| 例句 |
level noun
⇨ level (the rising level of crime) ⇨ attitude (On a personal level, I would like to thank…) ⇨ floor 2 (the lowest level of the site) ⇨ class 4 (the lower levels within a company) ⇨ quality (a high level of ability)level adj.
⇨ close (The scores were level.) ⇨ flat (level ground)level verb
⇨ demolish (level a building) level noun level ♦︎ degree ♦︎ scale ♦︎ extent ♦︎ size ♦︎ proportions ♦︎ magnitudeThese are all words for the amount or importance of sth, especially if it is very large. 这些词均表示程度、级别、规模或重要性。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the true level / extent / size of sth◆the full scale / extent / size of sth◆the sheer scale / extent / size / magnitude of sth◆(a) manageable level / scale / size / proportions◆(a) global level / scale / proportions◆to assess / judge the level / degree / scale / extent / size / magnitude of sth◆to realize the level / degree / scale / extent / size of sth◆to calculate the level / extent of sth◆the scale / extent / size / magnitude of the problem◆the scale / extent of the damage■ level [countable] the amount of sth that exists in a particular situation at a particular time （某个时间和情况下存在的）数量，程度，浓度◆These cities have relatively low levels of unemployment.这些城市的失业率相对较低。◆a test to check the level of alcohol in the blood对血液中酒精含量的测试◆High stress levels will affect employees' productivity.精神压力大会影响雇员的工作效率。◆The aim is to reduce pollution levels in the city.目标是降低城市的污染水平。■ degree [countable] how far sth is true; the level of a quality that sb/sth has or needs 程度；级别◆I agree with you to a certain degree.我在某种程度上同意你的观点。◆To what degree can parents be held responsible for a child's behaviour?父母应在多大程度上对孩子的行为负责呢？◆Most pop music is influenced, to a greater or lesser degree, by the blues.大多数流行音乐或多或少都受到布鲁斯音乐的影响。◆Her job demands a high degree of skill.她的工作对技能的要求很高。■ scale [uncountable, singular] how large or important sth is, especially when compared with sth else （尤指与其他事物相比较时的）规模，范围，程度◆It was impossible to comprehend the full scale of the disaster.这场灾难的严重程度当时还无法充分了解。◆We are striving to achieve economies of scale in production (= to produce many items so the cost of producing each one is reduced).我们正在努力达到规模生产。◆They entertain on a large scale (= they hold expensive parties with a lot of guests).他们大宴宾客。◆Here was corruption on a grand scale.这里的腐败曾十分严重。 see also full-scale ⇨ detailed , large-scale ⇨ wide 1 ■ extent [uncountable, singular] how large or important sth is; how far sth is true; how great an effect sth has 程度；限度◆She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem.她夸大了问题的严重性。◆I was amazed at the extent of his knowledge.他知识之渊博令我感到惊奇。◆To some extent what she argues is true.她的论证在某种程度上是符合事实的。◆To what extent is this true of all schools?这在多大程度上符合所有学校的实际情况呢？NOTE 辨析 Scale or extent?The scale of sth is how large it is; its extent is how far it goes. In many cases there is no real difference between the two. * scale指事物的规模，extent指事物的程度。在许多情况下这两个词并无实质差别◆the scale / extent of the problem / damage问题的严重性；损坏的程度However, you are more likely to try to assess/measure/calculate the extent of sth, while you simply try to comprehend/grasp the scale of sth. Some qualities, such as knowledge, are considered as being wide rather than large, and so have extent rather than scale. 然而，更常说assess/measure/calculate the extent of sth（评估／测量／计算程度），以及comprehend/grasp the scale of sth（认识／理解严重性）。有些特质，如knowledge，一般看成是范围广而非规模大，所以要用extent而非scale◆I was amazed at the scale of his knowledge. ■ size [uncountable] the large amount or extent of sth 大量；大规模◆You should have seen the size of their house!你真该看看他们的房子有多大！◆We were shocked at the size of his debts.他欠债之多让我们震惊。■ proportions /prəˈpɔːʃnz; NAmE prəˈpɔːrʃnz/ [plural] the size and shape of an area; the scale of a task or problem 面积；体积；（任务或问题的）规模，程度◆The apartment is of generous proportions, with a large kitchen and dining area.这套公寓很宽敞，厨房和餐厅的面积很大。ⓘ When describing a task or problem, proportions is often used in order to say whether the task/problem can be managed easily or not. 