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extend verb
⇨ expand 1 (extend a house) ⇨ lead 3 (The garden extends to the river.) ⇨ maintain 1 (extend the deadline) ⇨ offer 1 (extend an invitation)expand1 verb Student numbers are expanding. 学生人数在增加。expand a business 扩展业务expand ♦︎ widen ♦︎ extend ♦︎ enlarge ♦︎ broaden ♦︎ lengthen ♦︎ stretchThese words all mean to become or make sth larger. 这些词均表示扩大、增加、延长。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to expand / widen / extend / enlarge / lengthen / stretch to a particular amount◆to expand / widen / extend / enlarge / lengthen by a particular amount◆to expand / widen / extend / enlarge / broaden sth's scope / range◆to expand / widen / extend / broaden your knowledge◆to widen / broaden / extend your experience◆to expand / extend / enlarge your vocabulary◆sth is considerably / slightly expanded / widened / extended / enlarged / broadened◆sth is greatly expanded / widened / extended / enlarged■ expand [intransitive, transitive] to become or make sth greater in size, number or importance （尺寸、数量或重要性）扩大，增加；使增大◆Metals expand when they are heated.金属受热会膨胀。◆Student numbers are expanding rapidly.学生人数在迅速增加。◆The waist expands to fit all sizes.腰部可松可紧，适合任何尺码。◆The new system expanded the role of family doctors.新体系扩大了家庭医生的作用。◆There are no plans to expand the local airport.目前没有扩建地方机场的计划。OPP contract ⇨ shrink see also grow ⇨ rise ▸ expansion / /ɪkˈspænʃn/ / noun [uncountable, countable] ◆The expansion of higher education will continue.高等教育将继续扩大规模。◆The book is an expansion of a series of lectures given last year.本书是去年举行的系列讲座的扩充。■ widen [intransitive, transitive] to become or make sth wider; to become or make sth larger in degree or range 变宽；拓宽；扩展◆Her eyes widened in surprise.她惊讶地睁大了眼睛。◆Here the stream widens into a river.溪水在这里变宽，成了一条河。◆They may have to widen the road to cope with the increase in traffic.他们可能得拓宽道路以应对车辆的增多。◆The legislation will be widened to include all firearms.这项法规的适用范围将扩大到所有枪支。OPP narrow ⇨ shrink ■ extend / /ɪkˈstend/ / [transitive] to make sth longer or larger; to make an idea, influence or business cover more areas or operate in more places 延长；扩展；扩大⋯的范围（或影响）◆You can add value to your house by extending or renovating it.可以通过扩建或修缮使房子增值。◆There are plans to extend the road network in the north of the country.目前有扩大该国北部地区公路网的计划。◆The school is extending the range of subjects taught.学校正在扩展授课学科的范围。◆The company plans to extend its operations into Europe.这家公司打算将业务拓展到欧洲。▸ extension / /ɪkˈstenʃn/ / noun [countable, uncountable] ◆the gradual extension of the powers of central government中央政府权力的逐渐扩大 (especially BrE) ◆a planned extension to the hospital计划中对医院的扩建■ enlarge [transitive, intransitive] to make sth bigger; to become bigger 扩大；扩充；增大◆There are plans to enlarge the recreation area.目前有扩大娱乐场地的计划。◆Reading will enlarge your vocabulary.阅读能扩大词汇量。◆The little blisters enlarge and eventually burst to form ulcers.这些小水疱变大最终破裂形成溃疡。ⓘ Enlarge is used especially in the passive to mean 'to make a bigger copy of a photograph or document'. * enlarge尤用于被动语态，意为放大照片或文件◆We're going to have this picture enlarged.我们要放大这张照片。 NOTE 辨析 Extend or enlarge?Things that you extend are usually on a larger scale than things that you enlarge: you might extend a house or other building; you might enlarge a picture, or an area within a room, place or building. * extend通常指放大较大的东西，enlarge指放大较小的东西。如果扩大的是house、building等，用extend；如果放大的是picture，或只是房间、场地或建筑内部的一小块区域(area)，用enlarge。■ broaden [intransitive, transitive] to become wider; to affect or make sth affect more people or things 变宽；（使）扩大影响◆Her smile broadened.她笑得更加灿烂了。◆The party needs to broaden its appeal to voters.该党需要进一步吸引选民。OPP narrow ⇨ shrink ■ lengthen [intransitive, transitive] to become or make sth longer （使）变长◆The afternoon shadows lengthened.下午影子拉长了。◆I need to lengthen this skirt.我需要把这条裙子放长。◆He lengthened his stride to catch up with them.