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end noun
⇨ end (the end of the week) ⇨ aspect (the marketing end of the business) ⇨ edge (the end of the road/table) ⇨ target (for your own ends) ⇨ on end ⇨ upright adj.end verb
⇨ end end noun end ♦︎ close ♦︎ conclusion ♦︎ finish ♦︎ ending ♦︎ termination ♦︎ finale ♦︎ cessationThese are all words for the final part of a period of time, an event, activity or story. 这些词均表示时间、事件、活动或故事的终结、结尾。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a / an (...) end / finish / ending / finale to sth◆at the end / close / conclusion / finish / finale◆an abrupt end / conclusion / finish / ending / termination◆a dramatic end / conclusion / finish / ending / finale◆a fitting end / conclusion / finale◆to have a / an (...) end / conclusion / ending / finale◆to provide a / an (...) conclusion / finish / ending / finale◆to bring sth to an end / a close / a conclusion◆to come / draw to an end / a close◆to reach the end / finale■ end [countable] the final part of a period of time, an event, activity or story; a situation in which sth does not exist any more （时间、事件、活动或故事的）终止，结尾；结束◆I hope to finish this by the end of the week.我希望周末前能完成这项工作。◆They finally get named at the end of the book.他们终于在书的结尾部分被提到姓名。◆There'll be a chance to ask questions at the end.最后将有提问的机会。◆We had to hear about the whole journey from beginning to end.我们只好从头到尾把整个旅行情况听完。◆It's the end of an era.这是一个时代的终结。◆It was the end of all his dreams.他所有的梦想都破灭了。◆The war was finally at an end.战争终于结束了。◆Let's put an end to (= stop) these rumours once and for all.让我们对这些流言飞语作一了结吧。OPP beginning ⇨ start noun ■ close / /kləʊz; NAmE kloʊz/ [singular] (formal, especially business 尤用于商业) the final part of a period of time, an event or activity （时间、事件或活动的）终止，结尾◆Can we bring this meeting to a close?我们可以结束这次会议了吗？◆By the close of London trading, Wall Street was up 9.78 points.伦敦交易结束时，华尔街股市上扬了9.78个点。ⓘ Close is most often used in business contexts or in sport, especially cricket or baseball. * close最常用于商务或体育语境，尤用于曲棍球或棒球运动◆At the close of play, the scores were almost level.比赛结束时，比分几乎持平。 ■ conclusion /kənˈkluːʒn/ / [countable, usually singular] (rather formal) the final part of sth such as a speech or piece of writing （演讲或文章的）结束，结尾◆The conclusion of the book was disappointing.这本书的结尾令人失望。◆If we took this argument to its logical conclusion...假如我们把这段论证归结成一个合乎其逻辑的结论⋯◆In conclusion, (= finally) I would like to thank...最后，我想感谢⋯■ finish [countable, usually singular] the final part of sth, especially a race （尤指速度比赛的）最后，结局◆It was a close finish, as they had predicted.正如他们所料，比赛结果难分高下。◆He led the race from start to finish.他自始至终都在领跑。◆I want to see the job right through to the finish.我要跟进这项工作，直到完成为止。ⓘ Finish is mainly used to talk about sports events, especially races, or other activities where the time that sb takes is considered to be important. * finish主要用于体育赛事，尤指速度比赛或其他需要计时的活动。 OPP start ⇨ start noun ■ ending [countable] the last part of a story, film, etc.; the act of finishing sth; the final part of sth （故事、影片等的）结局；结束；结尾◆His stories usually have a happy ending.他的故事通常有一个美满的结局。◆Today is the anniversary of the ending of the Pacific War.今天是太平洋战争结束纪念日。◆It was the perfect ending to the perfect day.美好的一天就此圆满地结束了。OPP opening , beginning ⇨ start noun ■ termination / /ˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃn; NAmE ˌtɜːrmɪˈneɪʃn/ [uncountable] (formal, especially business 尤用于商业) the act of ending sth; the end of sth 结束；终止；末端◆Failure to comply with these conditions will result in termination of the contract.不遵守这些条件将导致合同终止。■ finale /fɪˈnɑːli; NAmE fɪˈnæli/ [countable] the last part of a show or piece of music （演出的）终场；（音乐的）终曲◆the rousing finale of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony贝多芬第九交响曲激动人心的末章◆The festival ended with a grand finale of fireworks and music.