work noun ⇨work1 (hard work)⇨work2 (find work)⇨work3 (do pioneering work in microbiology)⇨work4 (a work of fiction)⇨factory (a steelworks)⇨office1 (go to work)⇨task (police work)⇨at work⇨busyadj.1⇨out of work⇨unemployedadj.⇨be in work⇨workverb2work verb ⇨work1 (work on an assignment)⇨work2 (work as a teacher)⇨work3 (The phone isn't working.)⇨affect (work in your favour)⇨campaign (work for peace)⇨drive2 (work sb too hard)⇨farm (work the land)⇨operate (How do you work the DVD player?)
work1
noun
hard work用功find work找工作do pioneering work in microbiology在微生物领域作探索性研究a work of fiction/art小说；艺术品work ♦︎ labour ♦︎ service ♦︎ toil ♦︎ drudgery ♦︎ slogThese are all words for the use of physical strength or mental power in order to do or make sth.这些词均表示工作、劳动。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆hard work / labour / toil / slog◆daily work / labour / toil / drudgery / slog◆manual / physical / honest / unremitting work / labour / toil◆hours / years / a lifetime of work / labour / service / toil / drudgery■work [uncountable] the use of physical strength or mental power in order to do or make sth工作；劳动◆She earned her grades through sheer hard work.她的学习成绩完全靠刻苦用功得来。◆We started work on the project in 2002.我们于2002年开始干这个项目。◆Work continues on renovating the hotel.这家宾馆的修缮工作在继续。◆Let's get to work(= start working).我们开始工作吧。◆She set them to work painting the fence.她让他们给栅栏刷油漆。■labour (BrE) (NAmElabor) / /ˈleɪbə(r)/ / [uncountable] work, especially physical work劳动；（尤指）体力劳动◆These women were generally accustomed to hard manual labour(= work using their hands).这些妇女对繁重的体力劳动一般都习以为常了。◆The price will include the labour and materials.这个价格包含劳务费和材料费。◆The company wants to keep down labour costs.这家公司想保持低劳动成本。■service [uncountable] the work that sb does for an organization, especially when it continues for a long time or is admired very much（尤指长期、受到敬重的）工作，效劳，服务◆She has just celebrated 25 years' service with the company.她刚刚庆祝在公司任职25周年。◆The employees have good conditions of service.员工有良好的工作条件。■toil [uncountable] (formalorliterary) hard unpleasant work that makes you very tired苦工；劳累的工作◆His hands bore the scars of a life of hardship and toil.他手上的疤痕记录着他一生的艰辛和劳苦。■drudgery / /ˈdrʌdʒəri/ / [uncountable] (disapproving) hard boring work, especially housework or office work繁重无聊的工作（尤指家务或办公室的工作）◆Once married, she was condemned to a life of domestic drudgery.一旦结婚，她就注定过家务繁重的生活了。■slog [countable, usually singular] (informal, disapproving) sth that is difficult or boring, or that requires a lot of hard work, such as a long, tiring walk艰苦（或乏味）的努力（如长距离、疲惫地行走）◆It was a long slog to the top of the mountain.到山顶的路漫长而又艰难。ⓘ Especially in British English slog [uncountable] can also be a period of hard work or effort.尤其在英式英语中，slog还可以指一段时间的艰苦工作或努力◆ (especially BrE) Writing the book took ten months of hard slog.这本书是用了十个月的时间辛苦写出来的。
work2
noun
hard work用功find work找工作do pioneering work in microbiology在微生物领域作探索性研究a work of fiction/art小说；艺术品➡ See also the entry for ⇨ job另见job条work ♦︎ employment ♦︎ career ♦︎ profession ♦︎ occupation ♦︎ practice ♦︎ tradeThese are all words for the work that sb does in return for payment, especially over a long period of time.这些词均表示工作、职业。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆sb's chosen work / employment / career / profession / occupation / trade◆(a) professional work / employment / career / occupation / practice◆(a) skilled / manual work / employment / occupation / trade◆(a) full-time / part-time / permanent work / employment / career / occupation◆(a) regular work / employment / occupation / trade◆(a) casual / seasonal work / employment / occupation◆(a) well-paid work / employment / profession / occupation◆(a) low-paid work / employment / occupation◆to have / pursue work / employment / a career / a profession / an occupation / a trade◆to take up work / employment / a career / a profession / an occupation / ...practice / a trade◆to go back / return to work / employment / a career / a profession / ...practice◆to look for / seek / find work / employment / a career / an occupation■work [uncountable] the job that sb does, especially in order to earn money工作；职业◆He's been out of work for over a year.他已经失业一年多了。◆ (BrE) It is a country where most women with young children are in paid work.在这个国家，大部分有了小孩儿的妇女都工作赚钱。◆She's planning to return to work in September.她打算9月份恢复上班。◆Would you give up work if you won the lottery?如果你中了彩票，你会不上班了吗？◆Any kind of work with kids would suit him fine.任何跟孩子打交道的工作都很适合他。◆'Where's John?' 'He's still at work.'“约翰在哪儿？”“还在上班呢。”◆She's been off work(= not at work) for three weeks.她已经三周没上班了。◆He started work as a security guard.他开始工作时做保安。 see also work ⇨ office1■employment [uncountable] (ratherformal) work, especially when it is done to earn money; the situation in which people have work工作；职业；受雇◆It's getting more and more difficult for young people to find regular employment.年轻人要找到固定工作越来越难。◆The government aims to have full employment(= a situation in which everyone who wants a job has one) within five years.政府的目标是在五年内达至充分就业。OPPunemployment ⇨ unemployment see also employ ⇨ employ■career [countable] the job or series of jobs that sb has in a particular area of work, usually involving more responsibility as time passes生涯；职业◆I never wanted a military career.我从未想过要从军。◆Kelly's career took off(= started to be successful) when she was spotted at a talent contest.凯莉在一次才艺比赛中被发现之后，事业便开始腾飞。◆His career spanned(= continued over) four decades.他的职业生涯长达四十载。◆By 2001, she was at the peak of her career(= at the most successful point in her career).到2001年，她到达了事业的巅峰。◆I didn't think it was a very good career move.我认为那不是职业发展上的明智之举。◆It's time for a career change.该换个职业了。■profession [countable] a type of job that needs special training or skill, especially one that needs a high level of education（需要专门技能，尤指需要较高教育水平的）行业，职业◆Alan's a teacher by profession.艾伦的职业是教师。◆He hopes to enter the medical profession.他希望进入医疗行业。◆I joined the profession when I was in my early twenties.我二十出头就入了这一行。◆She's at the top of her profession.她是她那个行业的佼佼者。ⓘ Especially in British English, the professions [plural] are the traditional jobs that need a high level of education and training, such as being a doctor or lawyer.尤其在英式英语中，the professions指需要较高教育水平和技能的医生或律师等传统职业◆employment in industry and the professions实业界与专业界的工作The profession [singular + singular or plural verb] is all the people who work in a particular profession. * the profession指某职业界。▸professional