他加大步伐赶上他们。 OPP shorten ⇨ shrink ■ stretch [intransitive, transitive] to become or make sth longer, wider or looser by pulling it; to become longer, etc. when you pull it 拉长；拽宽；抻松◆This sweater has stretched.这件毛衣给撑得变形了。◆Stop stretching your sleeves like that!别一个劲地抻袖子了！ⓘ Fabric that stretches becomes bigger or longer when you pull it and returns to its original shape when you stop. * stretch指织物有弹性◆The jeans stretch to provide a perfect fit.这条牛仔裤有弹性，穿起来很贴身。 lead3 verb lead a race/the world in cancer research 在比赛中领先；在癌症研究方面走在世界前列lead an expedition 率领探险队The path leads up the hill. 这条小路通往山顶。lead ♦︎ stretch ♦︎ continue ♦︎ go ♦︎ extend ♦︎ reach ♦︎ spanThese words all mean to cover the distance between two points or places. 这些词均表示通往、延伸至。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to lead / stretch / continue / go / extend / reach / span beyond / across sth◆to lead / stretch / continue / go / extend / reach from sth to sth◆to stretch / continue / extend for sth■ lead (led, led) [intransitive, transitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition 总是与副词或介词连用) to connect one object or place to another; (of a road, path or door) to go in a particular direction or to a particular place （与⋯）相连，相通；（路或门）通向，通往◆Disconnect the pipe leading from the top of the water tank.把与水箱顶部相通的管道断开。◆The wire led to a speaker.这根电线连接着扬声器。◆Which door leads to the yard?哪扇门通向庭院？◆The track led us through a wood.我们沿着那条小道穿过了树林。■ stretch [intransitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition 总是与副词或介词连用) (of a road or area of land) to spread over a large area （道路或土地）延伸，绵延◆Beyond the mountains stretches a vast desert.山峦后面是一片辽阔的沙漠。◆Fields and hills stretched out as far as we could see.放眼望去，田野山丘绵延不绝。 see also stretch ⇨ stretch noun ■ continue [intransitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition 通常与副词或介词连用) to go or move further in the same direction （朝相同方向）走，移动；延伸◆The path continued over rocky ground.这条小路向前穿过一片多岩石的地面。◆He continued on his way.他继续往前走。▸ continuation noun [countable] ◆There are plans to build a continuation of the bypass next year.有计划在明年修建这条支路的延伸线。■ go (goes, went, gone) [intransitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition 总是与副词或介词连用) (of a road, path, line, rope, etc.) to lead or stretch from one place to another （道路、线、绳子等）通向，延伸到◆I want a rope that will go from the top window to the ground.我想要一根可以从顶楼窗户垂到地面的绳子。◆Where does this road go?这条路通往哪里？■ extend / /ɪkˈstend/ / [intransitive, transitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition 总是与副词或介词连用) (rather formal) to cover a particular area or distance; to make sth reach as far as sth 涉及（范围）；延伸（距离）；使达到◆Our land extends as far as the river.我们的土地一直延伸到河边。◆We extended a rope between the two posts.我们在那两根柱子之间拉了一根绳子。 see also extent ⇨ size ■ reach [intransitive, transitive] to be big or long enough to go from one point to another point （大小或长度）足够达到◆The carpet only reached halfway across the room.这块地毯只够铺半间屋子。◆Is the cable long enough to reach the power supply?电缆的长度够得着电源吗？■ span (-nn-) [transitive] to stretch right across sth, from one side to the other 横跨；跨越◆A series of bridges span the river.一系列桥梁横跨河面。◆The roof was spanned by curved ribs of steel.屋顶上架着钢制肋拱。▸ span noun [countable] ◆The bridge crosses the river in a single span.那条河上的桥是单跨桥。 maintain1 verb maintain law and order 维持治安a beautifully maintained house 养护得很好的房子maintain ♦︎ preserve ♦︎ sustain ♦︎ extend ♦︎ prolong ♦︎ keep sth up ♦︎ keep sth going ♦︎ perpetuate ♦︎ prop sth upThese words all mean to make sth continue at the same level or standard. 这些词均表示维持、保持。