| 例句 |
control verb
⇨ control (control a child) ⇨ limit (control inflation) ⇨ operate (This knob controls the volume.) ⇨ overcome (control the pain) ⇨ run 2 (control a company) ⇨ suppress 2 (control your temper)control noun
⇨ control (under enemy control) ⇨ button 1 (the controls of an aircraft) ⇨ limit 1 (traffic/arms control) ⇨ bring/get/keep sth under control ⇨ overcome verbcontrol verb control ♦︎ handle ♦︎ manageThese words all mean to have power over sb/sth so that you are able to decide what a person must do or how sth will work. 这些词均表示指挥、控制、掌管。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to control / manage a child◆to be easy / difficult to control / handle / manage◆to control / handle / manage sb / sth properly◆to control / manage sb / sth effectively■ control [transitive] to have power over a person so that you are able to make them do or behave as you say 指挥；控制；掌管◆Can't you control your children?你就不能管管你的孩子吗？◆Time out is an effective way of controlling aggressive behaviour.暂停是控制攻击性行为的有效方法。◆Mounted police had been called to control the crowds.已召来骑警控制人群。 see also uncontrollable ⇨ uncontrollable ■ handle [transitive] to control a vehicle, animal, tool or machine, so that it does what you want it to 控制，操纵（车辆、动物、工具或机器）◆I wasn't sure if I could handle such a powerful car.我没把握是否能驾驶功率这么大的车。◆She's a difficult horse to handle.那是一匹桀骜不驯的母马。■ manage [transitive] to keep sb/sth under control, so that it doesn't cause you problems 控制住；操纵；能对付◆It's like trying to manage an unruly child.这就像试图管住一个任性的孩子。◆I really liked the chapter about how to manage stress.我真的很喜欢如何应付压力那一章。◆They have learnt to successfully manage their diabetes.他们已经学会控制住自己的糖尿病。 see also unmanageable ⇨ uncontrollable limit verb ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ confine sb/sth to sth 另见confine sb/sth to sth条limit ♦︎ control ♦︎ restrict ♦︎ curb ♦︎ contain ♦︎ check ♦︎ cap ♦︎ rein sth in ♦︎ suppress ♦︎ hold/keep sth in checkThese words all mean to stop sth increasing beyond a particular amount or level, from spreading or from getting worse. 这些词均表示限制、抑制。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to be limited / restricted to sth◆to limit / control / restrict / curb / check / cap / rein in spending◆to limit / control / restrict / curb / check growth◆to limit / control / curb / contain / check inflation◆to keep spending / inflation / growth in check◆to limit / control / restrict / curb / cap expenditure◆to limit / control / curb / contain / check the spread of sth◆to limit / control / check the expansion of sth◆to limit / control / restrict the size / number / extent / amount of sth◆to limit / control / restrict / curb / check your speed◆to drastically / greatly / severely limit / restrict / curb sth■ limit [transitive] to stop sth from increasing beyond a particular amount or level 限制；限定◆Calorie intake is strictly limited to 1 000 a day.热量的摄入严格限定在每天1 000大卡。◆The amount of money you have to spend will limit your choice.你要消费的金额限制着你的选择。◆They introduced measures to limit carbon dioxide emissions from cars.他们采取了措施限制汽车二氧化碳的排放。◆There is no evidence that the restrictions have limited the effectiveness of the advertising.没有证据表明这些规定制约了广告的效果。■ control (-ll-) [transitive] to limit sth or make it happen in a particular way 控制；限制；限定◆The government has announced new measures to control immigration.政府已宣布了限制外来移民的新措施。◆Many biological processes are controlled by hormones.许多生理过程都是由激素控制的。◆Parents should control what their kids watch on television.家长应该限定孩子看什么样的电视节目。■ restrict [transitive] to limit the size, amount or range of sth 限制，限定（规模、数量或范围）◆We restrict the number of students per class to ten.我们把每个班的学生人数限定为十人。◆They tried to control traffic congestion by restricting entry to the city.他们试图通过限定进城车辆的数量来防止交通拥堵。◆Fog severely restricted visibility.浓雾严重影响了能见度。◆There have been several attempts to restrict the sale of alcohol.曾做过几次限制酒精饮料销售的尝试。NOTE 辨析 Limit or restrict?In many cases you can use either word; however, restrict is used more often to talk about limiting what people can do; limit is used both for limiting what people can do and for controlling the effects of sth. 在许多情况下这两个词可以通用，但restrict更多指限定人的行为，limit既可指限定人的行为，也可指控制某事的效果◆to restrict carbon dioxide emissions from cars ◆to restrict the effectiveness of advertising ■ curb [transitive] to control or limit sth, especially sth bad 控制，抑制，约束（有害事物）◆A range of policies have been introduced aimed at curbing inflation.为了抑制通货膨胀已实施了一系列的政策。