adjective
◆Most of the people on the course were professional women.选修本课程的大部分人是职业女性。◆professional qualifications / skills专业资格／技能■occupation /ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn; NAmEˌɑːkjuˈpeɪʃn/ [countable] (ratherformal) a job or profession工作；职业◆Please state your name, age, and occupation.请写明你的姓名、年龄和职业。◆Why is nursing still seen as a female occupation?为什么护理工作仍被看作是一种女性从事的职业？■practice [uncountable] the work or business of some professional people such as doctors and lawyers（医生或律师等的）工作，业务活动◆Students should have prior experience of veterinary practice.学生应有做兽医的经验。◆My analyst is no longer in practice.我的分析师已经不再从业了。 see also practice ⇨ company■trade [countable] a job, especially one that involves working with your hands and requires special training and skills（尤指手工）职业，行当；手艺◆She's now a carpenter by trade.她现在以木工为业。◆My parents always wanted me to leave school early and learn a trade.我父母总想让我早些毕业学一门手艺。 see also trade ⇨ industry
work3
noun
hard work用功find work找工作do pioneering work in microbiology在微生物领域作探索性研究a work of fiction/art小说；艺术品work ♦︎ achievement ♦︎ triumph ♦︎ feat ♦︎ accomplishment ♦︎ coup ♦︎ resultsThese are all words for sth that is produced as a result of work.这些词均表示工作成果。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a great / remarkable work / achievement / triumph / feat / accomplishment / coup◆a major / spectacular work / achievement / triumph / feat / coup◆a significant work / achievement / accomplishment / coup◆a / an impressive / notable work / achievement / feat / accomplishment◆a brilliant work / achievement / feat / coup◆a real achievement / triumph / feat / accomplishment / coup◆your own work / achievement / accomplishment◆a / an literary / artistic / scientific work / achievement / accomplishment◆to constitute / represent / see sth as an achievement / a triumph / a coup◆quite a / an achievement / feat / accomplishment / coup■work [uncountable] a thing or things that are produced or achieved as a result of working工作成果；产品；作品◆She's an artist whose work I really admire.她这位艺术家的作品令我赞赏不已。◆Is this all your own work(= did you do it without help from others)?这件作品是你独立完成的吗？◆The book is a detailed and thorough piece of work.本书是缜密翔实的力作。◆Her written work is the best in the class.她的写作是班上最好的。◆He did pioneering work on microbes.他对微生物的研究是开拓性的。◆The art collection was his life's work.这些艺术品收藏是他一生的成就。◆The showroom has been designed so that people can see work in progress.展厅的设计使人们能看到工作过程。■achievement [countable] (approving) an impressive thing that sb has done, especially using their own effort and skill（尤指通过自身努力或技能取得的）成就，成绩，功绩◆It was a remarkable achievement for such a young player.如此年轻的选手有这样的成绩真是了不起。◆They were proud of their children's achievements.他们为孩子们的成绩感到自豪。◆This is probably his greatest scientific achievement.这可能是他最伟大的科学成果。 see also achieve ⇨ achieve■triumph / /ˈtraɪʌmf/ / [countable] (approving) a great success, achievement or victory; an excellent example of how successful sth can be巨大成功；重大成就；伟大胜利；（成功的）典范◆It was a personal triumph over her old rival.这是她对老对手的个人胜利。◆Her arrest was a triumph of international cooperation.成功捕获她是国际合作的典范。■feat [countable] (approving) an action or a piece of work that needs skill, strength or courage技艺；武艺；英勇事迹；（需要技能、力量或勇气的）杰作◆The tunnel is a brilliant feat of engineering.这条隧道是工程方面的光辉杰作。◆Dragging the fully laden boat across the sand dunes was no mean feat.将一条满载的船拖过沙丘可不是件容易事。■accomplishment / /əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt; NAmEəˈkɑːmlɪʃmənt/ [countable] (ratherformal, oftenapproving) an impressive thing that is done or achieved after a lot of work成就；成绩◆The administration's success in cutting the budget was an impressive accomplishment.这届政府成功削减了预算，是个了不起的成就。◆the technical accomplishments of modern medicine现代医学技术成就 see also accomplish ⇨ achieveNOTE辨析 Achievement or accomplishment?Achievement is usually used to talk about a person's academic, professional, artistic or sporting success. Accomplishment is often used to talk about a great success which has benefited others, especially in politics and in contexts in which important inventions are described. * achievement通常指个人在学术、职业、艺术或体育竞技上的成就。accomplishment常指让大众受益的伟大成就，尤指政治上的成绩，或用于描述重大发明。■coup /kuː/ / [countable, usually singular] (written, oftenapproving) an impressive and surprising success令人惊叹的成功◆Getting this contract has been quite a coup for us.争取到这份合同是我们的一大成就。◆He pulled off a major diplomatic coup by winning agreement from all the warring factions on a permanent ceasefire.说服交战各方同意签署永久停火协议是他在外交上取得的重大成就。ⓘ Coup is often used with adjectives like spectacular, significant, remarkable and greatest. It is also used to describe successful information campaigns after nouns like publicity, intelligence and propaganda. * coup常与spectacular、significant、remarkable和greatest等形容词连用，还用在publicity、intelligence和propaganda等名词后，指成功的宣传或情报活动。■results [plural] success achieved by actions or efforts成果；成效◆The project is beginning to show results.这项工程开始显现出成效。◆He's a coach who knows how to get results from his players.他是位知道如何挖掘队员潜能的教练。
work4
noun
hard work用功find work找工作do pioneering work in microbiology在微生物领域作探索性研究a work of fiction/art小说；艺术品work ♦︎ writings ♦︎ piece ♦︎ masterpiece ♦︎ composition ♦︎ work of art ♦︎ oeuvreThese are all words for sth that has been created by an artist, writer or musician.这些词均表示艺术家、作家或音乐家的作品。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a work / piece / masterpiece / composition / work of art by sb◆a / an great / original work / piece / masterpiece / composition / work of art◆a / an orchestral / choral work / piece / masterpiece / composition◆a / an classical / abstract work / piece / composition◆sb's collected / complete works / writings◆to perform a work / piece / composition■work [countable] a book, painting or piece of music that has been created by sb著作；（绘画或音乐）作品◆The film is based on an early work by Alan Moore.这部影片取材于艾伦•穆尔的早期作品。◆works of fiction / literature小说；文学作品◆Chopin's piano works肖邦的钢琴曲■writings [plural] a group of pieces of writing, especially by a particular person or on a particular subject（尤指某人或某专题的）著作，文字作品◆His experiences in Morocco influenced his later writings.