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to maintain / preserve / sustain / keep up standards / a relationship◆to maintain / sustain / keep up levels / rates / morale / interest / growth / the momentum◆to keep the momentum going◆to maintain / preserve / sustain / perpetuate a system / myth◆to maintain / preserve / sustain a / an balance / illusion◆to maintain / preserve / keep up a tradition◆to keep a tradition going◆to maintain / sustain / keep up a pretence◆to maintain / preserve anonymity / confidentiality / order / the status quo / your heritage◆to maintain / preserve / sustain / extend / prolong (sb's) life◆to extend / prolong a visit / stay◆to still maintain sth / preserve sth / sustain sth / keep sth up / keep sth going / perpetuate sth / prop sth up◆to maintain / preserve / sustain / prolong sth / keep sth going indefinitely◆to maintain / extend / prolong sth deliberately■ maintain / /meɪnˈteɪn/ / [transitive] (rather formal) to make sth continue at the same level or standard 维持；保持◆Our principal task is to maintain law and order.我们的主要任务是维持治安。◆The two countries have always maintained close relations.这两个国家一直保持着密切关系。◆ (formal) She maintained a dignified silence.她保持沉默，以示尊严。■ preserve [transitive] (rather formal) to keep a particular quality or feature; to make sure that a quality or feature is kept 保护；维护；保留◆He was anxious to preserve his reputation.他急于维护自己的名声。◆Efforts to preserve the peace have failed.维护和平的努力失败了。◆She managed to preserve her sense of humour under very trying circumstances.她在艰难的环境下依然不失幽默感。■ sustain / /səˈsteɪn/ / [transitive] (rather formal) to make sth continue for some time at the same level 使保持；使稳定持续◆We are experiencing a period of sustained economic growth.我们正经历一段经济持续增长的时期。◆She had been the victim of a sustained attack.她曾遭受长时间的暴力袭击。◆She managed to sustain everyone's interest until the end of her speech.她使每个人兴趣盎然，一直听她把话讲完。▸ sustainable adjective ◆sustainable economic growth经济的可持续增长OPP unsustainable NOTE 辨析 Maintain or sustain?In some cases you can use either word. 在有些情况下这两个词可以通用◆to maintain / sustain a balance / a pretence / people's interest / life保持平衡；维持假象；使人们保持兴趣；维持生命 Maintain is used especially to talk about keeping sth at its usual level for an unlimited period of time. * maintain尤指使事物在不受限定的时间内保持惯常的水平◆They believe that the role of the state is to maintain the status quo, rather than to promote major economic and social change.他们认为国家的职能是保持现状，而不是促进经济和社会的重大变革。 Sustain is used more to talk about keeping sth at a higher than usual level for a long but not unlimited period. * sustain较多指使事物在很长但并非无限的时间内保持高于往常的水平◆How long can this level of growth be sustained?这种水平的增长能持续多久？ ■ extend [transitive] (rather formal) to make sth last longer 延长⋯的期限（或寿命）◆They've agreed to extend the deadline.他们同意延长截止期限。◆The show has been extended for another six weeks.展览会又延长了六周。◆Careful maintenance can extend the life of your car by several years.精心保养可使汽车寿命延长几年。 see also extended ⇨ long adj. ▸ extension noun [countable] ◆He's been granted an extension of the contract for another year.他的合同获得延期一年。■ prolong /prəˈlɒŋ; NAmE prəˈlɔːŋ, prəˈlɑːŋ/ [transitive] (rather formal) to make sth last longer 延长⋯的期限（或寿命）◆The operation could prolong his life by two or three years.这次手术可使他多活两三年。◆Don't prolong the agony (= of not knowing sth) －just tell us who won!别卖关子了－快说谁赢了！ see also prolonged ⇨ long adj. NOTE 辨析 Extend or prolong? Extend is used especially in business contexts. * extend尤用于商务语境◆to extend a deadline / an overdraft / a trip / a visa / a right / a mandate延长截止期限；提供透支；延长旅行／签证／权利／任期 Prolong is more often used to talk about making experiences last longer. * prolong较多指延长经历◆to prolong your stay / visit / life / survival / agony / misery延长逗留时间／访问／生命／生存时间／痛苦／不幸 ■ ˌkeep sth ˈup phrasal verb (kept, kept)to make sth stay at a high level; to continue to use or practise sth 使⋯保持在高水平；沿用；沿袭；保持◆The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up.昂贵的原料费用使价格居高不下。◆They sang songs to keep their spirits up.他们唱歌以保持高昂的情绪。◆We try to keep up the old customs.我们尽量保持这些老习俗。◆Do you still keep up your Spanish?你还坚持说西班牙语吗？