federation noun ⇨republic (the Russian Federation)⇨union (the British Athletics Federation)
republic
noun
republic ♦︎ kingdom ♦︎ empire ♦︎ union ♦︎ commonwealth ♦︎ federationThese are all words for countries with different types of government, or groups of countries that are linked politically.这些词均表示不同政体的国家，或政治上有联系的国家集团。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an independent republic / kingdom◆a democratic republic / federation◆an ancient kingdom / empire◆to rule (over) a republic / a kingdom / an empire◆to govern a republic / kingdom / federation◆to expand a kingdom / an empire◆to defend the republic / kingdom / empire◆to be part of an empire / a union / a commonwealth / a federation■republic [countable] a country that is governed by a president and politicians elected by the people and where there is no king or queen共和国；共和政体◆They have declared themselves an independent democratic republic.他们宣布自己是一个独立的民主共和国。ⓘ Republic is often used in the names of countries. * republic常用于国家名称◆There will be elections in the Czech Republic next month.捷克共和国将在下月选举。■kingdom [countable] a country ruled by a king or queen, or with a king or queen as the official head of state王国◆The reforms will affect all parts of the United Kingdom.这些改革将影响联合王国的所有地区。◆He ruled the ancient kingdom of Kaffa.他统治了古卡法王国。◆He was one of the most powerful landowners in the kingdom.他是王国中最有势力的地主之一。 see also king ⇨ king■empire [countable] a group of countries or states that are controlled by one ruler or government帝国◆These invasions almost led to the collapse of the Roman Empire.这些入侵几乎导致了罗马帝国的崩溃。◆The mighty empire finally crumbled.强大的帝国最终土崩瓦解。 see also emperor ⇨ king■union [countable] a group of states or countries that have the same central government or that agree to work together同盟；联盟；联邦ⓘ Union is often used in the names of countries or groups. * union常用于国家或联盟组织的名称◆the former Soviet Union前苏联◆a European Union country一个欧盟国家■commonwealth ( Commonwealth) / /ˈkɒmənwelθ; NAmEˈkɑːmənwelθ/ [countable, usually singular] an organization of countries that are politically or historically connected（政治或历史上有关联的）国家联合体◆We want to create a commonwealth of democratic, self-governing countries.我们希望创造一个民主、自治的国家联合体。ⓘ The Commonwealth is an organization consisting of the United Kingdom and most of the countries that used to be part of the British Empire. * the Commonwealth指由英国和大多数曾经隶属于大英帝国的国家组成的英联邦◆There is an annual meeting of Commonwealth heads of government.英联邦政府首脑每年召开会议。Commonwealth is also used in the official names of, and to refer to, some states of the US (Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia). * commonwealth亦用于美国肯塔基、马萨诸塞、宾夕法尼亚和弗吉尼亚几个州的正式名称中，或用来指称这些州◆the Commonwealth of Virginia弗吉尼亚州In American English, commonwealth can also refer to an independent country that is strongly connected to the US.在美式英语中，commonwealth也可指称与美国关系密切的自由邦◆Puerto Rico remains a US commonwealth.波多黎各至今仍然是美国的一个自由邦。■federation /ˌfedəˈreɪʃn/ / [countable] a country consisting of a group of individual states that have control over their own affairs but are controlled by a central government for national decisions联邦◆Australia is a federation of six states and several territories.澳大利亚是由六个州和几个地区组成的联邦。◆the Russian Federation俄罗斯联邦
union
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ organization另见organization条union ♦︎ club ♦︎ association ♦︎ society ♦︎ alliance ♦︎ league ♦︎ coalition ♦︎ federation ♦︎ guildThese are all words for groups of people, workers, political parties or other organizations who share an interest or purpose.这些词均表示社团、工会、联盟、协会。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a national union / club / association / society / league / coalition / federation◆a local union / club / association / society / coalition / federation◆an international union / club / association / league / coalition / federation◆a strong union / alliance / coalition / guild◆a loose association / alliance / coalition / federation◆a trade union / association / federation / guild◆a political club / association / society / alliance / coalition◆a professional union / club / association / society◆to form a union / a club / an association / a society / an alliance / a league / a coalition / a federation◆to set up a union / a club / an association / a society / a league / a federation◆to join a union / a club / an association / a society / an alliance / a league / a coalition / a federation◆to belong to a union / a club / an association / a society / an alliance / a federation◆a union / a club / an association / a society meets◆a member of a union / a club / an association / a society / an alliance / a league / a coalition / a federation / a guild■union [countable] an organization of workers, especially from the same industry; a group of people or organizations with the same interests工会；协会；联合会◆The union represents 40% of all hospital workers.