他在摩洛哥的经历影响了他后来的写作。◆the writings of Sun Tzu孙子的著作 see also writing ⇨ literature, write ⇨ write2■piece [countable] a single item of music, writing, poetry or art（音乐、写作、诗歌或艺术作品的）一支，一篇，一首，一件◆The orchestra performed pieces by Ravel and Prokofiev.管弦乐队演奏了拉威尔和普罗科菲耶夫的几支曲子。ⓘ You can have a piece of music/writing/poetry/art, but piece on its own usually means a piece of music, except in formal language and where the context is clear.可以说a piece of music/writing/poetry/art，但是piece单独使用时通常指一首音乐作品，除非用于正式文体或上下文语义非常清楚的情况◆Auditioning students are required to play a solo piece of their choice.试演的学生必须演奏一支自选的独奏曲。◆ (formal) They have some beautiful pieces(= paintings, drawings, etc.) in their home.他们家里有一些精美的艺术品。 see also piece ⇨ article➡ See also the entry for ⇨ song另见song条■masterpiece / /ˈmɑːstəpiːs; NAmEˈmæstərpiːs/ [countable] a work of art, literature, film, etc. that is an excellent, or the best, example of the artist's work（艺术、文学或电影等的）代表作，杰作，名著◆The work has been described as a literary masterpiece.这部作品被称作文学巨著。◆This is an excellent production of Verdi's masterpiece.这是威尔第代表作的出色演绎。◆Her work is a masterpiece of simplicity(= an excellent example of sth simple).她的作品是朴实风格的典范。■composition /ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn; NAmEˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃn/ [countable] (formal) a piece of music, poetry or art（音乐、诗歌或艺术）作品◆one of Stravinsky's finest compositions斯特拉文斯基的佳作之一 see also compose ⇨ write2NOTE辨析 Work, piece or composition?Work emphasizes that sth has been created with effort by sb, and can be used to talk about any type of art, literature or music. Piece is often used to talk about shorter items of music. Composition is also mostly used to talk about music, but may also be used to talk about poetry and art. * work强调努力的成果，可以指任何种类的艺术、文学或音乐作品。piece常指短小的音乐作品。composition也多指音乐作品，但也可以指诗歌和艺术品。■ˌwork of ˈart(pluralworks of art) [countable] an object that has been created by an artist, especially a painting, drawing or statue艺术品（尤指油画、绘画或雕塑）◆A number of priceless works of art were stolen from the gallery.好几件珍贵的艺术品在美术馆被盗。■oeuvre /ˈɜːvrə/ / [singular] (from French, formal) all the works that have been created by a writer, artist or composer（作家、艺术家或作曲家的）全部作品◆She created an oeuvre that is both refreshing and overwhelming.她创作的艺术作品既清新宜人又不乏震撼力。
factory
noun
factory ♦︎ plant ♦︎ mill ♦︎ works ♦︎ yard ♦︎ workshop ♦︎ foundryThese are all words for buildings or places where things are made or where industrial processes take place.这些词均表示工厂、车间、工场。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a car / chemical / munitions factory / plant◆an engineering plant / works◆to manage / run a factory / plant / mill / works / yard / workshop / foundry◆to work in / at a factory / plant / mill / yard / workshop / foundry◆a factory / plant / mill / works / workshop / foundry makes / manufactures / produces sth◆factory / mill / foundry owners / managers / workers■factory [countable] a building or group of buildings where goods are made工厂；制造厂◆a chocolate / cigarette / clothing / soap factory巧克力厂；香烟厂；服装厂；肥皂厂◆The factory closed down ten years ago.那家工厂十年前倒闭了。■plant [countable] a factory or place where power is produced or an industrial process takes place发电厂；工厂◆a nuclear power plant核电厂◆a / an assembly / manufacturing / production plant装配厂；制造厂；生产厂◆a sewage (treatment) plant(= a place where chemicals are used to clean sewage)污水处理厂■mill [countable] (often in compounds常构成复合词) a factory that produces a particular type of material（生产特定材料的）工厂，制造厂◆a cotton / paper / textile / woollen mill棉纺厂；造纸厂；纺织厂；毛纺厂■works [countable + singular or plural verb] (often in compounds常构成复合词) a place where things are made or an industrial process takes place工厂；制造厂◆a steelworks炼钢厂◆Raw materials were carried to the works by barge.原材料由驳船运到工厂。■yard [countable] (usually in compounds通常用于构成复合词) an area of land used for building or growing sth（建造或种植某物的）区域，场地◆a shipyard船坞◆a construction yard建筑工地◆a vineyard(= for growing grapes to make wine)为酿酒而种植的葡萄园■workshop [countable] a room or building where things are made or repaired using tools or machinery车间；工场；作坊◆a car repair workshop汽车修理厂◆The craftsmen worked in a freezing cold workshop.工匠在极度寒冷的作坊里干活儿。 see also workroom ⇨ office2■foundry [countable] a factory where metal or glass is melted and made into different shapes or objects铸造厂；玻璃厂◆an iron foundry铸铁厂
office1
noun
Are you going to the office today?你今天去办公室吗？Come into my office.到我的办公室来。office ♦︎ headquarters ♦︎ work ♦︎ workplace ♦︎ baseThese are all words for a room, set of rooms or building where people work.这些词均表示人们工作的办公室、办公楼、工作场所。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆(a / an) permanent / temporary / main / local / regional / administrative office / headquarters / base◆(a) district / national / international / council / government / campaign office / headquarters◆(a / an) army / military / enemy / rebel / operational / business headquarters / base◆to go to / come to / arrive at / get to / leave the office / headquarters / work◆to have / establish / set up an office / headquarters / a base■office [countable] a room, set of rooms or building where people work, usually sitting at desks办公室；办公楼◆The company is moving to new offices on the other side of town.公司要迁往城另一边的新办公楼。◆Are you going to the office today?你今天去办公室吗？◆We ought to inform head office.我们应该通知总部。■headquarters [countable, uncountable + singular or plural verb] a place from which an organization or military operation is controlled; the people who work there总部；总公司；大本营；司令部◆Several companies have their headquarters in the area.有几家公司总部设在这个地区。◆I'm now based at headquarters.我目前在总公司工作。◆Headquarters in Dublin have agreed.都柏林总部已经同意了。ⓘ Headquarters is often abbreviated to HQ. * headquarters常缩写为HQ◆There's a general message to all staff from HQ.有一条总部发给全体员工的一般信息。■work [uncountable] (used without the不与the连用) the place where you do your job工作地点；工作单位；工作场所◆I go to work at 8 o'clock.我8点钟去上班。◆The new legislation concerns health and safety at work.这项新法规涉及工作场所的健康与安全。◆Her friends from work came to see her in the hospital.她工作单位的朋友来医院看望她。 see also work ⇨ worknoun2■workplace /ˈwɜːkpleɪs; NAmEˈwɜːrkpleɪs/ [countable] (especially business尤用于商业orjournalism新闻) the office, factory, etc. where people work工作场所◆The introduction of new technology into the workplace has affected everyone in some way.把新技术引进到工作场所在某程度上已影响了每个人。◆These safety standards apply to all workplaces.这些安全标准适用于所有工作场所。ⓘ Workplace is often used in the phrase the workplace. It is mostly used in broadcasting, journalism, and in fairly formal work contexts. * workplace常用在短语the workplace中，主要用于广播节目、新闻报道和颇为正式的工作语境中。■base [countable] the main place where a business operates from总部；大本营◆The company has its base in New York, and branch offices all over the world.公司总部设在纽约，分支遍布全世界。ⓘ Base is a fairly general term, and can also be used to talk about the main place where a person lives or stays. * base含义很广，亦可指某人居住或逗留的主要地点。