■ ˌkeep sth ˈgoing phrase (kept, kept) (rather informal, especially spoken) to make an effort to make a process, activity or tradition continue to happen or exist 使（进程、活动或传统）维持下去◆We have a chance of winning the championship as long as we can keep the momentum going (= keep playing at the same high level).我们只要能保持这个势头就有机会夺冠。■ perpetuate /pəˈpetʃueɪt; NAmE pərˈpetʃueɪt/ [transitive] (formal) to make sth such as a bad situation or a belief continue for a long time 使（恶劣局面或信念等）持久化（或持续）◆This new law just serves to perpetuate inequality.这项新法律只会持续造成不平等。◆This system perpetuated itself for several centuries.这一制度维持了几个世纪。◆Comics and books for children tend to perpetuate the myth that 'boys don't cry'.儿童连环画和图书往往在延续着“男儿有泪不轻弹”的固有观念。ⓘ Typical collocates of perpetuate are inequality, myth, stereotype and system. * perpetuate的常见搭配词有inequality、myth、stereotype和system。■ ˌprop sth ˈup phrasal verb (-pp-) (often disapproving, especially business 尤用于商业) to help sth that is having difficulties, when it might be better to let it fail and use your resources for sth else 帮助，扶持，救济（本该任其败落的事物）◆The government was accused of propping up declining industries.人们指责政府贴补日趋衰落的产业。ⓘ Prop sth up is used most often in financial contexts. * prop sth up最常用于金融语境◆to prop up the economy / exchange value of sterling / pound / dollar / stockmarket扶持经济；维持英镑／美元的汇兑价值；救助股市 offer1 verb offer good facilities/prospects 提供优良的设施／良好的前景offer to help/offer sb a job 主动提出帮忙；给某人一份工作offer ♦︎ extend ♦︎ hold out sth ♦︎ tender ♦︎ volunteerThese words all mean to make sth available or to provide the opportunity for sth. 这些词均表示提供东西或机会。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to offer / extend a / an invitation / welcome◆to offer / extend aid / credit / hospitality / sympathy / condolences / congratulations◆to offer / hold out the hope / possibility / prospect of sth◆to offer / tender advice◆to offer / volunteer a / an suggestion / opinion◆to offer / volunteer information◆to offer / tender your apologies / resignation■ offer [transitive] to make sth available or to provide the opportunity for sth 提供（东西或机会）；供应◆The hotel offers excellent facilities for families.这家旅馆为入住的家庭提供一流的服务设施。◆The job didn't offer any prospects for promotion.这份工作提供不了任何升迁的希望。◆He did not offer any explanation for his behaviour.他没有对自己的行为作出任何解释。■ extend [transitive] (formal) to offer or give sth to sb, especially as a way of welcoming sb or expressing kind feelings towards them 提供，给予（尤指为了表示欢迎或善意）◆We extend our sympathy to the families of the victims.我们对罹难者的家人深表同情。◆The bank refused to extend credit to them (= to lend them money).银行拒绝向他们提供信贷。ⓘ Extend is a more formal way of saying offer when you are talking about aid, credit, hospitality, a welcome or an invitation, or expressions of feelings including greetings, congratulations, condolences and sympathy. 与aid、credit、hospitality、welcome、invitation等词搭配时，又或是与greeting、congratulation、condolence、sympathy等表示感情的词搭配时，extend是比offer较正式的说法。■ ˌhold ˈout sth phrasal verb (held, held)to offer a chance, hope or possibility of sth 提供机会；给予希望；使有可能◆Doctors hold out little hope of her recovering.医生对她的痊愈不抱什么希望。ⓘ Hold out is usually followed by hope, but other possible collocates are possibility, promise and prospect. * hold out通常后接hope，而其他可搭配的词还有possibility、promise和prospect。■ tender [transitive] (formal) to offer or give sth to sb 提议；提供；提出◆He has tendered his resignation to the Prime Minister.他已向首相递交辞呈。ⓘ Tender is a more formal way of saying offer when you are talking about giving your resignation or apologies. 与resignation或apology搭配时，tender是比offer较正式的说法。■ volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə(r); NAmE ˌvɑːlənˈtɪr/ [transitive] (written) to suggest sth or tell sb sth without being asked 主动建议（或告诉）◆Nobody asked her, and she didn't volunteer any information.没有人问她，她也未主动提供任何信息。ⓘ People typically volunteer a statement, a suggestion, information, a comment or an opinion. * volunteer通常与statement、suggestion、information、comment或opinion等词搭配。 |