◆This legislation will greatly curb the power of local authorities.这次立法将大大限制地方当局的权力。■ contain [transitive] (written) to stop sth harmful from spreading or getting worse 防止⋯蔓延；防止⋯恶化◆Far more could have been done to contain the epidemic.本可以做更多事情来防止此次流行病的蔓延。◆He introduced repressive measures to contain the violence.他采取了一些遏止暴力行为的镇压措施。■ check [transitive] to stop sth bad from continuing 控制，抑制，阻止（有害事物）◆The government is determined to check the growth of public spending.政府决心要控制公共开支的增长。◆She tied some strips of cloth around the wound to check the bleeding.她在伤口上缠了些布条来止血。NOTE 辨析 Curb, contain or check?To contain a problem is to stop it from getting worse or spreading over a larger area, but without actually getting rid of it from the areas where it already exists; to curb sth is to reduce it to a lower level; to check sth is to stop it altogether. * contain指防止问题恶化或蔓延，但并不能将其根除；curb指降低严重程度；check则指完全控制住。■ cap (-pp-) [transitive, usually passive] (especially BrE) to limit the amount of money that can be charged for sth or spent on sth 限额收取（或支出）◆We will continue to cap local government spending where necessary.必要时我们将继续限制地方政府的开支额度。◆The total annual fee is capped at 1.5 per cent.年费总额限定在1.5%。■ ˌrein sth ˈin to start to control sth strictly, especially after it has been increasing too quickly （尤指增速过快后）严格控制，加强管理◆This is part of a battle to rein in public spending on health.此举是严控公共医疗开支这一艰巨工作的一环。◆If the situation continues, she may not be able to rein in the military much longer.如果这种局面继续下去，她对军队的控制力也许就维持不了多久了。■ suppress / /səˈpres/ / [transitive] (written) to stop sth from growing, developing or continuing, especially a natural process or function 压制，阻止，抑制（自然过程或功能）◆Slimming drugs do help to suppress appetite.减肥药确实能够抑制食欲。◆A 5 cm layer will suppress weed growth.一层5厘米厚的覆盖物就能抑制杂草的生长。OPP stimulate ⇨ stimulate ■ hold sth in ˈcheck■ keep sth in ˈcheck idiom (held, held; kept, kept)to control sth that could be a problem, so that it does not spread or get worse 控制，制止（以免蔓延或恶化）◆They want interest rates kept in check.他们希望利率控制在合理范围之内。◆We need to keep the rabbit population in check.我们需要控制兔子的数量。 operate verb ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ work verb 3 另见work动词词条第3义operate ♦︎ run ♦︎ control ♦︎ work ♦︎ manipulateThese words all mean to use a machine or device, or make it function. 这些词均表示操作、控制、操纵机器或装置。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to operate / run / control / work a machine◆to operate / run / control a / an engine / motor◆to operate / run machinery◆to operate / manipulate the controls / levers■ operate [transitive] (rather formal) to use a machine or make it work 操作；控制；使运行◆What skills are needed to operate this machinery?操作这种机器需要什么技能？ see also operate ⇨ work verb 3 ▸ operation noun [uncountable] ◆Operation of the device is extremely simple.这个装置的操作极其简单。■ run (-nn-; ran, run) [transitive] to make a machine or device work, especially an engine or computer program 使（尤指发动机或计算机程序）运行；操作◆Could you run the engine for a moment?你让发动机运行一会儿好吗？◆What applications were you running when the problem occurred?出现问题时你在运行什么应用程序？ see also run ⇨ work verb 3 ■ control (-ll-) [transitive] to make a machine or system work 操纵，控制（机器或系统）◆This knob controls the volume.此旋钮调节音量。◆The traffic lights are controlled by a central computer.交通信号灯由中央计算机控制。 see also control ⇨ button noun 1 NOTE 辨析 Operate, run or control?A person operates or runs a machine; machines are often controlled by the controls, such as a computer, knob, button, switch or lever. * operate或run指人操作机器；control常指由computer、knob、button、switch或lever等操纵装置控制机器。■ work [transitive] (rather informal, spoken) to make a machine or device function, especially a piece of household equipment 开动，操作（尤指家用设备）◆Do you know how to work the coffee machine?你会使用咖啡机吗？ see also work ⇨ work verb 3 ■ manipulate / /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/ / [transitive] (rather formal) to control or use sth in a skilful way （熟练地）操作，使用◆I had to learn to manipulate the gears and levers of the machine.我得学会熟练操纵机器的排挡和变速杆。◆Computers are very efficient at manipulating information.计算机在处理信息方面效率极高。▸ manipulation / /məˌnɪpjuˈleɪʃn/ / noun [uncountable] ◆data manipulation数据操纵 overcome verb overcome ♦︎ get over sth ♦︎ control ♦︎ bring/get/keep sth under control ♦︎ beat ♦︎ conquerThese words all mean to gain control over sth or deal successfully with sth, especially a problem. 这些词均表示成功地对付、克服、控制。