task
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ assignment另见assignment条task ♦︎ work ♦︎ duty ♦︎ mission ♦︎ job ♦︎ business ♦︎ housework ♦︎ chore ♦︎ errand ♦︎ commissionThese are all words for a piece of work that sb has to do.这些词均表示任务、工作。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆(a) routine task / work / duties / mission / job / business / chore◆(a) daily / day-to-day task / work / duties / job / business / chore◆(a / an) easy / difficult task / work / mission / job◆(a) challenging task / work / job◆(a) dangerous task / work / mission / job◆(a) household / domestic task / work / duties / job / chore◆to do a task / your work / a job / business / the housework / a chore / an errand◆to have a task / work / job / the housework / a chore / an errand to do◆to get the task / work / job / housework / chores done◆to get on with a task / your work / a job / the housework / a chore◆to carry out a task / the work / your duties / a mission / a job / a commission◆to finish a task / the work / a mission / a job / your business / the housework / the chores◆to take on / undertake a task / the work / your duties / a mission / a job◆to tackle / approach a task / the work / a job◆to give sb a task / some work / their duties / a mission / a job / a chore / a commission◆to set (sb) a task / their duties◆to accept a task / a mission / a commission◆to be on a mission / a job / business / an errand■task [countable] a piece of work that sb has to do, especially a difficult or unpleasant one（尤指艰巨或令人厌烦的）任务，工作◆Our first task will be to set up a communications system.我们的首项任务是架设通信系统。◆She had the unenviable task of talking to the missing girl's parents.她承担了和失踪女孩的父母谈话的艰难任务。◆The task eventually fell to me(= I had to do it).这项任务最终落到我头上。◆Getting hold of the information was no easy task(= it was difficult).把这一情报搞到手绝非易事。■work [uncountable] the tasks and activities that are part of your job; tasks that need to be done职责；工作内容◆Police work is mainly routine.警察的工作基本上都是按部就班的。◆I have some work for you to do.我有些事要你做。◆Stop talking and get on with your work.别说话了，继续干你们的活吧。■duty [uncountable] ( duties [plural]) the work that is your job; tasks that are part of your job职责；任务◆Report for duty at 8 a.m.早上8点钟报到上班。◆He was accused of neglecting his professional duties.他被控玩忽职守。◆Your duties will include setting up a new computer system.你的职责包括建立一个新的计算机系统。◆The suspect was charged with obstructing an officer in the course of his duties(= while doing what his job requires).嫌疑犯被控防碍执行公务罪。NOTE辨析 Work or duties?Both these words refer to things that you do as part of your job, but work has a wider meaning than duties. Your duties are the list of tasks that you have to do because they are your responsibility and that you can be criticized or punished for not doing. Your work is all the activities that you do in the course of doing your job, and these activities may be seen as opportunities as much as responsibilities.这两个词均表示工作范围内的事，但work的意思比duty广。duty指必须要做的工作或职责，不做会受到批评或处罚。work指工作过程中的所有活动，这些活动可被视为责任，也可看作是机会。■mission / /ˈmɪʃn/ / [countable] an important official job that a person or group of people is given to do, especially when they are sent to another country（尤指派往他国的）官方使命，使团的使命◆a trade mission to China赴华贸易使命◆The mission ended in failure.这项使命以失败告终。◆They undertook a fact-finding mission in the region.他们承担了在该地区调查真相的工作。■job [countable] a piece of work that sb has to do（一项）事务；（一件）工作，活儿，事情◆I've got various jobs around the house to do.我在家里有各种各样的活儿要干。◆Sorting these papers is going to be a long job.整理这些文件是件很费工夫的事。◆Bringing up kids is a full-time job.带孩子是一个全职工作。◆He spends his time doing odd jobs(= various jobs in the home).他把时间用在干家里的杂活。NOTE辨析 Task or job?A task may be more difficult than a job and require you to think carefully about how you are going to do it. A job may be sth small that is one of several jobs that you have to do, especially in the home; or it can be sth that takes a long time and is boring and/or needs a lot of patience. * task可能比job艰巨，需要仔细思考如何去做；job可指几件要做的事情中的一件小事，尤指家务活；job有时指费时、沉闷或需要极大耐心的工作。■business [uncountable] work that is part of your job, especially work that involves talking and doing deals with other people in business商务；公事◆a business trip / lunch出差；工作午餐◆Is the trip to Rome business or pleasure?这次去罗马是出差还是游玩？◆She's away on business.她出差去了。OPPpleasure ⇨ entertainment➡ See also the entry for ⇨ business2另见business条第2义■housework / /ˈhaʊswɜːk; NAmEˈhaʊswɜːrk/ [uncountable] the work involved in taking care of a home and family, for example cleaning and cooking（打扫和做饭等）家务活，家务事◆I spent all morning doing housework.我用了一个上午做家务。■chore [countable] a task that you have to do regularly, especially one that you do in the home and find unpleasant or boring日常事务，例行工作（尤指令人厌烦或乏味无聊的家务事）◆Of all the household chores, I hate ironing most.所有的家务事中，我最不喜欢熨衣服。◆I find shopping a real chore(= a boring and unpleasant job).对我来说，购物真是件苦差事。■errand /ˈerənd/ / [countable] a job that you do for sb that involves going somewhere, for example in order to buy sth, deliver sth or take a message（替别人做的）差使，差事◆He often runs errands for his grandmother.他经常给他的祖母跑腿儿。■commission / /kəˈmɪʃn/ / [countable] a formal request to sb to do a piece of work for you, such as designing a building or doing a painting（正式的）委托工作（如请人做建筑设计或作画等）◆Who won the commission to design the new town hall?谁赢得了设计新市政厅的委托工作？◆The work will be done by commission(= sb will be formally asked to do it).该工程将通过委托方式请人来做。
busy1
adjective
