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contribution noun
⇨ gift (a contribution to charity) ⇨ involvement (make a positive contribution to the success of sth) ⇨ payment (monthly contributions to a pension plan) gift noun gift ♦︎ present ♦︎ donation ♦︎ contribution ♦︎ tip ♦︎ gratuity ♦︎ handoutThese are all words for a thing that you give to sb, for example on a special occasion, to help them, or to say thank you. 这些词均表示礼物，馈赠品、谢礼。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a gift / present / donation / contribution / tip / gratuity / handout for / from sb◆a gift / present / donation / contribution to sb / sth◆£50 000, $10, etc. in gifts / donations / contributions / tips / handouts◆a small gift / present / donation / contribution / tip / gratuity◆a large / generous gift / present / donation / contribution / tip◆a / an birthday / wedding / anniversary / Christmas gift / present◆a cash gift / donation / handout◆a free gift / handout◆to get a gift / present / donation / contribution / tip / handout◆to receive a gift / present / donation / contribution / gratuity◆to send (sb) a gift / present / donation / contribution◆to leave (sb) a gift / present / donation / tip / gratuity◆to give (sb) a gift / present / donation / tip◆to make a donation / contribution■ gift [countable] (rather formal, especially written) a thing or a sum of money that you give to sb 礼物；赠品；礼金◆There's a free gift for every reader.每位读者均有赠品。◆The gift of love is the greatest gift a person can give or receive.爱是一个人可以给予或接受的最好的礼物。◆The party was originally funded by a gift of £50 000 from a top motor manufacturer.最初，一家顶尖汽车制造商赠送5万英镑资助了这个政党。◆ (BrE) All such posts are in the gift of the managing director (= only given by the managing director).所有这些职位都由总经理任命。 see also give ⇨ give 5 ■ present [countable] a thing that you give to sb, especially on a special occasion or to say thank you （尤指在特殊场合赠送或表示感谢的）礼物，礼品◆What can I get him for a birthday present?我给他送什么生日礼物好呢？NOTE 辨析 Gift or present? Gift is more formal than present and is used especially in business contexts: a store will advertise its Christmas gift ideas; the people who buy them will talk about the Christmas presents they have bought for family and friends. A present is usually given by and to an individual; a gift may be given by a company ( a corporate gift) and/or to an organization. A present is usually an object, but a gift may be a sum of money, or sth such as the gift of love/life. * gift比present正式，尤用于商务语境。商店作广告宣传的圣诞礼物创意用Christmas gift idea，为家人或朋友购买的圣诞礼物用Christmas present。present通常为个人赠送或收到的礼物，gift可以是公司或机构赠送或收到的礼物，如a corporate gift。present通常为物品，但gift可以是一笔钱，或另类形式的礼物，如the gift of love/life（爱／生命的给予）◆funded by a present of £50 000 ◆She gave me the present of love. Especially in American English, however, gift is not always so formal and is sometimes used in personal contexts instead of present. 不过，尤其在美式英语中，gift不总是如此正式，有时会代替present用于个人场合◆The watch was a gift / present from my mother.这块手表是我妈妈送的礼物。 ■ donation / /dəʊˈneɪʃn; NAmE doʊˈneɪʃn/ [countable] something that is given to a person or organization such as a charity, in order to help them; the act of giving sth in this way （给某人或慈善机构等的）捐赠物，捐款；捐赠◆I made a £200 donation to charity.我向慈善机构捐了200英镑。◆The work of the charity is funded by voluntary donations.这家慈善机构的运作靠自愿捐款资助。◆Organ donation (= allowing doctors to use organs from your body after your death in order to save a sick person's life) has not kept pace with the demand for transplants.器官捐献赶不上器官移植的需求。 see also donate ⇨ give 5 ■ contribution /ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃn; NAmE ˌkɑːntrɪˈbjuːʃn/ [countable, uncountable] a sum of money or sth that is given to a person or organization in order to help pay for sth or raise money for sth; the act of giving sth in this way 捐款；捐物；捐助◆He has made several valuable contributions towards the upkeep of the cathedral.他几次慷慨捐资修葺大教堂。◆Contributions of cakes and other items for the cake sale can be left in the school office.为糕点义卖捐赠的糕点和其他物品可以放到学校办公室。