节日活动的最后是烟火盛放、音乐齐鸣的盛大场面。ⓘ Finale can also be used after an adjective to mean 'an ending to sth of the type mentioned'. * finale也可用于形容词之后，意为“以⋯方式结束”◆It was a fitting finale to the day's events.当天的活动至此顺利结束。 ■ cessation /seˈseɪʃn/ / [singular] (formal, especially journalism 尤用于新闻) the stopping of sth; a pause in sth 停止；终止；暂停◆Mexico called for an immediate cessation of hostilities.墨西哥呼吁立即停止敌对行动。 aspect noun ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ element 1 另见element条第1义aspect ♦︎ side ♦︎ respect ♦︎ dimension ♦︎ strand ♦︎ endThese are all words for a particular part or feature of a situation, idea or sb's character, or a way of looking or thinking about sth. 这些词均表示方面、层面或看问题的角度。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an aspect / a side / a dimension / a strand to sth◆an important aspect / respect / dimension / strand◆a crucial aspect / respect / dimension◆a / an political / economic / social / cultural / historical / religious / spiritual / moral / human aspect / side / dimension◆to consider an aspect / a side / a dimension of sth◆to deal with / look at an aspect / a side of sth■ aspect [countable] a particular part or feature of a situation, idea, problem or person's character; a way of looking or thinking about sth 方面；层面；（看待事物的）角度◆The book aims to cover all aspects of city life.这本书旨在涵盖城市生活的各个方面。◆This was one aspect of her character he hadn't seen before.这是他过去没有了解到的她性格的一个方面。◆She felt she had looked at the problem from every aspect.她觉得已经从各个角度考虑了这个问题。■ side [countable] a particular aspect of sth, especially a situation or a person's character （尤指情况或性格的）方面◆Her novels deal with the darker side of human nature.她的小说讨论人性的阴暗面。◆It's good you can see the funny side of the situation.你能看到情况可笑的一面，这很好。◆I'll take care of that side of things.那方面的事情由我来处理。ⓘ In this meaning, side is often, though not always, rather informal, used especially in spoken English in the phrases see the funny side and that/the business/the political, etc. side of things. 表达此义时，side常常很不正式，尤其用于口语短语see the funny side或that/the business/the political, etc. side of things中。■ respect [countable] a particular aspect or detail of sth （事物的）方面，细节◆In this respect we are very fortunate.在这方面，我们是很幸运的。◆He takes after his father in some respects, but he's very different in other ways.他某些方面很像他父亲，但其他方面却非常不同。◆There was one respect, however, in which they differed.然而，他们在一点上有分歧。ⓘ Respect is used especially to draw attention to one particular aspect of sth, in order to contrast it with other aspects. It is used very often in the phrases in some/many/all respects and in one/every respect but it is not followed by of sth and you should use one before it instead of a. * respect尤用来强调事物的某个方面，以区别于其他方面。常用于短语in some/many/all respects和in one/every respect中，但是后面不接of sth，而且前面应该用one而不用a◆an important aspect of the problem问题的一个重要方面◆an important respect of the problem. ◆They differed in one respect.他们在某一点上有分歧。◆They differed in a respect. ■ dimension /daɪˈmenʃn, dɪˈmenʃn/ [countable] a feature of sth; a way of looking at or thinking about sth 方面；侧面；（看待事物的）角度◆Her job added a new dimension to her life.她的工作为她的生活增添了新的内容。◆We should also consider the social dimension of unemployment.我们还应该考虑失业的社会层面。ⓘ Dimension is used especially to talk about issues in society and history; common collocates include social, economic, political, ideological, cultural, linguistic, historical, geographical, environmental, regional, national, international, human, personal, moral, ethical, religious and spiritual. * dimension尤指社会和历史问题的某个方面，常见搭配词有social、economic、political、ideological、cultural、linguistic、historical、geographical、environmental、regional、national、international、human、personal、moral、ethical、religious和spiritual。