a busy woman忙碌的女人a busy weekend繁忙的周末crowdeda busy airportbusy ♦︎ active ♦︎ engaged ♦︎ involved ♦︎ occupied ♦︎ hard-pressed ♦︎ at workThese words all describe people doing a lot or having a lot to do.这些词均表示忙碌的、工作中的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆busy / involved / occupied with sth◆active / engaged / involved / occupied in sth◆engaged / at work on sth◆to keep sb busy / active / involved / occupied◆very / particularly / quite busy / active / involved◆currently busy / active / engaged / involved / occupied / at work◆constantly busy / engaged / involved / occupied / at work◆actively engaged / involved in sth■busyhaving a lot to do; not free to do sth else because you are working on sth; spending a lot of time on sth忙碌的；无暇的；忙于（做某事）◆Are you busy tonight?你今晚忙吗？◆I'm afraid the doctor is busy at the moment. Can he call you back?抱歉，医生现在没空。让他给你回电话行吗？◆The principal is a very busy woman.校长她可是个大忙人。◆She was always too busy to listen.她总是很忙，无暇听我说话。◆James is busy practising for the school concert.詹姆斯正忙着为学校音乐会排练。▸busily
adverb
◆He was busily engaged in repairing his bike.他正忙着修他的自行车。■active (ratherformal) giving a lot of time or attention to sth; making a determined effort and not leaving sth to happen by itself忙于；积极的◆They were both politically active.他们两人在政治上都很积极。◆She takes an active part in school life.她积极参加学校活动。◆The parents were active in campaigning against cuts to the education budget.学生家长积极参加反对削减教育预算的活动。◆They took active steps to prevent the spread of the disease.他们采取积极措施，防止疾病蔓延。OPPinactive, passiveⓘ The opposite of active in this meaning is inactive or passive.表达此义时，active的反义词是inactive或passive◆The area has a large, but politically inactive population.该地区人口虽多，但对政治并不热衷。◆He played a passive role in the relationship.他在那段关系中处于被动地位。 see also passive ⇨ passive, active ⇨ energetic▸actively
adverb
◆She was actively looking for a job.她在积极找工作。■engaged [not before noun] (formal) giving a lot of time or attention to sb/sth; not free to do sth忙于；没有空◆They were engaged in conversation.他们正谈得起劲。◆He is now engaged on his second novel.他正埋头写他的第二部小说。◆I can't come to dinner on Tuesday－I'm otherwise engaged(= I have already arranged to do sth else).我星期二另有安排，不能来参加宴会。 see also engagement ⇨ meeting2■involved [not usually before noun] giving a lot of time or attention to sb/sth忙于；专注于◆She was deeply involved with the local hospital.她曾全心投入当地医院的工作。◆I was so involved in my book I didn't hear you knock.我全神贯注在看书，没听到你敲门。◆He's a very involved father(= he spends a lot of time with his children).他是个很投入的父亲。 see also involvement ⇨ involvement■occupied [not before noun] (ratherformal) giving a lot of time or attention to sb/sth忙于；专注于◆He's fully occupied looking after three small children.照顾三个小孩让他忙得不可开交。◆Only half her time is occupied with politics.她只用一半的时间从事政治活动。◆The most important thing is to keep yourself occupied.最重要的是别让自己闲着。NOTE辨析 Involved or occupied?Involved usually suggests that sb has a personal or emotional connection with the person or thing mentioned; occupied simply suggests that sb has a lot to do. * involved通常意味着与所关注的人或所忙之事有个人或情感上的联系，occupied仅表示很忙。■ˌhard-ˈpressedhaving a lot of problems, especially too much work, and too little time or money处于强大压力下的（尤指工作重、时间紧迫、资金少）◆Hard-pressed junior doctors want shorter working hours.实习医生压力太大，希望缩短工作时间。■at ˈwork [not before noun] busy doing sth忙着（做某事）◆He is still at work on the painting.他仍在忙着画那幅画。◆Danger－men at work.危险－有人施工。
unemployed
adjective
unemployed ♦︎ jobless ♦︎ out of work ♦︎ redundant ♦︎ on the dole ♦︎ on welfareThese words all describe people who do not have a job.这些词均表示失业的、无工作的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆unemployed / jobless people◆unemployed / redundant workers◆currently / still unemployed / out of work◆newly unemployed / redundant◆the long-term unemployed / jobless■unemployedwithout a job although able to work失业的；待业的；下岗的◆How long have you been unemployed?你失业多久了？◆He's an unemployed builder.他是个失业的建筑工人。 see also be employed ⇨ workverb2▸the unemployed
noun
[plural] ◆We're working on a programme to get the long-term unemployed back to work.我们正致力于一个让长期失业者重新就业的计划。■jobless (journalism新闻) unemployed失业的；无工作的◆The closure left 500 people jobless.这次倒闭使500人失业。ⓘ Jobless is used, especially in journalism, to talk about unemployed people as a group; it is not used to talk about individual unemployed people. * jobless尤用于新闻报道，指作为一个群体的失业者，不用以指个别的失业者◆How long have you been jobless?■ˌout of ˈworkunemployed失业；无工作◆She had been out of work for a year.她已经失业一年了。 see also be in work ⇨ workverb2NOTE辨析 Unemployed or out of work?Out of work is used more in everyday conversation, especially when you are talking about a particular person. It can sound less permanent than unemployed, and is therefore a gentler term to use. * out of work多用于日常会话，尤用以指特定的某个人的状况，听上去不如unemployed所指的失业时间久，因此是个较温和的说法。■redundant / /rɪˈdʌndənt/ / (BrE) without a job because there is no more work available for you in a company被裁减的◆I've been expecting to be made redundant for a year now.一年来我一直等着被裁减。 see also make sb redundant ⇨ fireverb■ˌon the ˈdole (BrE, informal) without a job and claiming money from the state领失业救济金◆He's been on the dole for a year.他领失业救济金已经一年了。ⓘ A more formal way of saying on the dole is claiming social security/unemployment benefit.较on the dole更为正式的说法是claim social security/unemployment benefit。■ˌon ˈwelfare (especially NAmE) without a job and claiming money from the state领社会保障金◆They would rather work than live on welfare.他们宁愿工作而不愿靠社会保障金过活。 see also welfare ⇨ aid
work2
verb
work on an assignment做作业work as a teacher/in education当老师；从事教育工作The phone isn't working.这部电话坏了。work ♦︎ be employed ♦︎ have a job ♦︎ earn a/your living ♦︎ be in work ♦︎ practiseThese words all mean to earn money through work.这些词均表示以工作赚钱。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to work / be employed / have a job / earn a living / practise as sth◆to work / be employed / have a job at a place■work [intransitive] to do work for which you receive regular payment工作；就业；上班◆Both my parents work.我父母都工作。◆She works for an engineering company.她在一家工程公司工作。◆I've always worked in education.我一直从事教育工作。◆Do you enjoy working with children?你喜欢做儿童工作吗？■be emˈployed [transitive, passive] (ratherformal) to do work for which you receive regular payment工作；就业；上班◆For the past three years he has been employed as a firefighter.过去三年来他一直受雇当消防员。◆A number of people are employed to deal with the backlog of work.雇来一些人处理积压的工作。 see also employ ⇨ employ, unemployed ⇨ unemployed■ˌhave a ˈjob
phrase