◆We rely entirely on voluntary contribution.我们全靠自愿捐资。 see also contribute ⇨ give 5 NOTE 辨析 Donation or contribution? Contribution places more emphasis on the money or thing given being part of a whole, to be added to other amounts or things that other people have given. Contributions are often expected or asked for; donations are seen more as voluntary gifts. * contribution更强调捐赠的财物为整体的一部分，和他人捐赠的财物合在一起。contribution常为预期会得到或请求别人作出的捐助，donation更多为自愿捐赠。■ tip [countable] a small amount of extra money that you give to sb who has provided a service for you, for example in a restaurant 小费（如在餐馆中给的）◆Are we supposed to leave a tip?我们要留小费吗？◆He gave the waiter a generous tip.他给了服务员很多小费。▸ tip verb (-pp-) [transitive, intransitive] ◆Did you remember to tip the waiter?你记得给服务员小费了吗？◆Americans were always welcome because they tended to tip heavily.美国人总是很受欢迎，因为他们往往给很多小费。■ gratuity /grəˈtjuːəti; NAmE grəˈtuːəti/ [countable] (formal) a tip 小费；赏钱◆Our employees may not accept gratuities.我们的员工不允许收小费。■ handout /ˈhændaʊt/ / [countable] (often disapproving) money that is given to a person or organization by the government, for example to encourage commercial activity 政府拨款（如为了促进商业活动而拨给个人或机构）◆The company is currently thriving thanks to a £70 000 government handout.受惠于政府7万英镑的拨款，这家公司目前正在蓬勃发展。ⓘ Handouts can also be given to people who are poor. * handout还可指派给穷人的捐赠品、救济品。 see also handout ⇨ aid noun , hand sth out ⇨ distribute involvement noun involvement ♦︎ role ♦︎ part ♦︎ contribution ♦︎ participation ♦︎ interest ♦︎ input ♦︎ stake ♦︎ engagement ♦︎ handThese are all words for the fact of being active in an event or situation. 这些词均表示参与、参加、作用。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆involvement / a role / a part / an interest / a stake / engagement / a hand in sth◆involvement / a contribution / participation / input from sb◆a contribution / input to sth◆(a) direct involvement / role / part / contribution / participation / interest / input / stake / engagement◆(a) greater involvement / role / part / contribution / participation / interest / input / stake◆(a) full involvement / contribution / participation◆(a / an) major / considerable / substantial / significant involvement / role / part / contribution / interest / input / stake◆(a) positive involvement / role / part / contribution / participation / interest◆(an) active involvement / role / part / participation / interest / engagement◆(an) alleged involvement / role / part / participation◆(a) valuable / useful / crucial / essential / important / key / constructive role / part / contribution / input◆(a) personal involvement / role / contribution / participation / interest / input / stake / engagement◆(a) public / limited involvement / role / contribution / participation◆(a) parental / political / military involvement / role / participation / input◆to encourage / increase involvement / participation◆to need / get / receive a contribution / input◆to have a role / a part / an interest / an input / a stake / a hand in sth◆to play a role / part in sth◆to have a role / part to play■ involvement [uncountable, countable, usually singular] the fact of being active in an event or situation; the act of giving a lot of time and attention to sth you care about 参与；卷入；投入；沉迷于◆The success of the venture may lead to involvement by other foreign companies.该投资项目的成功可能导致其他外国公司的参与。◆The new album came out of her growing involvement with contemporary music.新专辑是她对当代音乐日益投入的成果。◆Nurses usually try to avoid emotional involvement with patients.护士通常尽量避免同病人产生感情纠葛。◆He was found to have a deep involvement in drug dealing.他被发现与毒品交易牵涉很深。 see also involve ⇨ include 1 , involved ⇨ busy 1 , be/get involved ⇨ join ■ role [countable] the degree to which sb/sth is involved in a situation or activity and the effect that they have on it 影响程度；作用◆He stressed the role of diet in preventing disease.他强调了饮食在预防疾病中的作用。◆The media play a major role in influencing people's opinions.媒体在影响舆论方面发挥着重要作用。◆Regional managers have a crucial role in developing a strategic framework.