■ strand [countable] one of the different parts of sth, especially an idea, plan or story （尤指观点、计划或故事的）部分，方面◆There are three main strands to the policy.该政策主要涉及三个方面。◆The author draws the different strands of the plot together in the final chapter.作者在最后一章把不同的情节线索归拢到了一起。■ end [countable, usually singular] a part of an activity with which sb is concerned, especially in business （尤指经营活动的）部分，方面◆We need someone to handle the marketing end of the business.我们需要有人来处理市场推广这一块业务。◆Are there any problems at your end?你那边有什么问题吗？◆I have kept my end of the bargain.我已履行了我方的协议条件。 edge noun edge ♦︎ end ♦︎ side ♦︎ perimeter ♦︎ limit ♦︎ fringe ♦︎ periphery ♦︎ marginThese are all words for the part of sth that is furthest away from the centre. 这些词均表示边缘、外围。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆at the edge / end / side / perimeter / limits / fringe / periphery / margins◆on the edge / end / side / perimeter / fringe / periphery / margins◆beyond the edge / end / perimeter / limits / fringe / margins◆along / around the edge / sides / perimeter / fringe / periphery / margins◆the outer edge / end / perimeter / limit / fringe / periphery / margins of sth◆the inner edge / end / perimeter of sth◆the northern / eastern / southern / western edge / end / side / limit / fringe / periphery / margins of sth◆the very edge / end / limit / fringe of sth◆to reach the edge / end / perimeter / limit / fringe / periphery◆to remain on / stand on the edge / end / fringe■ edge [countable] the outside limit of an object, area or surface; the part furthest from the centre 边；边缘；边线◆He stood on the edge of the cliff.他站在悬崖边上。◆They live right on the edge of town.他们就住在城市的边缘。◆I sat down at the water's edge.我在水边坐了下来。◆Stand the coin on its edge and spin it.把硬币竖起来旋转。◆She tore the page out roughly, leaving a ragged edge in the book.她粗暴地撕下那一页，在书中留下了参差不齐的撕痕。OPP the middle ⇨ middle ■ end [countable] the part of an object or place that is the furthest from its centre, front or from where you are 末端；尽头；末梢◆Turn right at the end of the road.在路的尽头向右拐。◆That's his wife sitting at the far end of the table.坐在桌子远端的那位就是他的妻子。◆Go to the end of the line!站到队尾去！◆You've got something on the end of your nose.你的鼻尖上沾了些东西。◆Tie the ends of the string together.把绳子的两端系在一起。◆These two products are from opposite ends of the price range.这两款产品一款是价格最高的，一款是价格最低的。◆We walked along the whole promenade from end to end.我们沿着海滨大道从这头一直走到另一头。◆They arranged the tables end to end.他们把桌子连成一排。◆Stand the box on end.把盒子竖起来。◆They live in the end house.他们住在最末端的房子里。OPP the middle ⇨ middle ■ side [countable] a part of an object or place near the edge and away from the middle 边缘；边◆She sat on the side of the bed.她坐在床边。◆A van was parked at the side of the road.路边停着一辆面包车。◆the south side of the lake湖的南侧 OPP the middle ⇨ middle NOTE 辨析 Edge, end or side?The edge of an object or area goes all the way around it; the two ends of an object or area are points on the edge that are opposite each other with the longest distance between them; the sides of an object or area are the parts of the edge that are opposite each other but do not have the longest distance between them. * edge指环绕某物或区域的边缘；end指某物或区域内相隔距离最远的两端；side指某物或区域内相对的两侧，之间的距离不一定最远。■ perimeter / /pəˈrɪmɪtə(r)/ / [countable] (rather formal) the furthest edge of an enclosed area of land （围起来的土地的）外缘，边缘◆Guards patrol the perimeter of the estate.保安人员在庄园四周巡逻。◆There is a 15-foot perimeter fence.四周围着15英尺的栅栏。■ limit [countable] the furthest edge of an area or place （地区或地方的）境界，界限，范围◆We were reaching the limits of civilization.我们快到蛮荒地界了。◆The houses lie outside the city limits (= the official boundary of the city).