(has, had, had)to do work for which you receive regular payment工作；就业；上班◆She had a job as a waitress.她的工作是服务员。◆I've got a temporary job at the moment.现在我找到了个临时工作。◆She's never had a steady job(= a job that is not going to end suddenly).她从未有过稳定的工作。NOTE辨析 Work, be employed or have a job?Work is the most general of these words and can be used to talk about a particular job that sb has at a particular time, or the general type of work that they do, or just the fact that they work. Be employed is mostly used to talk about the particular job or type of work that sb does, often with as or to. * work在这些词中含义最广，可以指某一时段的某个工作，可以指一般性的工作，也可以指有工作这一事实。be employed多指特定的工作或工作类型，并常与as或to连用◆be employed as a teacher当教师◆be employed to train users in the new system受雇培训用户使用新系统Have a job is often used to talk about the fact of not being unemployed. * have a job常指有工作◆Do you have a job?你有工作吗？It can also be used with as in a similar way to work. * have a job也可以像work一样与as连用◆She worked / had a job as a waitress in a cocktail bar.她在一家鸡尾酒酒吧里当服务员。In this use, have a job is most often used in the past tense, and also suggests that the period of employment is more temporary. Have a job can be a little more informal than work.在这种用法中，have a job多用于过去时，而且表示那一段时间的受雇状况较为临时性质。have a job较work稍不正式。■ˌearn a ˈliving■ˌearn your ˈliving
phrase
to work for money to buy the things that you need in life维持生计；谋生◆She earns her living as a freelance journalist.她靠做自由撰稿记者来维持生计。■be in work
idiom
(BrE) to have a job, as opposed to being unemployed(= not having a job)有工作◆Most of those who were in work had temporary jobs.他们中的大部分人曾有过工作，但都是临时性的。 see also out of work ⇨ unemployed■practise (BrE) (NAmEpractice) [intransitive, transitive] to work as a doctor, lawyer, etc.当医生；当律师；从事专职工作◆There are over 50 000 solicitors practising in England and Wales.英格兰和威尔士有5万多律师执业。◆He practised as a lawyer for many years.他已从事律师工作多年。◆She was banned from practising medicine.她被禁止行医。
work1
verb
work on an assignment做作业work as a teacher/in education当老师；从事教育工作The phone isn't working.这部电话坏了。work ♦︎ labour ♦︎ toil ♦︎ slaveThese words all mean to do sth that involves physical or mental effort.这些词均表示做体力或脑力工作。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to work / labour / toil at sth◆to labour / slave over sth◆to work / labour / toil / slave away◆to work / labour / toil endlessly / long and hard / tirelessly■work [intransitive, transitive] to do sth that involves physical or mental effort, especially as part of a job做体力（或脑力）工作；劳动◆I can't work if I'm cold.我要是觉得冷就干不了活。◆He is working on a new novel.他正在写一部新小说。◆She's outside, working on the car.她在外面修车呢。◆Doctors often work very long hours.医生经常长时间工作。■labour (BrE) (NAmElabor) / /ˈleɪbə(r)/ / [intransitive] (ratherformal, especiallywritten) to do hard physical work干体力活◆They laboured all day in the fields.他们一整天都在地里干活。■toil [intransitive] (formalorliterary) to work very hard and/or for a long time（长时间）苦干，辛勤劳作◆Hundreds of men toiled for years at building the pyramid.建这座金字塔，数百人苦干了多年。■slave [intransitive] (ratherinformal, especiallyspoken, usuallydisapproving) to work very hard苦干；没命地工作◆I've been slaving away all day trying to get this work finished.我整天苦干，想把这项工作赶完。◆I haven't got time to spend hours slaving over a hot stove(= doing a lot of cooking).我没时间老围着锅台转。ⓘ Slave is usually used when you think that you have/sb has been working too hard. * slave通常用来表示自己或他人工作过于辛苦。
work3
verb
work on an assignment做作业work as a teacher/in education当老师；从事教育工作The phone isn't working.这部电话坏了。➡ See also the entry for ⇨ operate另见operate条work ♦︎ function ♦︎ run ♦︎ operate ♦︎ goThese are all words that can be used when a machine, system or device performs in the correct way.这些词均表示机器、系统或装置运转良好、正常工作。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to actually / still work / function / go◆to work / function / run / operate efficiently / satisfactorily / smoothly / independently / successfully / normally / reliably◆to work / function / run perfectly◆to work / function / operate effectively / properly / correctly◆to work / function well◆to run / operate continuously◆fully functioning / operating■work [intransitive](of a machine or device) to perform in the correct way（机器或装置）运转良好，正常工作◆The phone isn't working.这部电话坏了。◆It works by electricity.这是电动的。◆Are they any closer to understanding how the brain works?他们对大脑功能的了解有进展吗？ see also work ⇨ operate■function [intransitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition通常与副词或介词连用) (ratherformal) to work in the correct way起作用；运转良好；正常工作◆Despite the power cuts, the hospital continued to function normally.尽管供电中断，医院继续正常运转。◆Many children can't function effectively in large classes.许多孩子在大班上课时学习效果不好。◆We now have a functioning shower.现在我们有了好用的淋浴器。■run(running, ran, run) [intransitive] to work in the correct way起作用；运转良好；正常工作◆Stan had the chainsaw running.斯坦开动了链锯。◆Our van runs on(= uses) diesel.我们的货车烧柴油。◆Which operating system have you got running?你们运行的是哪个操作系统？ⓘ Run is usually used to talk about an engine or motor (or a machine that uses an engine or motor), or a computer program. * run通常指发动机、马达（或使用发动机或马达的机器）或电脑程序正常工作。 see also run ⇨ operate, up and running ⇨ activeadj.■operate [intransitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition通常与副词或介词连用) (ratherformal) (especially of a machine) to work in a particular way; (of a service or system) to be working（尤指机器）运转；（服务或系统）工作◆Solar panels can only operate in sunlight.太阳能电池板只能在阳光下才能正常工作。◆Some people can only operate well under pressure.有些人只有在压力下才能工作得好。◆A new late-night service is now operating.现在推出了一种新的深夜服务项目。 see also operate ⇨ operate▸operation
noun
[uncountable] ◆Regular servicing guarantees the smooth operation of the engine.定期维修能确保发动机运行顺畅。 see also in operation,operational ⇨ activeadj.NOTE辨析 Function or operate?Function is used more to talk about whether sth works or how well or badly it works; operate is used more to talk about the conditions required for sth to work. * function较多用于描述是否运转或运转情况是否良好。operate较多用于描述运行的必要条件。■go(goes, went, gone) [intransitive] (informal, especiallyspoken) (of a machine) to work in the correct way（机器）起作用，运转良好，正常工作◆What makes it go?是什么让它运转起来？
affect
verb