地区经理在制订战略机制方面起着关键作用。■ part [countable] sb/sth's role in sth 作用；参加；职责◆She plays an active part in local politics.她积极参与地方政治活动。◆He had no part in the decision.他没有参与这项决定。◆How many countries took part in the last Olympic Games?有多少国家参加了上届奥运会？NOTE 辨析 Role or part?In this meaning part is used mainly in phrases. 表达此义时，part主要用于短语中◆have a part to play能发挥作用◆have / play a part in sth参与某事◆have / play / take no part in / of sth不参与某事◆take part (in sth)参与（某事） Role is slightly more formal, and common in business and economic contexts. It is used especially with adjectives like key, important, essential, crucial, central, fundamental, major, pivotal, prominent and primary. * role略正式，常用于商务和经济语境，尤与key、important、essential、crucial、central、fundamental、major、pivotal、prominent和primary等形容词连用。 ■ contribution / /ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃn; NAmE ˌkɑːntrɪˈbjuːʃn/ [countable, usually singular] an action or service that helps to cause or increase sth, especially sth good or positive （尤指对好的或正面事物的）贡献，促成作用◆She has made a significant contribution to scientific knowledge.她对科学知识作出了重大贡献。◆These measures would make a valuable contribution towards reducing industrial accidents.这些措施将会对减少工业事故发挥重要作用。■ participation /pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn; NAmE pɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/ [uncountable] the act of taking part in an activity or event 参加；参与◆It's a show with lots of audience participation.那是一场观众热烈参与的演出。◆A back injury prevented active participation in any sports for a while.因背伤曾一度不能参加任何剧烈体育运动。 see also participate ⇨ join NOTE 辨析 Involvement or participation?It is possible to have some involvement in a situation without actively choosing to do so; participation requires a greater level of choice from the person who is acting in a situation. * involvement指对某事的参与可能并非出自主动的选择，participation指对某事的参与较多出于自主选择。■ interest [countable, uncountable] a connection with sth that affects your attitude to it, especially because you may benefit from it in some way 利害关系；利益关系◆Organizations have an interest in ensuring that employee motivation is high.各机构的获利之道在于确保员工士气高昂。◆I should, at this point, declare my interest.到了这个时候，我应该申明我的利益关系。■ input /ˈɪnpʊt/ / [uncountable, countable] time, knowledge, ideas or effort that you put into work or a project in order to make it succeed （时间、知识、思想或努力的）投入，贡献◆I'd appreciate your input on this.我将感激你在这方面的投入。◆There has been a big input of resources into the project from industry.工业界对这个项目投入了大量资源。■ stake [singular] (always followed by in 总是后接in) an important part or share in a business, plan, etc. that is important to you and that you want to be successful （在公司、计划等中的）重大利益，重大利害关系◆She has a personal stake in the success of the play.这出戏成功与否对她个人有重大利害关系。◆Many young people no longer feel they have a stake in society.很多年轻人不再觉得他们与社会休戚相关。■ engagement [uncountable] (formal) being involved with sb/sth in an attempt to understand them/it （与⋯的）密切关系；（对⋯的）了解◆Her views are based on years of engagement with the problems of the inner city.她的观点建立在多年对内城区问题的了解之上。■ hand [singular] (always followed by in 总是后接in) (especially journalism 尤用于新闻) the part that sb/sth plays in a particular situation; sb's influence in a situation 角色；作用；影响◆Several of his colleagues had a hand in his downfall.他的几名同事对他的下台起了作用。◆This appointment was an attempt to strengthen her hand in policy discussions.这个任命旨在加强她在政策讨论中的作用。 payment noun payment ♦︎ premium ♦︎ contribution ♦︎ subscription ♦︎ repayment ♦︎ deposit ♦︎ settlement ♦︎ instalmentThese are all words for an amount of money that you pay or are expected to pay, or for the act of paying. 这些词均表示应付的款项或付款。