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to overcome / get over / control / beat / conquer a problem◆to bring a problem under control◆to overcome / get over / control / conquer a fear◆to overcome / get over a difficulty / hurdle◆to control a fire / bring a fire under control◆to successfully overcome sth / control sth / conquer sth◆to finally overcome sth / get over sth / control sth / conquer sth◆to quickly overcome sth / control sth / bring sth under control■ overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm; NAmE ˌoʊvərˈkʌm/ (overcame, overcome) [transitive] to succeed in dealing with a problem that could otherwise prevent you from doing sth 克服；解决◆She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal.她战胜了伤痛，赢得了奥运会金牌。◆Therapy helped her overcome her fear of flying.心理治疗帮助她克服了对飞行的恐惧。◆There are at least two major obstacles that must be overcome.至少有两大障碍必须要克服。■ ˌget ˈover sth phrasal verb (getting, got, got; NAmE spoken getting, got, gotten) (rather informal) to succeed in dealing with or gaining control of sth such as a problem or feeling （成功地）对付，克服，控制◆She can't get over her shyness.她无法克服羞怯心理。◆This is going to be a big hurdle for Laura to get over.这将是劳拉要克服的一大障碍。■ control (-ll-) [transitive] to stop sth bad from spreading or getting worse 阻止⋯蔓延（或恶化）◆Firefighters are still trying to control the blaze.消防队员仍在尽力控制火势的蔓延。◆She was given drugs to control the pain.给她服用了镇痛药。■ bring sth under conˈtrol■ keep sth under conˈtrol■ get sth under conˈtrol idiom (brought, brought; getting, got, got; NAmE spoken getting, got, gotten; kept, kept)to succeed in dealing with sth so that it does not cause any harm 控制住，抑制住（不造成伤害）◆The police soon got the situation under control.警方很快就控制了局势。◆Please keep your dog under control!请管好你的狗！◆He was obviously keeping his anger under tight control.他显然在竭力控制自己的怒气。■ beat (beat, beaten) [transitive] (informal) to succeed in gaining control of a problem so that it disappears 控制住；战胜◆He is struggling to beat his heroin addiction.他在努力戒除海洛因瘾。◆Book a break in the sun to try to beat those winter blues (= stop feeling sad).预订一个阳光度假屋吧，赶走冬天的郁闷情绪。■ conquer /ˈkɒŋkə(r); NAmE ˈkɑːŋkər/ [transitive] (written) to succeed in dealing with or gaining control of sth such as a problem or feeling （成功地）对付，克服，控制◆He was trying to conquer his alcoholism.他在努力戒除酒瘾。◆The only way to conquer a fear is to face it.克服恐惧的唯一方法是正视恐惧。 run2 verb run to catch a bus 跑着去赶公共汽车run a business 经营企业run ♦︎ manage ♦︎ control ♦︎ be responsible for sb/sth ♦︎ be in charge ♦︎ direct ♦︎ administer ♦︎ commandThese words all mean to be in charge or in control of a business, organization, project or situation. 这些词均表示经营、管理或主持局面。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to run / manage / control a / an company / business / organization◆to run / manage / be responsible for a department◆to run / manage a hotel / store / club◆to run / manage / control / be responsible for / direct / administer a project◆to run / manage / be responsible for / administer a service◆to run / manage / administer a school◆to manage / control / be responsible for / be in charge of / direct operations◆to manage / administer a fund◆to be properly / efficiently run / managed / administered◆to be well / badly run / managed◆to be tightly run / managed / controlled◆to be centrally run / managed / controlled / directed / administered◆to be jointly run / managed / controlled / administered by / with sb■ run (running, ran, run) [transitive] to be in charge of a business, organization or project 管理，经营（企业、组织或项目）◆The shareholders want more say in how the company is run.股东们想要对公司的经营有更多发言权。◆The programme will be jointly run with NASA in the US.该项目将与美国国家航空航天局合办。◆It is a small, privately run (= not owned or controlled by a large organization) hotel.这是一家私营小旅馆。◆Stop trying to run my life (= organize it) for me.别老想操纵我的生活。■ manage [transitive, intransitive] to be in charge of a business, organization, project or team 管理，经营（企业、组织、项目或团队）◆Organizers are looking for someone to manage the project.组织者在找人负责这个项目。◆We need a new approach to managing our hospitals.我们需要采用新方法来管理我们的医院。◆We need people who are good at managing.我们需要擅长管理的人。 see also management ⇨ government 2 , management ⇨ management NOTE 辨析 Run or manage?These two verbs can often be used in the same way. 这两个动词用法常相同◆The hotel is run / managed by two brothers.酒店由兄弟俩经营。 