描述任务或问题时，常用proportions来表示它们是否易于操作或解决◆This method divides the task into more manageable proportions.这个方法把任务分解成一些较易操作的步骤。◆The food shortage could soon reach crisis proportions.粮食短缺可能很快就会达到危机的程度。◆The virus has not yet reached epidemic proportions.这种病毒尚未发展成大规模的传染病。 ■ magnitude /ˈmægnɪtjuːd; NAmE ˈmægnɪtuːd/ [uncountable] (formal) how large or important sth is, especially when it is very large or important 巨大；重大；重要性◆We did not realize the magnitude of the problem.我们当时没有意识到这个问题的重要性。◆This is a discovery of the first magnitude (= it is very important).这是一项极为重要的发现。◆We are talking about something of a different order of magnitude (= so much larger or more important that it cannot easily be compared with other examples).我们在谈论一件非同寻常的重大事情。 attitude noun ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ view 1 另见view条第1义attitude ♦︎ view ♦︎ perspective ♦︎ point of view ♦︎ stance ♦︎ position ♦︎ outlook ♦︎ level ♦︎ line ♦︎ angle ♦︎ side ♦︎ standThese are all words for the particular way you think or feel about sb/sth. 这些词均表示态度、看法。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆sb's view / a perspective / a stance / a position / an outlook / a line / an angle / a stand on sth◆a stance / stand against sb / sth◆from the perspective / point of view / position / angle of sb / sth◆different / various attitudes / views / perspectives / points of view / stances / positions / outlooks / levels / angles / sides◆an alternative view / perspective / point of view / position / angle◆a personal attitude / view / perspective / point of view / stance / position / level / angle / stand◆the general attitude / view / perspective / point of view / position / outlook◆a popular attitude / view / perspective◆a positive / negative attitude / view / perspective / point of view / stance / outlook / angle◆a sympathetic attitude / view / point of view / angle◆a critical attitude / view / perspective / point of view / stance◆a practical attitude / view / perspective / point of view / outlook◆to take an attitude / a view / a perspective / a point of view / a stance / a position / a line / a side / a stand◆to adopt an attitude / a view / a perspective / a point of view / a stance / a position / an outlook / a line◆to have an attitude / a view / a perspective / a point of view / an outlook / a line / an angle◆to change an attitude / your view / your perspective / your point of view / your stance / your position / your outlook / sides◆to challenge an attitude / a view / a perspective■ attitude [countable] the way that you think and feel about sb/sth; the way that you behave towards sb/sth that shows how you think and feel 态度；看法；作风◆Her attitude to her parents has always been somewhat negative.她对父母总是多少持有负面的态度。◆What is your attitude towards the job as a whole?总的来说，你对这个工作的看法怎样？◆I tend to take the attitude that it's best to leave well alone.我常有一种看法，那就是最好别掺和别人的事。◆If you want to pass your exams you'd better change your attitude.你若想通过考试就最好改变你的态度。■ view [countable, usually singular] a way of understanding or thinking about sth （理解或思维的）方式，方法◆He has a pretty optimistic view of life.他对人生的看法很乐观。◆The traditional view was that marriage was for life.传统的观念是结成夫妻就要白头到老。■ perspective / /pəˈspektɪv; NAmE pərˈspektɪv/ [countable, usually singular] a particular attitude towards an issue or problem; a particular way of thinking about sth 态度；观点；思考方法◆Try to approach the problem from a different perspective.试着从另一个角度处理这个问题。◆We need to take a global perspective on the environment.我们要从全球角度看待环境问题。■ ˌpoint of ˈview [countable] a particular way of considering or judging a situation 思考角度；判断方法◆These statistics are important from an economic point of view.从经济学角度看，这些统计数字很重要。◆The book is written from a child's point of view.这本书是以孩子的视角写的。■ stance /stæns, BrE also stɑːns/ [countable] the opinion that sb has on a particular issue that they express publicly （公开表明的）观点，态度，立场◆What's the newspaper's stance on the war?