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ influenceverb另见influence动词词条affect ♦︎ involve ♦︎ concern ♦︎ influence ♦︎ work ♦︎ impact ♦︎ take (a) hold ♦︎ leave a mark ♦︎ act ♦︎ colourThese words all mean to have an effect on sb/sth.这些词均表示对某人或某事物有影响。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to impact / act / leave a mark on sth◆to be involved / concerned in sth◆to affect / influence what happens◆to affect / influence how / why / when / where sth happens◆to affect / influence / colour sb's judgement / attitude◆to directly / indirectly affect / involve / concern / influence / impact on / act on sb / sth◆to adversely / inevitably affect / influence / impact on sth■affect [transitive, often passive] to have an effect on sb/sth影响◆How will these changes affect us?这些变化会对我们有什么影响？◆Your opinions will not affect my decision.你的意见不会影响我的决定。◆The south of the country was worst affected by the drought.该国南方旱情最严重。◆The type of audience will affect what you say and how you say it.听众的类型会影响你讲话的内容和方式。 see also effect ⇨ effectnoun, bias ⇨ influenceverb■involve [transitive] to be a situation, event or activity that sb takes part in or is affected by牵涉；牵连；影响◆There was a serious incident involving a group of youths.有一起严重事件涉及一群年轻人。◆How many vehicles were involved in the crash?这起撞车事故涉及多少辆汽车？■concern [transitive, often passive] (ratherformal) (of an issue, situation or event) to involve sb because they have a particular reason to be interested in it or a particular part to play in it（问题、状况或事件）涉及，牵扯（某人）◆Don't interfere in what doesn't concern you.不要插手跟你无关的事情。◆The meetings were often embarrassing for all concerned.这些会面常常让所有相关人员觉得尴尬。◆The individuals concerned will have some explaining to do.涉及的每个人都要作些解释。NOTE辨析 Involve or concern?Involve suggests a greater degree of physical activity, when sb is actually doing sth or sth happens to them. * involve较为强调实际活动。某人与此相关，是因为他的所作所为，或因为事情发生在他身上◆an incident concerning a group of youths◆the vehicles concerned in the crashConcern suggests a greater degree of interest or responsibility, when an issue particularly affects sb, or a situation is caused by sb. * concern较为强调利益或责任。某人与此相关，是因为受到特定影响，或导致某种局面。■influence [transitive] to have an effect on a particular situation and the way it develops影响；对⋯起作用◆A number of social factors influence life expectancy.诸多社会因素影响人的预期寿命。◆The local climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream.当地气候受湾流影响。◆At college she met the two people who most influenced her career.上大学时，她遇到两个人，对她的事业影响最大。 see also influence ⇨ influenceverb, influence ⇨ effectnoun■work [intransitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition总是与副词或介词连用) to have a particular effect on sb/sth, especially either a positive or negative effect产生（正面或负面）作用◆Your age can work against you in this job.你的年龄会不利于你做这份工作。◆Speaking Italian should work in his favour.会说意大利语应该对他有好处。■impact / /ˈɪmpækt/ / [intransitive, transitive] (especially journalism尤用于新闻orbusiness商业) to have an effect on sth, especially a bad one有（坏的）影响；有（坏的）作用◆The border dispute could impact on the work of aid agencies.边界争端有可能影响援助机构的工作。◆The company's performance was impacted by the high value of the pound.公司业绩受到了英镑升值的冲击。 see also impact ⇨ effectnoun■take (a) ˈhold
idiom
to begin to have a strong effect on sth or have complete control over sb/sth; to become very strong开始有巨大影响；开始完全控制；变得十分强大◆Panic took hold of him and he couldn't move.他惊恐万分，动弹不得。◆It was in the sixties that the cult of the teenager first took hold.正是在上世纪60年代，青少年的狂热崇拜开始蔚然成风。■leave your ˈmark■leave a ˈmark■leave its ˈmark
idiom
to have an effect on sb/sth, especially a bad one, that lasts for a long time留下久远的（坏）影响◆Such a traumatic experience is bound to leave its mark.这样的痛苦经历肯定会留下烙印。■act [intransitive](especially of a drug, chemical or physical force) to have a physical effect on sth（药物、化学品或外力）有影响，起作用◆Alcohol acts quickly on the brain.酒精可以对大脑迅速产生影响。◆It took a few minutes for the drug to act.几分钟后药物才起作用。 see also action ⇨ effectnoun■colour (BrE) (NAmEcolor) [transitive] to have an effect on sth, especially sb's opinion or attitude, often in a negative way（尤指消极地）影响（观点或态度）◆The experience moulded and coloured her whole life.这次经历影响了她一生。◆Don't let your judgement be coloured by personal feelings.不要让你的判断受到个人感情的影响。
campaign
verb
campaign ♦︎ fight ♦︎ lobby ♦︎ work ♦︎ agitateThese words all mean to try hard to achieve sth, by asking or trying to persuade or influence people in power.这些词均表示努力请求、说服或影响当权者以实现目标。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to campaign / fight / lobby / work / agitate for sth◆to campaign / lobby / agitate against sth◆to campaign / fight / lobby on behalf of sb◆to campaign / fight / lobby / work / agitate to do sth◆to campaign / fight / lobby for changes◆to campaign / fight / agitate for reform◆a group campaigns / fights / lobbies / works◆to campaign / fight / lobby / work hard◆to campaign / lobby / work actively / vigorously◆to successfully campaign / fight / lobby for sth■campaign [intransitive] to carry out a series of planned activities over a period of time in order to try to achieve sth, especially a political or social aim（出于政治或社会目的）参加运动，开展运动◆We have campaigned against whaling for the last 15 years.我们最近15年一直开展反对捕鲸的运动。◆The group campaigns on environmental issues.该团体从事环境方面的运动。◆They are campaigning to save the area from building development.他们正开展一场反对在这个地区进行房地产开发的运动。 see also campaigner ⇨ activist■fight(fought, fought) [intransitive, transitive] to try very hard to get or achieve sth努力争取；为⋯而斗争◆He's still fighting for compensation after the accident.他还在力争事故后的赔偿。◆Campaigners fought to save the hospital from closure.参与运动的人努力争取不让医院关闭。◆She gradually fought her way to the top of the company.她努力奋斗，逐步跻身公司高层。NOTE辨析 Campaign or fight?Campaigning often involves such activities as making speeches, putting advertisements in newspapers and writing to members of the government. The aim is often to persuade people that a political or social change is needed or a practice needs to be stopped. You can fight for social or political change too, but this word is also used to talk about achieving justice for yourself, for example gaining the right to do sth. The emphasis with fight is on the determination sb shows to achieve sth. * campaign常涉及发表演讲、在报纸上刊登广告、致信政府人员等活动，目的是使他人意识到进行某项政治或社会变革，或停止某种做法的必要性。fight也可以指为了社会或政治变革而战，但亦指为争取个人公正待遇而斗争，如争取做某事的权利。 fight强调某人达成目标表现出的决心。■lobby [intransitive, transitive] to try to influence a politician or the government and, for example, persuade them to support or oppose a change in the law游说（从政者或政府）◆Teachers have lobbied hard against education cuts.教师极力游说反对削减教育经费。◆Farmers will lobby Congress for higher subsidies.农民将游说国会提高补贴。 see also lobby ⇨ partynoun1■work [intransitive] to try hard to achieve sth, especially over a period of time and in a way that involves acting together with other people争取，力争（尤指和他人共同行动一段时间）◆She dedicated her life to working for peace.她为争取和平奉献了自己的一生。◆The police and public need to work together to combat crime.警民需要携手打击犯罪。■agitate / /ˈædʒɪteɪt/ / [intransitive] (ratherformal) to argue strongly for sth that you want, especially changes in the law or social conditions激烈争论，鼓动，煽动（尤指为了法律或社会状况的改变）◆Some militant groups have been agitating for autonomy for the region.一些激进团体一直在煽动该地区自治。 see also agitation ⇨ trouble1