Run emphasizes the tasks involved in the operation of a business－planning, ordering stock, organizing transport of goods, etc. Someone can run a small business (without any employees), part of a business, a department or a larger organization. Manage often refers to organizing other workers. A manager makes decisions about how a business, department, etc. is run, but they usually tell other people what to do rather than doing it themselves. * run强调企业运营中涉及的各项工作，如制订计划、订购货物、组织货物运输等。run可指一个人做小买卖（没有雇员），也可指负责企业的某项业务、一个部门或一家较大规模的企业。manage常指管理其他员工。做运营相关决定的人称为manager，但他们通常指示别人怎么做，而非自己做。 ■ control (-ll-) [transitive] to have power over a business, organization, project or country, so that you are able to decide how it is run 指挥，控制，掌管（企业、组织、项目或国家）◆The whole territory is now controlled by the army.现在全境都在军队的控制之下。◆By the age of 21 he controlled the company.他21岁就掌管了公司。■ be responsible for sb/sth phrase to have the job or duty of doing sth or taking care of sb/sth, so that you may be blamed if sth goes wrong 有责任；负责；承担义务◆Mike is responsible for designing the entire project.迈克负责整个项目的设计工作。◆Even where parents no longer live together, they each continue to be responsible for their children.即使父母不再共同生活，他们也要分别对子女负责。 see also responsibility ⇨ responsibility ■ be in charge phrase to be in the position of having control over sb/sth 主管，掌管，照管（某人或某物）◆I've usually been the one in charge of the petty cash.小额现金通常由我掌管。◆Who's in charge here?这里谁是负责人？ see also charge ⇨ responsibility ■ direct [transitive] to be in charge of a project or process 管理，监督，指导（项目或进程）◆He was asked to take command and direct operations.他奉命统率并指挥作战行动。 see also direction ⇨ government 2 , director ⇨ manager ■ administer [transitive, often passive] to manage and organize the affairs or a company, organization or country 管理（公司或组织）；治理（国家）◆The country has to face up to the high cost of administering medical services.国家必须正视医疗服务机构高昂的管理费用。◆The pension funds are administered by commercial banks.养老基金由商业银行运作管理。 see also administration ⇨ government 2 , administration ⇨ management , administrator ⇨ organizer ■ command [transitive] to be in charge of a group of people in the army, navy or air force 指挥，统率（军队）◆He was the officer commanding the troops in the Western region.他是统率西部地区部队的军官。◆The squadron was commanded by Major Frank Broad.这个中队由弗兰克•布罗德少校指挥。 see also command ⇨ control noun suppress2 verb suppress a rebellion 镇压叛乱suppress a feeling 压抑感情suppress ♦︎ control ♦︎ stifle ♦︎ contain ♦︎ restrain ♦︎ keep from sth ♦︎ repress ♦︎ hold sth back ♦︎ check ♦︎ curbThese words all mean to stop yourself from feeling or showing an emotion. 这些词均表示对情感加以抑制、克制。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to control / contain / restrain / check yourself◆to restrain / keep yourself from doing sth◆to suppress / control / contain / restrain / repress / hold back / check your anger◆to suppress / control / stifle / restrain / repress / check / curb an impulse◆to suppress / control / stifle / contain / restrain / repress an urge◆to suppress / control / stifle / contain / repress / check a / an feeling / emotion◆to suppress / control / check / curb an instinct◆to control / contain / restrain / curb your impatience◆to suppress / control / contain your excitement◆to control / contain / curb your temper◆to suppress / control / contain / restrain / hold back tears◆to suppress / control / stifle / restrain a smile◆to barely suppress / control / contain / restrain / repress / hold back sth◆to hardly suppress / control / contain / keep from sth■ suppress / /səˈpres/ / [transitive] to stop yourself from feeling or showing an emotion or thinking about sth, even though you might want to 抑制，控制，忍住（情感或思想）◆She was unable to suppress a giggle.她忍不住笑出声来。◆He had suppressed the painful memories of his childhood.他尽力不去回想那些痛苦的童年记忆。◆Her face was charged with barely suppressed anger.她的脸上充满了勉强忍住的怒火。OPP arouse ⇨ stimulate ▸ suppression noun [uncountable] ◆the suppression of emotion / feelings对情感的抑制■ control (-ll-) [transitive] to manage to make yourself remain calm, even though you are angry or upset 抑制，克制（怒气或不快）◆I was so furious I couldn't control myself and I hit him.我气得无法自制，就打了他。◆The clerk could scarcely control his excitement.那位职员简直无法抑制内心的激动。 see also self-control ⇨ restraint ■ stifle / /ˈstaɪfl/ / [transitive] to stop yourself from showing how you feel, especially through a physical action such as laughing, crying or yawning 忍住，抑制（尤指笑、哭或打哈欠等）◆He stifled the urge to laugh.他抑制住了笑的冲动。◆She managed to stifle a yawn.她设法忍住了呵欠。ⓘ You might stifle a laugh or a yawn because you don't want to seem rude. * stifle可指出于礼貌而忍住大笑或呵欠。