这些房子位处城市地界以外。■ fringe [countable] a narrow strip of trees or buildings along the edge of sth （沿⋯边缘的）一排（树木或房屋）◆West of the river there was a fringe of woodland along its bank.河的西岸是一片树林。◆Along the coast, an industrial fringe had already developed.沿海一片带状工业区已经发展起来。ⓘ In British English a fringe can also be the furthest edge of an area or group. 在英式英语中fringe还可以指地区或群体的边缘◆The factories are located on the northern fringes of the city.这些工厂坐落在城市的北部边缘。 ■ periphery / /pəˈrɪfəri/ / [countable, usually singular] (formal) the furthest edge of an area; the less important part of an activity or political or social group （地区的）边缘，外围；（活动、政治或社会团体的）次要部分◆There is a lot of industrial development on the periphery of the town.城镇的周边地区发展了很多工业。◆It is a minor party on the periphery of American politics.这是处于美国政治边缘的一个小党派。 see also peripheral ⇨ minor ■ margin /ˈmɑːdʒɪn; NAmE ˈmɑːrdʒən/ [countable] (formal) the furthest edge of an area, especially an area of water; the less important part of an activity or political or social group （尤指水域的）边缘；（活动、政治或社会团体的）次要部分◆The island is on the eastern margin of the Indian Ocean.该岛位于印度洋东缘。◆These are desperate people, often homeless, living on the margins of society.这些人绝望无助，大多无家可归，生活在社会的边缘。 target noun ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ purpose 另见purpose条target ♦︎ objective ♦︎ goal ♦︎ object ♦︎ endThese are all words for sth that you are trying to achieve. 这些词均表示目标、目的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆targets / objectives / goals for sth◆to work towards a target / an objective / a goal◆a worthwhile target / objective / goal / object / end◆the main / primary / prime / principal target / objective / goal / object◆the ultimate target / objective / goal / object / end◆a common target / objective / goal / end◆a / an ambitious / major / long-term / short-term / future target / objective / goal◆economic / financial / business targets / objectives / goals◆to define a target / an objective / a goal / an object◆to set / agree on / identify / reach / meet / exceed a target / an objective / a goal◆to achieve a target / an objective / a goal / an end◆to promote / pursue / accomplish / attain an objective / a goal / an end■ target [countable] a result that you try to achieve 目标；指标◆Set yourself targets that you can reasonably hope to achieve.给自己制订有望达到的合理目标。◆We're aiming to meet a target date of April 2009.我们力求在预定日期2009年4月完成。◆Write a plan that sets out your business goals and targets.写下计划，设定你的业务目标。◆The new sports complex is on target to open in June.新建的体育中心将在6月份如期开放。◆Our target audience (= the particular audience that the programme is aimed at) is men aged between 18 and 35.我们的目标观众是18到35岁的男性。◆What's the target market for this product?这个产品的目标市场是什么？■ objective [countable] (rather formal) something that you are trying to achieve （努力达到的）目标，目的◆What is the main objective of this project?这个项目的主要目的是什么？◆You must set realistic aims and objectives for yourself.你必须为自己设定切实可行的目标。■ goal [countable] something that you hope to achieve （希望达到的）目标，目的◆He continued to pursue his goal of becoming a photographer.他继续追求成为摄影师的目标。◆Their goal was to eradicate malaria.他们的目标是根除疟疾。NOTE 辨析 Target, objective or goal?A target is usually officially recorded in some way, for example by an employer or by a government committee. It is often specific, and in the form of figures, such as a number of sales or exam passes, or a date. People often set their own objectives: these are things that they wish to achieve, often as part of a project or a talk they are giving. Goals are often long-term, and relate to people's life and career plans or the long-term plans of a company or organization. * target通常为以某种方式正式记录的指标，如由雇主或政府委员会制订，常为具体的数字，如销售量、考试及格率、日期等；objective通常指为自己制订的、希望达到的目标，常为某一项目或发言的一部分；goal通常指长远目标，与人生和职业规划、公司和机构的长远规划有关。