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subject noun
⇨ subject (change the subject) ⇨ area 2 (school subjects) ⇨ citizen (British subjects) subject noun ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ issue 另见issue条subject ♦︎ theme ♦︎ topic ♦︎ motif ♦︎ keynoteThese are all words for a thing, person or idea that is being discussed or described. 这些词均表示主题、话题。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆on a subject / theme / topic◆a / an important / key / major / serious / general subject / theme / topic◆a central theme / topic / motif◆to discuss / consider / deal with / examine / explore / look at / focus on / touch on / tackle a subject / theme / topic■ subject [countable] a thing or person that is being discussed, described or dealt with 主题；话题；题材；问题◆I have nothing more to say on the subject.关于这个问题，我没有更多要说的了。◆Nelson Mandela is the subject of a new biography.有一本关于纳尔逊•曼德拉的新传记。◆I wish you'd change the subject (= talk about sth else).我希望你能换个话题。◆How did we get onto the subject of marriage?我们怎么谈到婚姻问题了呢？◆We seem to have got off the subject we're meant to be discussing.我们似乎偏离了应当讨论的题目。◆The subject of gambling has come up several times lately.赌博这个话题最近出现过几次。 see also subject ⇨ area 2 , subject matter ⇨ message ■ theme / /θiːm/ / [countable] the main idea in a talk, piece of writing or work of art （演讲、文章或艺术作品的）主题，主题思想◆North American literature is the main theme of this year's festival.北美文学是今年艺术节的主题。◆Several familiar themes emerged from the discussion.讨论中出现了几个熟悉的主题。◆The stories are all variations on the theme of unhappy marriage.这些故事讲来讲去无非是各种各样的不幸婚姻。■ topic [countable] a subject that you talk, write or learn about 话题；主题◆The topic for tonight's discussion is...今晚讨论的题目是⋯◆It might be better to avoid such a controversial topic.最好还是避开这样一个有争议的话题。◆The main topic of conversation was Tom's new girlfriend.交谈的主要话题是汤姆的新女友。■ motif /məʊˈtiːf; NAmE moʊˈtiːf/ [countable] a subject, idea or phrase that is repeated and developed in a work of literature or piece of music （文学作品或音乐的）主题，主旨，母题◆Alienation is a central motif in her novels.疏离是她小说的中心主题。■ keynote /ˈkiːnəʊt; NAmE ˈkiːnoʊt/ [countable, usually singular] (especially journalism 尤用于新闻 or politics 政治) the central idea of a book, speech, etc. （书、演说等的）要旨，主题，基调◆Choice is the keynote of the new education policy.新教育政策的基调是容许选择。◆a keynote speech / speaker (= a very important one, introducing a meeting or its subject) 主题发言；主题发言人 area2 noun rural/urban areas 乡村／城市地区areas of study/policy/growth 研究／政策／发展领域area ♦︎ sector ♦︎ field ♦︎ domain ♦︎ subject ♦︎ discipline ♦︎ sphere ♦︎ specialty ♦︎ realm ♦︎ branch ♦︎ specialismThese are all words for divisions of activity, knowledge or interest. 这些词均表示活动、知识或兴趣的领域、方面。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆within / outside the area / sector / field / domain / discipline / sphere / realm of sth◆beyond the domain / sphere / realm of sth◆the public / private / domestic sector / domain / sphere / realm◆the cultural sector / field / domain / sphere / realm◆the social sector / field / sphere / realm◆the economic / military sector / field / sphere◆(the) financial area / sector / sphere◆the political field / domain / sphere / realm◆(the) scientific field / subjects / disciplines / sphere◆to open up a (new) area / field / realm of sth◆to work in the area / sector / field / domain of sth◆to fall within / move into the area / sector / domain / realm of sth■ area [countable] a particular aspect or division of business, knowledge, politics or other activity （商业、知识、政治等活动的）领域，方面◆The report covers several areas of social policy.这份报告涉及社会政策的多个方面。◆Don't ask me about finance－that's Mark's area.别问我财务问题－那是马克负责的范围。◆The big growth area of recent years has been in health clubs.健身俱乐部是近年来发展迅速的领域。■ sector [countable] a part of an area of activity, especially of a country's economy （尤指一国经济活动的）部门，领域，行业◆Public sector institutions have much to learn from private sector companies.公共事业机构有很多地方需要向私营企业学习。◆the manufacturing / service sector制造业；服务业■ field [countable] an area of work or study that sb works in or is interested in 专业；学科；领域◆He was equally famous in the fields of politics and of science.他在政界和科学界同样著名。◆All of them are experts in their chosen field.他们在各自选定的专业中都是专家。◆This discovery has opened up a whole new field of research.这个发现开辟了一个崭新的研究领域。◆'How big was the bomb if it did all that damage?' 'I don't know. It's not my field (= that is not one of the subjects I know about).'“造成这么大的破坏，那颗炸弹得有多大？”“不知道，那不是我的专业。”■ domain / /dəˈmeɪn, dəʊˈmeɪn; NAmE doʊˈmeɪn/ [countable] an area of activity or knowledge, especially one that sb is responsible for （尤指专人负责的活动或知识的）领域，范围，范畴◆Physics used to be very much a male domain.物理学曾在很大程度上是男人的领域。◆Sensitive information should not be released into the public domain.敏感信息不应该对公有领域开放。■ subject [countable] an area of knowledge studied in a school, college or university 学科；科目；课程◆My favourite subject is biology.我最喜欢的学科是生物。◆The core subjects are English, maths and science.