■ contain [transitive] (written) to keep your emotions under control 控制，克制，抑制（感情）◆I was so furious I just couldn't contain myself.我气愤极了，简直无法克制自己。◆She could hardly contain her excitement.她几乎无法抑制内心的激动。■ restrain / /rɪˈstreɪn/ / [transitive] to stop yourself from feeling an emotion or doing sth that you would like to do, because you realize this might make a situation worse 约束（自己）；控制（自己）；忍住◆I restrained the urge to punch him.我抑制住了自己的冲动，没用拳头打他。◆I was tempted to answer back, but I restrained myself.我想还嘴，但忍住了。 see also restraint ⇨ restraint ■ ˈkeep from sth■ ˈkeep yourself from sth phrasal verb (kept, kept)to stop yourself from doing sth, especially showing an emotion 忍住，克制（尤指不流露感情）◆She could hardly keep herself from laughing out loud.她差一点大声笑起来。◆Caroline bit her lip to keep from telling him how wrong he was.卡罗琳咬着嘴唇，忍住没说出他的错误有多严重。■ repress / /rɪˈpres/ / [transitive] (rather formal) to try hard not to feel or show an emotion 克制，抑制，压抑（情感）◆He burst in, making no effort to repress his fury.他闯了进来，毫不掩饰自己的愤怒。◆They tend to hide their emotions and repress their desires.他们往往会掩饰自己的情感并克制自己的欲望。▸ repression noun [uncountable] ◆sexual repression性压抑NOTE 辨析 Suppress or repress? Repress is less frequent and more formal than suppress. Suppress is used more often to describe a deliberate effort to prevent your feelings being seen by other people; repress is a slightly stronger word, often suggesting that you do not want your inner feelings to be expressed at all, even to yourself. 与suppress相比，repress较少用，也较正式。suppress更常指故意掩饰自己的感情不让别人看出来；repress语气稍强，常意味着根本不想表露自己的内心感情，甚至对自己也是这样。■ ˌhold sth ˈback phrasal verb (held, held)to stop yourself expressing how you really feel, especially through laughing or crying 抑制，控制（尤指大笑、哭等）；不露声色◆He bravely held back his tears.他勇敢地忍住了自己的眼泪。◆At times he could barely hold back his impatience.有时候他几乎无法控制自己的不耐烦。■ check [transitive] (written) to suddenly stop yourself from saying or doing sth or from showing an emotion 克制，抑制（说某事、做某事或表露感情）◆She wanted to tell him the whole truth but she checked herself.她本想告诉他全部真相，但又忍住了。◆She made no effort to check her tears and just let them run down her face.她没有克制自己的眼泪，听凭它们顺着脸颊往下流。■ curb [transitive] to keep an aspect of your personality under control, especially a bad one or one that is considered bad 控制，抑制，约束（尤指不好的性格）◆He needs to learn to curb his temper.他需要学会控制自己的脾气。◆She has to curb her natural exuberance.她只得抑制住自己热情洋溢的性格。 control noun control ♦︎ power ♦︎ rule ♦︎ authority ♦︎ jurisdiction ♦︎ discipline ♦︎ command ♦︎ hold ♦︎ grasp ♦︎ forceThese are all words for the ability that a person or group has to control sb/sth else. 这些词均表示控制力、操纵力。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆control / power / rule / authority / jurisdiction / command / a hold over sb / sth◆a hold / grasp on sb / sth◆to be in control / power / authority / command / force◆to be under sb's control / rule / authority / jurisdiction / command◆to be beyond / outside the control / power / authority / jurisdiction of sb◆the power / authority / jurisdiction to do sth◆absolute / complete control / power / authority / command◆direct control / rule / authority / command◆to have control / power / authority / jurisdiction / command / a hold over sb / force◆to exercise control / power / authority / jurisdiction◆to take control / power / command◆to assume control / power / authority / command◆to give sb control / power / authority / jurisdiction / command / a hold over sb◆to delegate power / authority / command (to sb)◆to lose control / power / authority / command / your hold on sth◆to relinquish control / power / command / your hold on sth■ control [uncountable] the power to make decisions about how a country, an area, an organization or sb's life is run; the ability to make sb/sth do what you want （对国家、地区、机构或人的）管理权，控制权，支配权；控制（或操纵）能力◆The party is expecting to gain control of the council in the next election.该党期待着下次选举能获得对地方议会的控制权。◆The aim is to give people more control over their own lives.目的是让人能对自己的生活有更多的自主权。◆The city is under enemy control.那座城市在敌人控制之下。◆The teacher had no control over the children.那个老师管不住学生。◆She struggled to keep control of her voice.她竭力控制住自己的声音。◆She lost control of her car on the ice.她在冰上开车失去了控制。◆Owing to circumstances beyond our control the flight to Rome has been cancelled.由于出现了无法控制的情况，飞往罗马的航班已经取消。 see also self-control ⇨ restraint , controlled ⇨ disciplined ■ power [uncountable] the ability to control people or things; political control of a country or area 控制力；影响力；统治；政权◆He has the power to make life very difficult for us.