那家报纸对这场战争持什么立场？◆He's known for his anti-immigration stance.他以反移民立场著称。■ position [countable] an attitude that sb has towards a particular subject that influences how they act （影响行为的）态度，立场◆Our party's position on education is very clear.我们党对教育的态度很明确。◆The official position was that of refusing to talk to terrorists.官方立场是拒绝和恐怖分子谈判。NOTE 辨析 Stance or position?A stance can be more temporary and/or more personal than a position, in reaction to a new issue in current affairs, when it is considered necessary for public figures and newspapers to make their opinions known. A position is often more long-term and/or official and is concerned with how people or organizations act on a particular issue, rather than what they say. * stance指公众人物或报纸须对时下新问题发表看法时所持的立场。与position相比，stance多指短期的、个人的立场。position多指长期的、官方的立场，强调人或组织对特定问题的应对，而不强调其言论。■ outlook /ˈaʊtlʊk/ / [countable] the attitude to life and the world of a particular person or group 观点；人生观；世界观◆He has a very practical outlook on life.他的人生观很实际。◆Most western societies are liberal in outlook.西方社会大多思想观念开放。■ level [countable] a particular way of looking at, reacting to or understanding sth 看待（或应对、理解）事物的方式◆On a more personal level, I would like to thank Jean for all the help she has given me.从较为个人的角度，我要感谢琼给予我的所有帮助。◆Fables can be understood on various levels.寓言可以从不同的角度去理解。■ line [countable, usually singular] an attitude or belief, especially one that is officially supported by a government, political party or politician （尤指政府、政党或政治人物公开支持的）态度，理念◆The government took a hard line on the strike.政府对这次罢工持强硬态度。◆The MP supported the official line on education.那名议员支持官方的教育理念。◆He was expelled from the party for refusing to toe the party line (= follow the party's official opinions and policies).他因拒绝遵循党的路线而被开除出党。■ angle [countable] a particular way of thinking about or presenting a situation, problem or subject （看待问题或呈现主题的）角度，观点，立场◆We're looking for a new angle for our next advertising campaign.我们正在为下一次广告活动寻找新视角。◆The article concentrates on the human angle (= the part that concerns people's emotions) of the story.这篇文章集中讨论了故事中人物的情感问题。■ side [countable] one of the opinions, attitudes or positions taken by sb in an argument or agreement （争论或协议中）一方的观点（或态度、立场）◆You need to listen to both sides of the argument.你要听争论双方的观点。◆The other side maintains that the project will not be affordable.另一方坚持说负担不起该项目。◆Will you keep your side of the bargain?你方能不能遵守协议？■ stand [countable, usually singular] an attitude that you take publicly, usually against sth that you disapprove of （对不赞同之事公开的）态度，立场◆We need to take a tough stand on tax avoidance.我们需要在避税问题上采取强硬立场。 floor2 noun sit on the floor 坐在地板上the first floor of a building 楼房的第二层floor ♦︎ storey ♦︎ level ♦︎ deck ♦︎ tierThese are all words for the different levels or layers of a building, place, ship or bus. 这些词均表示楼层、层面。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆on the top, etc. floor / storey / level / deck / tier◆the upper / lower floors / storeys / levels / decks / tiers◆the top floor / storey / level / deck / tier◆the main floor / deck■ floor [countable] all the rooms that are on the same level of a building 楼层◆Her office is on the second floor.她的办公室在三楼。◆the Irish guy who lives two floors above住在两层楼上面的爱尔兰人◆Their house is on three floors (= it has three floors).他们的房子有三层。ⓘ In British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor, the one above it is the first floor and the one below it is the basement, or lower ground floor if it is in a public building. In American English the floor at street level is usually called the first floor, the one above it is the second floor and the one below it is the basement. In public buildings the floor at street level can also be called the ground floor. 在英式英语中，地面的楼层叫ground floor，其上的一层叫first floor，其下的一层叫basement，在公共建筑中则叫lower ground floor。在美式英语中，地面的楼层通常叫first floor，其上的一层叫second floor，其下的一层叫basement。在公共建筑中，地面的楼层亦可称为ground floor。