of Humboldt's explorations in South America.这就是洪堡在南美探索的时期。 see also explore ⇨ investigateverb■scrutiny / /ˈskruːtəni/ / [uncountable] (formal) the act of considering sth in great detail, especially in order to see or decide if it is good enough仔细探究（尤指为了解或评判是否合格）◆Her argument doesn't really stand up to scrutiny.她的论点经不起认真推敲。◆The documents should be available for public scrutiny.这些文件应公诸于世，交由公众审议。◆Foreign policy has come under close scrutiny recently.近来，政府的外交政策受到了认真彻底的审查。 see also scrutinize ⇨ study■examination [uncountable, countable] the act of considering sth in detail, in order to understand more about it or to make a decision or judgement about it（为了更好地理解某事物或对之作决定或判断的）审查，调查，考查◆Your proposals are still under examination.你的几份提案仍在审查之中。◆On closer examination, her story did not seem to stand up.仔细推究起來，她的说法显得站不住脚。◆The chapter concludes with a brief examination of what causes family break-up.本章结束时简要考查了引起家庭破裂的因素。 see also examine ⇨ examine■study [uncountable, countable] the process of considering sth in detail, in order to understand or find out more about it细致考虑；仔细检查；审视◆The scientific study of American dialects began in 1889.对美国方言的科学研究始于1889年。◆A detailed study of the area was carried out.对该地区进行了详细研究。 see also study ⇨ reportnoun1, study ⇨ examineverbNOTE辨析 Examination or study?Examination has a broader range of meaning than study in this meaning. Study is usually more academic, in order to find out more about a subject; examination may be more practical, in order to make a decision about sth.表达此义时，examination含义比study更宽泛。study通常多与学术相关，目的是对某学科有更多了解；examination可能更多出于实际的需要，是为了对某事作出决定。■discussion [countable, uncountable] a speech or piece of writing that discusses many different aspects of a subject详述；论述◆Her article is a discussion of the methods used in research.她这篇文章论述了研究中运用的方法。◆There will be further discussion of these issues in the next chapter.这些问题将在下一章进一步讨论。 see also discuss ⇨ examine■enquiry ( inquiry) [uncountable] the act of asking questions or collecting information about sb/sth查询；探究；探索◆Some regimes have tried to stifle scientific enquiry.有些政权试图扼杀科学探索。◆We are following several lines of enquiry.我们正沿着几条线索进行调查。 see also enquire into sth ⇨ investigateverb