drive2
verb
drive a car开车drive yourself too hard把自己弄得太累drive ♦︎ push ♦︎ overwork ♦︎ workThese words all mean to make sb/yourself work very hard.这些词均表示迫使某人或自己拼命工作。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to drive / push / work sb hard◆to drive / push sb too far / to the limit◆to drive / work sb into the ground■drive(drove, driven) [transitive] (sometimesdisapproving) to make sb/yourself work very hard迫使，驱使（拼命工作）◆You're driving yourself too hard.你把自己弄得太累了。ⓘ In this meaning drive is usually used with a reflexive pronoun such as yourself, himself, herself, etc. * drive表达此义时通常与反身代词yourself、himself、herself等连用。 see also drive ⇨ ambitionnoun■push [transitive] (usuallyapproving) to make sb/yourself work hard鞭策，督促（努力工作）◆The music teacher really pushes her pupils.这个音乐老师对学生督促得很严。◆Lucy should push herself a little harder.露西应该鞭策自己多加把劲了。■overwork /ˌəʊvəˈwɜːk; NAmEˌoʊvərˈwɜːrk/ [intransitive, transitive] (disapproving) to make sb/yourself work too hard（使）过度劳累；过分努力◆You look tired. Have you been overworking?你看上去很疲倦，是不是近来劳累过度了？◆The staff are grossly overworked.员工人人累得疲惫不堪。▸overwork
noun
[uncountable] ◆His illness was brought on by money worries and overwork.他的病起因于为钱发愁和劳累过度。■work [transitive] to make sb/yourself work, especially hard使工作；（尤指）使卖力干活◆She works herself too hard.她工作太拼命了。◆He says they're working him hard.他说他们逼他拼命干活。ⓘ In this meaning work is usually used with hard or too hard. * work表达此义时通常与hard或too hard连用。
farm
verb
farm ♦︎ grow ♦︎ plough ♦︎ cultivate ♦︎ plant ♦︎ workThese words all mean to use or prepare ground for growing crops.这些词均表示耕种、种田、务农。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to farm / plough / cultivate / plant / work the land◆to grow / cultivate / plant crops◆to plough / plant / work a field◆to be organically / intensively farmed / grown / cultivated■farm [intransitive, transitive] to use land for growing crops and/or keeping animals务农；从事畜牧业；耕种；饲养◆The family has farmed in Kent for over two hundred years.这个家族在肯特务农两百多年了。◆They farm dairy cattle.他们饲养奶牛。◆He farmed 200 acres of prime arable land.他耕种了200英亩良田。▸farming
noun
[uncountable] ◆sheep / dairy / organic farming牧羊；养奶牛；有机耕作■grow(grew, grown) [transitive] to put seeds or plants in the ground and take care of them, usually in order to use or sell the plants later栽培；种植◆I didn't know they grew rice in Spain.我以前不知道西班牙也种稻子。◆I grew all these flowers from one packet of seeds.这些花全都是我用一包种子种出来的。■plough (BrE) (NAmEplow) / /plaʊ/ / [transitive, intransitive] to turn over and break up the ground in a field or other area of land by using a plough(= a large piece of farming equipment), especially in order to prepare the ground for growing crops犁（田）；耕（地）；翻（土）◆The land was divided into large ploughed fields.这片地被分割成几大块犁过的田。■cultivate / /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ / [transitive] (formalorwritten) to prepare and use land for growing plants or crops; to grow plants or crops耕；耕作；种植◆The land around here has never been cultivated.这一带的土地从未开垦过。◆The people cultivate mainly rice and beans.人们主要种植稻子和豆类。▸cultivation
noun
[uncountable] ◆fertile land that is under cultivation肥沃的耕地◆rice cultivation水稻种植■plant [transitive] to cover an area of land such as a garden or field with plants（在某处）栽种◆The field had been ploughed and planted with corn.这块地已犁过并种上了玉米。■work [transitive] to do the hard physical work that is needed to grow crops on an area of land（人工）耕种；干农活◆Boys who didn't go to school worked the land with their fathers.不上学的男孩跟父亲一起种田。
operate
verb
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ workverb3另见work动词词条第3义operate ♦︎ run ♦︎ control ♦︎ work ♦︎ manipulateThese words all mean to use a machine or device, or make it function.这些词均表示操作、控制、操纵机器或装置。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to operate / run / control / work a machine◆to operate / run / control a / an engine / motor◆to operate / run machinery◆to operate / manipulate the controls / levers■operate [transitive] (ratherformal) to use a machine or make it work操作；控制；使运行◆What skills are needed to operate this machinery?操作这种机器需要什么技能？ see also operate ⇨ workverb3▸operation
noun
[uncountable] ◆Operation of the device is extremely simple.这个装置的操作极其简单。■run(-nn-; ran, run) [transitive] to make a machine or device work, especially an engine or computer program使（尤指发动机或计算机程序）运行；操作◆Could you run the engine for a moment?你让发动机运行一会儿好吗？◆What applications were you running when the problem occurred?出现问题时你在运行什么应用程序？ see also run ⇨ workverb3■control(-ll-) [transitive] to make a machine or system work操纵，控制（机器或系统）◆This knob controls the volume.此旋钮调节音量。◆The traffic lights are controlled by a central computer.交通信号灯由中央计算机控制。 see also control ⇨ buttonnoun1NOTE辨析 Operate, run or control?A person operates or runs a machine; machines are often controlled by the controls, such as a computer, knob, button, switch or lever. * operate或run指人操作机器；control常指由computer、knob、button、switch或lever等操纵装置控制机器。■work [transitive] (ratherinformal, spoken) to make a machine or device function, especially a piece of household equipment开动，操作（尤指家用设备）◆Do you know how to work the coffee machine?你会使用咖啡机吗？ see also work ⇨ workverb3■manipulate / /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/ / [transitive] (ratherformal) to control or use sth in a skilful way（熟练地）操作，使用◆I had to learn to manipulate the gears and levers of the machine.我得学会熟练操纵机器的排挡和变速杆。◆Computers are very efficient at manipulating information.计算机在处理信息方面效率极高。▸manipulation / /məˌnɪpjuˈleɪʃn/ /