■ object [countable] (rather formal) the purpose of sth; sth that you plan to achieve 宗旨；目的；（计划实现的）目标◆The object is to educate people about road safety.目的是要教育人们注意交通安全。◆The whole object of the exercise is to get people to listen to each other.整个活动的目的是让人们相互聆听心声。■ end [countable] (formal) something that you plan to achieve （计划实现的）目标，目的◆She is exploiting the current situation for her own ends.她在利用目前的形势来达到自己的目的。◆He joined the society for political ends.他出于政治目的加入了这个协会。◆With this end in view (= in order to achieve this) they employed 50 new sales reps.为了达到这个目标，他们增聘了50名销售代表。◆We are willing to make any concessions necessary to this end (= in order to achieve this).为了达到此目的，我们愿作出任何必要的让步。◆That's only OK if you believe that the end justifies the means (= bad methods of doing sth are acceptable if the final result is good).要是你认为只要目的正确就可以不择手段，那随便你好了。ⓘ End is usually used in the plural or in particular fixed expressions. * end通常用复数形式或用于某些固定短语。 upright adjective upright ♦︎ vertical ♦︎ erect ♦︎ straight ♦︎ on endThese words all describe the position that sth has when it goes straight up or down. 这些词均表示竖直的、直立的、垂直的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an upright / a vertical position◆an upright / erect posture◆to stand upright / erect / straight / on end◆to sit upright / erect / straight◆to hold sth upright / vertical / erect / straight■ upright (of a person) not lying down, and with the back straight rather than bent; (of an object) placed in a position that goes straight up or down （人）直立的，挺直的；（物体）竖直的，垂直的◆Humans have evolved an upright stance.人类已经进化形成直立的姿势。◆Gradually raise your body into an upright position.慢慢起身，成直立状态。◆Keep the bottle upright.保持瓶子直立。▸ upright adverb ◆He managed to pull himself upright.他设法直起身子。◆She sat bolt upright in bed.她在床上坐得笔直。■ vertical (of a line, surface or pole) going straight up or down from a level surface or from top to bottom in a picture （线、平面或杆）竖的，垂直的，直立的◆The cliff was almost vertical.那悬崖陡峭得几乎与地面垂直。◆There was a vertical drop to the ocean.离海面有一段垂直落差。◆Temperature is shown on the vertical axis of the graph.图的纵轴显示温度。 OPP horizontal ⇨ flat adj. ▸ vertically adverb ◆The cliffs rose up vertically out of the water.悬崖壁立，高耸出水面。■ erect / /ɪˈrekt/ / (formal) (especially of a person or part of the body) in an upright position （尤指人或身体部位）竖直的，直立的，挺立的◆Stand with your arms by your side and your head erect.手放两边，昂首直立。■ straight positioned in the correct way; level, upright or parallel to sth 平正的；直的；与⋯平行的◆Is my tie straight?我的领带正不正？◆He stepped back to make sure that the picture was straight.他向后退，看看画是否挂正了。▸ straight adverb ◆Sit up straight!坐直了！◆She pulled her hat straight.她把帽子拉正了。▸ straighten verb [transitive, intransitive] ◆He stood up and straightened his shoulders.他站起身，挺起肩膀。■ on ˈend idiom positioned so that the longest side of sth is in a vertical position 竖着；直立着◆It'll fit if you stand it on end.如果把它竖着就放得进去了。 end verb ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ finish 另见finish条end ♦︎ finish ♦︎ stop ♦︎ terminate ♦︎ conclude ♦︎ close ♦︎ wind (sth) upThese words all mean to come to an end or to bring sth to an end. 这些词均表示结束、终止。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to end / finish / conclude by / with sth◆to end / finish / conclude / close / wind up a meeting◆to end / finish / conclude / wind up a speech◆a play / show / film ends / finishes / concludes◆a concert ends / finishes◆a story / letter / note ends / concludes◆to almost / nearly / effectively end / finish / stop / terminate / conclude◆to virtually / all but / never end / finish / stop / terminate / conclude◆to end / finish / stop / terminate / conclude at last / eventually / finally◆to end / stop / terminate suddenly / abruptly / automatically■ end [intransitive, transitive] to come to an end; to bring sth to an end 结束；终止◆The road ends here.