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a payment / premium / subscription / repayment / deposit / settlement for sth◆a payment / a premium / a repayment / a deposit / an instalment on sth◆to pay sth by subscription / instalments◆(a / an) monthly / annual payment / premium / contributions / subscription / repayment / deposit / settlement / instalment◆(a) regular payment / premium / contributions / subscription / repayment / deposit / instalment◆(a) cash payment / premium / deposit / settlement / instalment◆(an) immediate payment / repayment / deposit / settlement◆(a) final payment / repayment / settlement / instalment◆(a) full payment / premium / subscription / repayment / deposit / settlement◆payment / repayment / settlement in full◆to pay a premium / contributions / a subscription / a deposit / a settlement / an instalment◆to make a payment / repayment / deposit / settlement◆to meet / keep up (with) the payments / premiums / repayments / instalments◆to accept payment / repayment / a deposit / settlement◆(a / an) payment / premium / subscription / repayment / settlement / instalment is due◆a payment / a subscription / a repayment / a settlement / an instalment plan■ payment [countable, uncountable] an amount of money that you pay or are expected to pay; the act of paying （支付或应付的）款额，款项；付款◆They are finding it difficult to meet the payments on the new car.他们感到很难支付新车款。◆There will be a penalty for late payment of bills.迟付账单要收滞纳金。■ premium / /ˈpriːmiəm/ / [countable] an amount of money that you pay once or regularly for an insurance policy; an extra payment added to the basic rate; a higher amount of money than usual 保险费；附加费；溢价◆We pay a monthly premium of £6.25 for home contents insurance.我们每月为家庭财产保险支付6.25英镑的保险费。◆You have to pay a high premium for express delivery.快递须付高额的附加费。◆Daytime calls are charged at premium rate.日间通话要按高峰时段费率收费。■ contribution [countable] a sum of money that you pay regularly to your employer or the government in order to pay for benefits such as health insurance, a pension, etc. （给雇主或政府用作医疗保险、养老金等津贴的）定期缴款◆You can increase your monthly contributions to the pension plan.你可以提高养老金的月缴款金额。■ subscription / /səbˈskrɪpʃn/ / [countable, uncountable] an amount of money you pay in advance to receive regular copies of a newspaper or magazine, to receive a service or as a gift to a charity; the act of paying this money （报刊等的）订阅费；（服务的）用户费；（向慈善机构的）定期捐款；（订阅费、服务费等的）支付；捐款◆Do you think we should get a subscription to 'Newsweek'?你觉得我们该订阅《新闻周刊》吗？◆to cancel / renew a subscription退订；续订◆ (BrE) A statue in his memory was erected by public subscription.公众捐资建起一座纪念他的雕像。ⓘ In British English a subscription is also money that you pay to be a member of a club. 在英式英语中，subscription还指会员费◆Club subscriptions are due annually by the end of January.会员费每年1月底到期。In American English this is called dues or a membership fee. 在美式英语中，会员费称作dues或membership fee。 see also fee , dues ⇨ rate 2 ▸ subscribe / /səbˈskraɪb/ / verb [intransitive] ◆Which journals does the library subscribe to?图书馆订有哪些期刊？■ repayment [countable, usually plural, uncountable] an amount of money that you pay regularly to a bank, etc. until you have returned all the money that you owe; the act of paying this money 按期偿还的款项；分期偿还额；归还借款◆We were unable to keep up the repayments on the loan.我们无法继续支付贷款的分期偿还额。◆The loan is due for repayment by the end of the year.这笔借款要在年底还清。 see also repay ⇨ repay ■ deposit / /dɪˈpɒzɪt; NAmE dɪˈpɑːzɪt/ [countable, usually singular] an amount of money that you pay as the first part of a larger payment 订金；订钱◆We've put down a 5% deposit on the house.我们已经支付了房款的5%作为订金。ⓘ A deposit is also an amount of money that you pay when you rent sth and that is returned to you if you do not lose or damage the thing you are renting. * deposit还指租用东西时所付的押金◆The car costs $50 per day in rental, plus a $200 deposit which you will get back at the end of the week.这辆车租金每天50元，加上200元押金，押金本周末退还。 ■ settlement [uncountable] the act of paying back money that you owe （欠款的）支付，偿付◆She had to pay over $5 000 in settlement of her debts.她得付5 000多元来偿还她的债务。◆Settlement is made monthly by direct debit.欠款每月从账户直接扣除。■ instalment (especially BrE) (NAmE usually installment) /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt/ / [countable] one of a number of payments that you make regularly over a period of time until you have paid for sth （分期付款的）一期付款◆We paid for the car by / in instalments.我们分期付款买了这辆车。 |