该工会代表医院40%员工的利益。◆He has been appointed head of the Welsh Rugby Union(= sports organization).他已被任命为威尔士橄榄球协会主席。ⓘ A workers' union is also called a trade union or trades union in British English, or a labor union in American English. Trade unions exist to protect the interests of workers and to improve their conditions of work.工会在英式英语中亦称作trade union或trades union，在美式英语中亦称作labor union。trade union的存在是为了保护工人的利益和改善他们的工作条件。■club [countable + singular or plural verb] (especially in compounds尤用于构成复合词) a group of people who meet together regularly for a particular activity or sport俱乐部；社团；会◆She plays at the local tennis club.她在当地的网球俱乐部打球。◆She gives talks at local schools and youth clubs.她到当地的学校和青年俱乐部演讲。◆Fan club members can get concert tickets at a discount.歌迷会成员购买音乐会门票有优惠。ⓘ In British English a club is also a professional sports organization that includes the players, managers, owners and members.在英式英语中，club亦可指包括运动员、主教练、老板和会员在内的职业运动俱乐部。 see also club ⇨ team2■association [countable + singular or plural verb] an official group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose协会；社团；联盟◆The Football Association has launched an investigation into the incident.足球协会已对此事展开调查。◆Local councils have begun to work closely with housing associations.地方政务委员会已开始与房屋协会密切合作。◆Do you belong to any professional or trade associations?你是否加入了任何专业学会或行业协会？■society [countable] (especially in names尤用于名称) a group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose社团；协会；学会◆the American Society of Newspaper Editors美国报纸主编协会◆the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds皇家鸟类保护协会◆He made few friends and joined few clubs or societies.他没交几个朋友，也没怎么加入俱乐部和协会。NOTE辨析 Club, association or society?Groups of people who have a shared interest or purpose use all of these words as part of the name of their group, often for historical reasons. A club tends to be involved with a leisure interest, such as a sport or hobby and can be quite informal. A drama club, for example, might be more informal than a more traditional dramatic society. An association is usually an official group representing or concerned with a professional area or a social issue.拥有共同兴趣或目的的一群人所组成的团体，其名称可以用这些词中的任何一个，至于是哪一个常常是由历史原因决定的。club往往跟业余活动有关，如某项运动或爱好，有时不是很正式。比如，drama club可能比传统的dramatic society更非正式。association通常指代表某一专业领域或与某一社会问题相关的官方团体◆a trade / professional / residents' / housing association行业协会；专业学会；居民联合会；房屋协会A society often has an academic interest. Most British universities have a number of societies which students with a particular interest, such as history, politics or music can join. Society is also often used in the names of charities. * society往往跟学术兴趣有关，英国大多数大学都有一些society，有某方面爱好，比如喜欢历史、政治或音乐的学生可以加入。society亦常用于慈善机构的名称。■alliance / /əˈlaɪəns/ / [countable] a group formed by several different people or groups, especially political parties, who work together for a particular purpose（尤指政党的）结盟团体，联盟◆The Movement for Multiparty Democracy was a loose alliance of opposition parties.多党制民主运动是各反对党的一个松散的联盟。■league / /liːg/ / [countable] (often used in the names of organizations常用于组织的名称) a group of people or countries that have combined for a particular purpose联盟；同盟◆the League of Nations国际联盟◆a meeting of the Women's League for Peace妇女和平联盟会议■coalition / /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn; NAmEˌkoʊəˈlɪʃn/ [countable] a group formed of several different groups, especially political parties, who agree to work together for a particular purpose（尤指政党的）联合体，联盟◆The network is a global coalition of environmental and consumer groups.这个圈子网罗了全球的环境保护团体和消费者团体。NOTE辨析 Alliance or coalition?An alliance can be formed by different people or groups coming together; a coalition can only be formed by two or more groups that already exist. * alliance可由不同的人或群体联合而成，coalition只可由已经存在的两个或多个团体联合而成。■federation /ˌfedəˈreɪʃn/ / [countable] a group of clubs, trade unions, etc. that have joined together to form a large organization（俱乐部、工会等的）联合会◆He proposed a loose federation of small, local groups.他提议小型的地方性团体组成一个松散的联合会。◆the British Athletics Federation英国田径运动联合会■guild / /gɪld/ / [countable + singular or plural verb] an organization of people who do the same job or who have the same interests or aims; an association of skilled workers in the Middle Ages（行业）协会；（中世纪的）行会，同业公会◆He is an active member of the Screen Actors' Guild.他是电影演员协会的活跃成员。◆The building originally belonged to the guild of clockmakers.这座建筑最初归钟表匠行会所有。ⓘ Professional groups that have guild as part of their name often started as guilds of craftsmen in the past.名称中含guild的专业协会，其前身常为昔日的工匠行会。