他权力很大，可以把我们整得狼狈不堪。◆The Emperor had absolute power over all his subjects.皇帝对所有的臣民拥有绝对权力。◆She was determined to go through with her plan, now that she had him in her power (= was able to do what she liked with him).既然可以摆布他，她决定把她的计划实施到底。◆The party came to power at the last election.该党在上次选举中当选执政。◆He seized power in a military coup.他在一次军事政变中夺了权。◆It was the beginning of a power struggle between rival factions within the party.这是该党内部对立派系间权力斗争的开始。◆The war brought about a shift in the balance of power.那场战争使势力的均衡发生了转变。 see also office ⇨ role ■ rule [uncountable] the government of a country or area by a particular person, group or political system （特定的人、团体或政治体系对国家或地区的）统治，管理◆There was a gradual process of returning the country to civilian rule.将那个国家恢复到文官统治经历了一个渐进的过程。◆The country remained under direct rule by the occupying powers.那个国家仍在占领势力的直接统治下。ⓘ Rule often refers to control by an outside country or group, by a political system which allows little freedom, or sth which contrasts with this. * rule常指外国或外部集团的控制，以及专制或非专制政体的统治◆colonial / British / Ottoman rule殖民地的／英国的／奥斯曼的统治◆Fascist / military rule法西斯主义／军事统治◆a return to civilian / democratic / majority rule回到文官／民主／多数派统治 see also rule ⇨ rule verb 1 ■ authority [uncountable] the power to give orders to people 权力；威权；当权◆She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses.她现在管辖着曾是她上司的那些人。◆Nothing will be done because no one in authority (= who has the power to do sth) takes the matter seriously.什么也办不了，因为掌权的谁也不认真对待这个问题。■ jurisdiction /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn; NAmE ˌdʒʊrɪsˈdɪkʃn/ [uncountable, countable] (formal) the power that an official organization has to make legal decisions about sb/sth 司法权；审判权；管辖权◆These matters do not fall within our jurisdiction.这些事情不归我们管辖。◆The agreement doesn't come under the jurisdiction of the EU courts.该协议不归欧盟法院管辖。■ discipline [uncountable] the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not; the controlled behaviour or situation that results from this training 守纪训练；训导；纪律；风纪◆The school has a reputation for high standards of discipline.这所学校以纪律严明著称。◆Strict discipline is imposed on army recruits.新兵受到严格的纪律训练。◆She keeps good discipline in class.她严格执行课堂纪律。 see also discipline ⇨ punish verb , disciplined ⇨ disciplined , self-discipline ⇨ restraint ■ command [uncountable] the power to give orders to a group of people, especially in the armed forces or police （尤指对军队或警察的）控制，管辖，指挥◆He has 1 200 men under his command.他掌管着1 200人。◆Who's in command here?这里谁主事？◆The police arrived and took command of the situation.警方到达后控制了局势。 see also command ⇨ order verb 1 , command ⇨ run 2 ■ hold [singular] influence or control over a person or situation （对人或局势的）影响，控制◆What she knew about his past gave her a hold over him.她知道他的过去，所以能够控制他。◆Enemy forces have consolidated their hold on the northern province.敌军已经巩固了他们对北部省份的控制。■ grasp [singular] (rather informal) control over a situation, especially when it is hard to hold on to （尤指对难以控制的局势的）掌控◆The company continues to maintain its grasp on the business computer market.那家公司继续维持着对商用电脑市场的控制。◆Don't let the situation escape from your grasp.别让局面失控。NOTE 辨析 Hold or grasp?In this meaning, a hold is stronger than a grasp. You have, strengthen or consolidate a hold. A grasp has to be maintained or things may slip or escape from it. 表达此义时，hold语气比grasp强。hold可以作have、strengthen或consolidate的宾语。grasp则可以作maintain、slip或escape from的宾语。■ force [uncountable] the authority of a law or rule （法律或规定的）权力，效力◆These guidelines do not have the force of law.这些指导原则不具有法律效力。◆The court ruled that these standards have force in British law.法院裁定，这些标准在英国法律中具有效力。 button1 noun Press the red button. 按下红色按钮。a jacket with gold buttons 钉着金色纽扣的夹克衫button ♦︎ switch ♦︎ control ♦︎ wheel ♦︎ key ♦︎ handle ♦︎ lever ♦︎ knob ♦︎ dialThese are all words for the part of a machine, vehicle or piece of equipment that you press, turn or move to make it work. 这些词均表示按钮、开关、操控装置。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a button / switch / key / handle / lever / knob / dial on sth◆the on / off / on-off button / switch◆a control button / switch / key / lever / knob◆a door handle / knob◆a volume control button / switch / knob / dial◆to be at / take the controls / wheel◆to press a button / switch / key / lever◆to push a button / switch / handle / lever◆to pull a switch / handle / lever◆to turn a wheel / handle / knob / dial◆to hit a button / switch / key◆to adjust the controls / lever / knob / dial◆a button / switch / handle / lever / knob / dial controls sth◆a / the button / switch / controls / wheel / handle / lever operates sth◆a / the button / switch / controls / lever / knob / dial adjusts sth■ button [countable] a small part of a machine that you press to make it work （机器的）按钮，键◆the play / stop / rewind button播放键；停止键；倒带键◆Adam pressed a button and waited for the doors to open.