核心课程是英语、数学和自然科学。 see also subject ⇨ subject ■ discipline [countable] (formal) an area of knowledge; a subject that people study or are taught, especially at university 知识领域；（尤指大学的）学科，科目◆Scholars from various disciplines have been working on these problems.来自不同领域的学者一直致力于解决这些问题。■ sphere /sfɪə(r); NAmE sfɪr/ [countable] an area of activity, influence or interest; a particular section of society （活动、影响或兴趣的）范围，领域；（社会的）阶层◆Debate should be confined to the sphere of economics rather than politics.辩论应限定在经济领域而不是政治领域。◆This area was formerly within the sphere of influence of the US.这一地区先前属于美国的势力范围。◆He and I moved in totally different social spheres.我和他进入了完全不同的社会圈子。■ specialty /ˈspeʃəlti/ / [countable] (especially NAmE) an area of work or study that sb gives most of their attention to and knows a lot about; sth that sb is good at 专业；专长◆He is a lawyer with a specialty in international tax.他是专长于国际税法的律师。◆Telling jokes is my specialty!讲笑话是我的专长！■ realm / /relm/ / [countable] an area of activity, interest or knowledge （活动、兴趣或知识的）领域，场所◆Questions of consciousness lie outside the realm of physics.有关知觉的问题超出了物理学的领域。◆At the end of the speech he seemed to be moving into the realms of fantasy.讲话的最后，他似乎进入了虚幻的境地。ⓘ The word realm is often used to draw attention to the boundaries between one area of interest and another: things are within/outside/beyond the realms of sth or people enter/move into the realms of sth. * realm常用来强调一种兴趣领域与另一种兴趣领域之间的界限，常用表达方式为within/outside/beyond the realms of sth（在⋯领域之内／之外；超出⋯的领域）和enter/move into the realms of sth（进入⋯领域）。■ branch [countable] a division of a subject （学科的）分支◆The aim is to bring together researchers from different branches of geography.目的在于将地理学科不同分支的研究人员聚集到一起。■ specialism / /ˈspeʃəlɪzəm/ / [countable, uncountable] an area of study or work that sb officially gives most of their attention to, especially in the context of a course of study or a particular company （尤指研究方向或企业的）专业，专长◆He's doing a business degree with a specialism in computing.他正在读一个专修计算机技术的商学位。◆Dr Crane's specialism is tropical diseases.克兰博士的研究专长是热带病。 citizen noun citizen ♦︎ voter ♦︎ taxpayer ♦︎ native ♦︎ national ♦︎ subjectThese are all words for a person who belongs to a particular country and has legal rights there. 这些词均表示公民、国民。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a citizen / native / national of a country◆a British citizen / voter / taxpayer / national / subject◆a US / Australian, etc. citizen / voter / taxpayer / national◆an ordinary / average citizen / voter / taxpayer◆a foreign / fellow citizen / national■ citizen [countable] a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country 公民◆She's Italian by birth, but is now an Australian citizen.她生于意大利，但现在是澳大利亚公民。 see also citizen ⇨ resident ▸ citizenship noun [uncountable] ◆You can apply for citizenship after five years' residency.居住满五年可申请公民身份。■ voter [countable] a person who votes or has the right to vote, especially in a political election （尤指政治选举中的）投票人，选举人，有选举权的人◆Only 60% of eligible voters actually used their vote.只有60%的合资格选民行使了选举权。■ taxpayer / /ˈtækspeɪə(r)/ / [countable] a person who pays tax to the government, especially on the money that they earn 纳税人◆The changes make an average taxpayer £2.50 a week better off.这些改革使纳税人平均每周少交2.50英镑的税。◆Hundreds of thousands of pounds of taxpayers' money have been spent on the project.这个项目已经花上纳税人的几十万英镑。ⓘ The taxpayer is often used to refer to the ordinary people of a country as a group, when talking about government spending. 在谈论政府支出时，taxpayer常指一国的老百姓群体◆What is the cost to the taxpayer of hosting the Olympics?举办奥运会要花纳税人多少钱？◆Should politicians be able to travel first class at the taxpayer's expense?政客出行能花纳税人的钱坐头等舱吗？◆It was estimated to have cost the US taxpayer $35 billion.据估计，这花费了美国纳税人350亿美元。 ■ native [countable] a person who was born in a particular country or area 出生于某国（或某地）的人◆She was not a native of the island, but had lived there for many years.她不是在那个岛出生的，但在那儿生活了很多年。 see also native ⇨ resident noun , native ⇨ cultural adj. ■ national [countable] (rather formal) a person who belongs to a particular country （某国的）公民◆The government has advised British nationals to leave the area.政府建议英国公民离开该地区。ⓘ Nationals is used especially when talking about people of a particular nationality who are abroad, for example living and working in a foreign country. * national尤指在国外生活、工作的侨民。▸ nationality / /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti/ / noun [uncountable, countable] ◆She has dual nationality (= is a citizen of two countries).她有双重国籍。◆The college attracts students of all nationalities.这所大学吸引着各国的学生。■ subject [countable] (rather formal) a person who has the right to belong to a particular country, especially one with a king or queen （尤指君主制国家的）国民，臣民◆British subjects and Commonwealth citizens do not need visas.英国国民和英联邦公民不需要签证。◆The prince had to tax his subjects heavily to raise money for the war.国王不得不对他的臣民征重税来为战争筹款。 |