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treatise noun
⇨ paper paper noun ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ article and ⇨ assignment 另见article条和assignment条paper ♦︎ essay ♦︎ thesis ♦︎ dissertation ♦︎ monograph ♦︎ treatise ♦︎ tractThese are all words for a piece of academic writing on a particular subject. 这些词均表示学术论文。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a paper / an essay / a thesis / a dissertation / a monograph / a treatise / a tract on sth◆a paper / an essay / a thesis / a dissertation / a monograph / a treatise about sth◆a short paper / essay / thesis / monograph / treatise / tract◆a long paper / essay / dissertation / treatise / tract◆a research paper / essay / thesis / dissertation / monograph◆a recent paper / essay / dissertation / monograph◆a scholarly paper / essay / monograph / treatise◆to write / read a paper / an essay / a thesis / a dissertation / a monograph / a treatise / a tract◆to publish a paper / an essay / a thesis / a monograph / a treatise / a tract◆to submit a paper / an essay / a thesis / a dissertation■ paper [countable] an academic article about a particular subject that is written by and for specialists 论文◆a recent paper in the Journal of Medicine最近刊在《医学学报》上的一篇论文◆She was invited to give a paper (= a talk) on the results of her research.她应邀作学术演讲，报告她的研究成果。ⓘ In American English a paper can also be a piece of written work done by a student. 在美式英语中，paper也可以指学生写的论文◆Your grade will be based on four papers and a final exam.你的成绩由四篇论文和期末考试来评定。 ■ essay [countable] a short piece of writing by a student as part of their studies; a short piece of writing on a particular subject, written in order to be published （作为课程作业，学生写的）文章，短文；（用于发表的）论说文，小品文◆We have to write an essay on the causes of the First World War.我们得写一篇关于第一次世界大战起因的文章。◆The book contains a number of interesting essays on women in society.本书有多篇关于社会女性的有趣文章。■ thesis / /ˈθiːsɪs/ / (plural theses / /ˈθiːsiːz/ / ) [countable] a long piece of writing completed by a student as part of a university degree, based on their own research 论文；毕业论文；学位论文◆Students must submit a thesis on an agreed subject within four years.学生必须在四年内提交一篇选题经过认可的论文。◆ (BrE) a doctoral / PhD thesis博士学位论文◆ (NAmE) a thesis for a master's degree硕士学位论文 see also thesis ⇨ theory 2 ■ dissertation /ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn; NAmE ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn/ [countable] a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one written for a university degree 专题论文；学位论文◆She is writing her dissertation on the history of the Knights Templar.她正撰写关于圣殿骑士团历史的学位论文。NOTE 辨析 Thesis or dissertation?These words are often used differently by different universities. For example, some universities use thesis in connection with a doctoral degree (= the highest level of degree), while others use dissertation. In general, thesis emphasizes that the piece of writing contains original research that the writer has done in order to support a particular theory or idea. 不同的大学常常使用不同的词。如博士学位论文，一些大学用thesis，另一些大学则用dissertation。一般来说，thesis强调论文中有作者独创性的研究，以证实某种理论或思想。■ monograph /ˈmɒnəgrɑːf; NAmE ˈmɑːnəgræf/ [countable] (technical 术语) a detailed written study of a single, often limited subject, usually in the form of a short book 专论，专题文章，专著（通常为一本薄书）◆He has published several books on Cubism and numerous monographs on individual artists.他已经发表了几本关于立体主义的书，以及多篇针对个别艺术家的专题文章。■ treatise /ˈtriːtɪs, ˈtriːtɪz/ [countable] (formal) a long and serious piece of writing that examines a particular subject （长篇的）专题论文◆Any of these questions would deserve a lengthy treatise, perhaps even a small book.这些问题中的任何一个都值得写一篇长论文，甚至是一本小书来探讨。■ tract [countable] (sometimes disapproving) a short piece of writing, especially on a religious, moral or political subject, that is intended to influence people's ideas （尤指宣传宗教、伦理或政治的）短文，传单，小册子◆He wrote several tracts on the dangers of alcohol.他写了几本有关酒精危害的小册子。◆socialist / feminist tracts社会主义／女权主义宣传册 |