亚当按了一个按钮，等着门打开。◆Choose 'printer' from the menu and click with the right mouse button.从选单上选取“打印机”，然后点击鼠标右键。◆The windows slide down at the touch of a button.按一下开关，窗玻璃便降下来。■ switch [countable] a small device that you press or move up and down in order to turn a light or piece of electrical equipment on and off （电路的）开关，闸◆a light switch电灯开关◆That was in the days before electricity was available at the flick of a switch.那是在过去，还没有到开关一响就有电的时代。◆Which switch do I press to turn it off?我按哪个开关能把它关掉？◆to throw a switch (= to move a large switch) 扳动开关 see also switch sth off ⇨ turn sth off , switch sth on ⇨ turn sth on ■ control [countable, usually plural] the switches and buttons, etc. that you use to operate a machine or vehicle, for example a plane （机器、车辆、飞机等的）操纵装置，开关，按钮◆the controls of an aircraft飞机的操纵装置◆the control panel控制面板◆the volume control of a CD playerCD播放机的音量调节钮◆The co-pilot was at the controls when the plane landed.副驾驶员操纵着飞机着陆。 see also control ⇨ operate ■ wheel [countable, usually singular] the round object used to steer a car, bus, etc. or ship （汽车等的）方向盘；（轮船的）舵轮◆He drummed his fingers on the steering wheel and waited.他等候时用手指嗒嗒地敲击方向盘。◆This is the first time I've sat behind the wheel since the accident.这是出车祸以来我头一次坐在方向盘前。◆A car swept past with Laura at the wheel.劳拉驱车疾驰而过。◆Do you want to take the wheel (= drive / steer) now?你现在想开车吗？■ key [countable] any of the buttons that you press to operate a computer or typewriter; any of the wooden or metal parts that you press to play a piano and some other musical instruments （计算机、打字机、钢琴等乐器的）键◆Press the return key to enter the information.按返回键输入信息。◆His hands flew over the piano keys and beautiful sounds filled the theatre.他的双手在琴键上飞舞，美妙的钢琴声充满了剧场。▸ key verb [transitive] ◆Key (in) your password.键入密码。■ handle [countable] the part of a door, drawer, window, etc. that you use to open it 把手；拉手◆She turned the handle and opened the door.她转动把手，打开了门。◆He tried the handle but the window was locked.他扳了扳拉手，但窗户锁上了。■ lever [countable] a handle used to operate a vehicle or piece of machinery （车辆或机器的）操纵杆，控制杆◆Pull the lever towards you to adjust the speed.把操纵杆往你身前拉动以调节速度。■ knob / /nɒb; NAmE nɑːb/ [countable] a round switch on a machine such as a radio that you use to turn it on and off, etc.; a round handle on a door or drawer （用以开关收音机等的）旋钮；（门或抽屉的）球形把手◆the volume control knob音量控制旋钮◆I've tried twiddling the knobs, but nothing seems to happen.我试着转动那些旋钮，但似乎没什么反应。◆She turned the heavy brass door knob.她转动门上沉重的黄铜球形把手。■ dial /ˈdaɪəl/ / [countable] the round control on a radio, cooker, etc. that you turn in order to adjust sth, for example to choose a particular station or temperature （收音机、炉灶等的）调节盘，控制盘◆You can tune into our station at 1460 on the radio dial.用调节盘把收音机的频率调到1460，就可以收听到我们的电台。◆Set the dial for the number of copies requested.在控制盘上设定好需要复印的份数。 limit1 noun a speed/time/age limit 速度／时间／年龄限制a limit to what we can do 我们做事能力的限度limit ♦︎ restriction ♦︎ control ♦︎ constraint ♦︎ restraint ♦︎ limitation ♦︎ ceiling ♦︎ curb ♦︎ checkThese are all words for sth that limits what you can do or what can happen. 这些词均表示限制、限定、制约。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆limits / restrictions / controls / constraints / restraints / limitations / a ceiling / curbs / checks on sth◆limits / limitations / checks to sth◆without limits / restrictions / controls / constraints / restraints / limitations / checks◆severe limits / restrictions / controls / constraints / restraints / limitations / checks◆tight limits / restrictions / controls / constraints◆effective limits / restrictions / controls / constraints / restraints◆an artificial limit / restriction / constraint◆to impose limits / restrictions / controls / constraints / restraints / limitations / a ceiling / curbs / checks◆to place limits / restrictions / controls / constraints / restraints / limitations / a ceiling / checks◆to introduce limits / restrictions / controls / constraints / limitations / curbs / checks◆to remove / accept limits / restrictions / controls / constraints / restraints / limitations◆to lift restrictions / controls / constraints / restraints / the ceiling◆to tighten / relax restrictions / controls / constraints◆to act as a control / constraint / restraint / limitation / ceiling / curb / check■ limit [countable] the greatest or smallest amount of sth that is allowed 极限；限量；限额◆The EU has set strict limits on pollution levels.