■ storey (especially BrE) (NAmE usually story) [countable] a floor of a building 楼层◆a single-storey / two-storey / three-storey building单层建筑物；两层／三层楼房NOTE 辨析 Floor or storey? Floor is used especially to talk about which particular level in a building sb lives on, goes to, etc. * floor尤指所居住的或者要去的楼层等◆His office is on the fifth floor.他的办公室在六楼。 Storey is used especially to talk about the number of floors a building has. * storey尤指建筑物的楼层数◆a five-storey house五层的房子◆The office building is five storeys high.这栋办公楼有五层高。 ■ level [countable] a floor of a building; a layer of ground 楼层；地层◆The library is all on one level.图书馆全部在同一层楼上。◆Archaeologists found pottery in the lowest level of the site.考古学家在挖掘现场的最下层发现了陶器。◆a multi-level parking lot多层停车场ⓘ The levels of a building or site are not necessarily one above the other; level is often used when the different areas of a building or site are at different heights. You can talk about the upper/lower levels of a place; it is less usual for the levels in a building to be numbered, except in the case of large multi-storey car parks/parking garages. * level指建筑物的楼层或场地的地层时，不一定是一层在另一层的上面；建筑物或场地的不同区域处于不同的高度时也常用level表示。可以说the upper/lower levels of a place（某地的上层／下层），但不常给建筑物的各个level标号，除非是大型多层停车场或车库◆His office is on the fifth level. ◆Remember that we parked on level 5.记住我们的车停在第5层。 ■ deck [countable] one of the floors of a ship or bus （船或公共汽车的）一层，层面◆My cabin is on deck C.我的舱位在船的C层。◆We sat on the top deck of the bus.我们坐在公共汽车的上层。■ tier /tɪə(r); NAmE tɪr/ [countable] a row or layer of sth that has several rows or layers placed one above the other 级；阶；层◆a wedding cake with three tiers三层的结婚蛋糕◆The seating is arranged in tiers.座位是一级级排列的。 class4 noun Which classes are you taking? 你在上什么课？work hard in class 在课堂上用功学习the youngest in the class 班上年龄最小的人all classes of society 社会各阶层class ♦︎ level ♦︎ position ♦︎ rank ♦︎ status ♦︎ rating ♦︎ standing ♦︎ ranking ♦︎ gradeThese are all words for a group in society or within an organization that sb belongs to, based on how much importance or authority they have, or for a measure of how good or important sb/sth is compared with sb/sth else. 这些词均表示阶级、等级、地位。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆sb's class / level / position / rank / status / standing / ranking in / within sth◆a / the high / higher level / position / rank / status / rating / standing / ranking / grade◆a / the low / lower class / level / position / rank / status / rating / standing / ranking / grade◆the top level / rank / rating / ranking / grade◆the upper class / level / rank◆the middle class / level / rank / ranking / grade◆a / the senior level / position / rank / grade◆sb's social class / position / rank / status / standing / ranking◆a / sb's professional class / status / standing◆to improve your position / status / standing / ranking◆to have a ... rank / rating / status / standing◆to give (sb / sth) a status / rating / ranking◆to achieve a rank / status / rating◆sb's class / position / rank / status / standing in society◆a / the class / level / ranks of society■ class [countable + singular or plural verb, uncountable] one of the groups of people in a society that are thought of as being at the same social or economic level; the way that people are divided into different social or economic groups 阶级；阶层；社会等级◆His ideas had an appeal among the wealthy, professional classes.他的想法获得富裕的专业阶层认同。◆Do you consider yourself to be middle class?你认为你属于中产阶级吗？◆A lot of British comedy is based on class differences.许多英国喜剧是以阶级差异为基础的。◆The old class system is not appropriate in a modern age.旧的等级制度不适用于现代。 see also the upper class ⇨ elite , the middle class ⇨ the middle class noun , the working class ⇨ the general public ■ level [countable] one of a number of positions in a scale of importance, for example in society or within an organization （社会、组织等内部的）层次，级别◆He promised reforms at all levels of government.他承诺对各级政府进行改革。◆She reached a very high level at a very young age.她在很年轻时就晋升到非常高的级别。◆The decision is being made at top level.最高层正在做决策。