这条路到此为止。◆How does the story end?这个故事结局如何？◆The speaker ended by suggesting some topics for discussion.演讲者最后提了几个问题给大家讨论。◆They decided to end their relationship.他们决定结束彼此之间的关系。◆They ended the play with a song.他们以一首歌为那出戏画上句号。OPP begin ⇨ begin , begin ⇨ start verb ■ finish [intransitive, transitive] to come to an end; to bring sth to an end, especially in an appropriate way 结束；（以适当方式）结束（某事）◆The play finished at 10.30.比赛于10点半结束。◆The symphony finishes with a flourish.交响乐在气势磅礴的乐声中结束。◆A cup of coffee finished the meal perfectly.饭后一杯咖啡，晚餐圆满结束。◆They finished off the show with one of their most famous songs.他们用自己最著名的一首歌作演出的收尾。 OPP start ⇨ begin ■ stop (-pp-) [intransitive, transitive] to end; to make sth end 终止；结束◆When is this fighting going to stop?这场仗要打到什么时候？◆The bus service stops at midnight.公共汽车午夜停止服务。◆Has it stopped raining yet?雨停了没有？◆Doctors couldn't stop the bleeding.医生止不住血。◆The referee was forced to stop the game because of snow.由于下雪，裁判被迫终止了比赛。 OPP start ⇨ begin ■ terminate / /ˈtɜːmɪneɪt; NAmE ˈtɜːrmɪneɪt/ [intransitive, transitive] (formal) (of an arrangement or agreement) to end; to make an arrangement, agreement or pregnancy end （商定或协定）终止；终止（商定、协定或妊娠）◆Your contract of employment terminates in December.你的聘约12月到期。◆to terminate a pregnancy (= to have an abortion) 终止妊娠■ conclude /kənˈkluːd/ / [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to finish 终止；结束◆Let me make just a few concluding remarks.我来讲几句作结吧。◆The commission concluded its investigation last month.委员会于上月终止了调查。NOTE 辨析 End, stop, finish or conclude? End can be used for things that end in space as well as things that end in time. * end可以指时间或空间概念上的终止◆The road ends here.这条路到此为止。 End, finish and conclude are used especially about things that you do not expect to start again after they have ended. * end、finish和conclude尤指终止后不会再重启◆The war ended in 1945, after almost six years of fighting.战事持续近六年后，于1945年结束。◆The concert should finish by 10 o'clock.音乐会应该在10点钟结束。◆She concluded her speech with a quotation from Shakespeare.她以莎士比亚的一句名言结束了演讲。 Finish and conclude, in particular, suggest that sth has come to an end because it has been completed. Finish is used more to talk about when sth ends; conclude is used more to talk about how sth ends. Stop is used about things that may or will start again, or that cannot ever be 'completed'. * finish和conclude尤指事情因全部完成而终结。finish侧重“何时”终止；conclude侧重“如何”终止。stop指事情可能或将会继续，或不可能完全终结◆The rain stopped just long enough for us to have a quick walk in the park.雨停了一会儿，这段时间刚好可以让我们到公园随便走走。 ■ close [transitive, intransitive] to bring sth such as a meeting or investigation to an end; (of a meeting or offer) to come to an end 结束，终止（会议或调查）；（会议或优惠）结束◆Mr Hunt then closed the debate for the government.亨特先生于是替政府出面结束了这场争辩。◆A police spokesman said that the case was now closed.警方发言人称现在已经结案。◆The offer closes at the end of the week.优惠将于本周末结束。ⓘ If a case, investigation or subject is closed, no further investigation or discussion takes place; however, it does not necessarily mean that the case or problem under investigation or discussion has been solved: it may simply have been decided to stop trying to solve it. * close的宾语是case、investigation或subject时，表示不再调查或讨论，但是并不意味着被调查、讨论的案件或问题已经得到解决，也许只不过是决定了不再追查或深究。 OPP open ⇨ begin , open ⇨ start verb ■ ˌwind ˈup ■ ˌwind sth ˈup phrasal verb to bring sth such as a speech or meeting to an end 结束（讲话或会议等）◆The speaker was just winding up when the door was flung open.演讲人刚要结束讲话时门突然被推开了。◆If we all agree, let's wind up the discussion.如果大家都同意，咱们就结束讨论吧。 OPP kick off ⇨ start verb |