欧盟对污染程度定下了严格的限制。◆He admitted that he had broken the speed limit.他承认超速驾驶。◆You can't drive－you're over the limit (= you have drunk more alcohol than is legal when driving).你饮酒过量，不能驾车。◆It is our job to keep government spending within acceptable limits.我们的职责是使政府的开支保持在可接受的限额内。 see also limit ⇨ confine sb/sth to sth phrasal verb ■ restriction [countable] (rather formal) a rule or law that limits what you can do 限制规定；限制法规◆Speed restrictions are in operation on the M4 due to poor visibility.由于能见度低，M4高速公路正在实施限速。◆The government has agreed to lift restrictions on press freedom.政府已经同意取消对新闻自由的限制。◆There are no restrictions on the amount of money you can withdraw.取款没有限额。 see also restrict ⇨ confine sb/sth to sth phrasal verb ■ control [uncountable, countable] (often in compounds 常构成复合词) the act of limiting or managing sth; a method of doing this 限制；管制；约束◆traffic control交通管制◆talks on arms control军备控制谈判◆A new advance has been made in the control of malaria.在控制疟疾方面已取得新的进展。◆government controls on trade and industry政府对工商业的管理◆Price controls on food were ended.对食品价格的控制已告结束。◆A pest control officer was called in to deal with the rat problem.一名虫害防治员被请来应对鼠害问题。■ constraint [countable] (rather formal) a fact or decision that limits what you can do 限制；限定；约束◆We have to work within severe constraints of time and money.我们不得不在时间紧迫、资金紧缺的限制下工作。◆This decision will impose serious financial constraints on all schools.这项决定将使所有学校受到严格的财务限制。 see also constrain ⇨ confine sb/sth to sth phrasal verb ■ restraint [countable, usually plural, uncountable] (rather formal) a decision, rule, idea, etc. that limits what you can do; the act of limiting sth because it is necessary or sensible to do so 管制措施；制约因素；（必要或合理的）控制，限制◆The government has imposed export restraints on some products.政府对一些产品实行了出口限制。◆There are certain social restraints on drinking alcohol.在饮酒方面存在着某些社会制约因素。◆The unions are unlikely to accept any sort of wage restraint.这些工会不可能接受任何形式的工资限制。◆They said that they would fight without restraint (= completely freely) for what they wanted.他们说，为达目的，他们会无所顾忌地抗争到底。■ limitation [uncountable, countable] the act or process of limiting sth; a rule, fact or condition that limits sth 限制；控制；限制措施；制约条件◆They would resist any limitation of their powers.他们会抵制对他们权力的任何限制。◆Disability is a physical limitation on your life.残疾在生理上限制了你的生活。◆There should be no limitations to progress in the talks.谈判的进展情况不应受到任何制约。NOTE 辨析 Restriction, constraint, restraint or limitation?These are all things that limit what you can do. A restriction is rule or law that is made by sb in authority. A constraint is sth that exists rather than sth that is made, although it may exist as a result of sb's decision. A restraint is also sth that exists: it can exist outside yourself, as the result of sb else's decision; but it can also exist inside you, as a fear of what other people may think or as your own feeling about what is acceptable. 这些词均表示限制，其中restriction指权威人士制定的规定或法规；constraint指现存的限制或约束而非作出的规定，尽管这种约束也可能是因他人的决定而存在；restraint也指现存的限制或制约因素，既可能指自身之外的因素，如他人的决定；也可能指自身因素，如担心别人的想法或顾虑自己的做法能否被接受◆moral / social / cultural / conventional restraints道德／社会／文化／习俗的制约因素A limitation is more general and can be a rule that sb makes or a fact or condition that exists. * limitation使用比较普遍，可指某人作出的限制规定，也可指现存的制约因素或条件。 ■ ceiling [countable] the highest limit on sth such as prices or wages （价格、工资等的）最高限度，上限，最大限量◆They have put a ceiling on the price of fuel.他们规定了燃料价格的上限。◆The government has decided to lift price ceilings on bread and milk.政府已决定取消对面包和牛奶的最高限价。■ curb /kɜːb; NAmE kɜːrb/ [countable] a rule or action that limits the level, amount or degree of sth （对水平、数量或程度）起限制作用的规定（或行为）◆We are in favour of strict curbs on government spending.我们赞成对政府开支采取严格限制措施。◆Counselling acted as a curb on his violent behaviour.心理咨询对他的暴力行为起到了抑制作用。■ check [countable] (rather formal) something that slows down the progress of sth else or stops it from getting worse 阻碍进程的事物；防止恶化的事物◆A cold spring will provide a natural check on the number of insects.寒冷的春季会自然控制昆虫的数量。◆The House of Commons became the most fundamental check to the power of the British monarchy.下议院对英国君主的权力起到了最根本的制衡作用。 |