■ position [countable, uncountable] the level of importance of a person or organization when compared with others 地位；等级◆We need to improve the position of women and girls in these societies.我们需要提高女性在这些社会中的地位。◆The company has a dominant position in the world market.那家公司在全球市场占据主导地位。◆Wealth and position are not important to her.财富与地位对她并不重要。■ rank [countable, uncountable] a position, especially an important position, that sb has in a particular organization or society; the position that sb has in one of the armed forces or the police （尤指较高的）地位，级别；军阶；警衔◆She rose through the ranks to become managing director (= she started in a low position).她从底层做起，一步步当上了常务董事。◆She was not used to mixing with people of high social rank.她不习惯和社会地位很高的人交往。◆He was promoted to the rank of major.他被提升至少校军衔。◆I gave them only my name, rank and serial number.我只给了他们我的名字、军衔和编号。■ status /ˈsteɪtəs, NAmE also ˈstætəs/ [uncountable, countable, usually singular] the social or professional position of sb/sth in relation to others, based on the amount of respect they get from other people 地位；身份；职位◆The only jobs on offer were of low status and badly paid.仅有的在征人的工作地位低下，薪水很低。◆How do people perceive the status of the full-time mother?人们对全职母亲的地位怎么看？■ rating [countable] a measurement of how good, important, popular, etc. sb/sth is, especially in relation to other people or things 等级，级别（质量、重要性、流行程度等的标准）◆It was a very good rating for an amateur performance.对业余演出来说，这是非常高的水平。◆The poll gave an approval rating of 39% for the president.民意调查表明公众对总统的支持率为39%。 see also rate ⇨ rank verb , rate ⇨ judge verb 1 ■ standing [uncountable] the position or reputation of sb/sth within a group of people or in an organization 地位；级别；身份；名声◆The prime minister needs to improve his standing with the public.首相需要提高他在公众中的声望。◆Their standing as a profession has declined in recent years.他们的职业地位近年来一直在下降。■ ranking [countable] the position of sb/sth on a scale that shows how good or important they are compared with other people or things, especially in sport （尤指体育运动中的）地位，排名，排位◆She has retained her No. 1 world ranking.她保住了自己世界第一的排名。◆The product has consistently been given a high ranking by consumer groups.消费群体对该产品的评分一直很高。 see also rank ⇨ rank verb ■ grade [countable] a rank or level that sb has within an organization, often related to how much they are paid for doing their job （官衔的）级别；职别◆She's still only on a secretarial grade.她的职别仍然是秘书。◆The higher grades within the organization usually get bigger pay rises.在组织内部，通常级别越高，薪水涨幅越大。 quality noun quality ♦︎ standard ♦︎ level ♦︎ grade ♦︎ calibreThese are all words for how good or bad sth is, especially when compared with other things. 这些词均表示质量、品质、水准。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to be of (a / the) ...quality / standard / level / grade / calibre◆high / highest / low quality / standard / level / grade / calibre◆poor quality / standard / level / grade◆top quality / level / grade◆to raise / improve the quality / standard / level / calibre of sth◆to maintain the quality / standard / level of sth◆to reach a standard / level■ quality [uncountable, countable] how good or bad sth is, especially when compared with sth similar 质量；品质◆Most of the goods on offer are of very poor quality.大部分打折出售的商品质量都很差。◆Use the highest quality ingredients you can find.使用可以找到的最优质的原料。◆There's been a serious decline in air quality recently.最近空气质量严重下降。◆Their quality of life improved dramatically when they moved to the US.他们移居美国以后，生活质量大大提高了。■ standard [countable, uncountable] a level of quality, especially one that people generally think is acceptable （品质的）标准，水平，规范◆There are real concerns about falling standards in schools.人们对学校办学水平下降深感忧虑。◆A number of Britain's beaches fail to meet European standards on cleanliness.英国有几处海滩不符合欧洲的清洁标准。◆Who sets the standard for water quality?水质标准由谁来定？◆sb's standard of living某人的生活水准◆living standards生活水平◆Her work is not up to standard (= of a good enough standard).她的工作不合格。■ level [countable, uncountable] a particular standard or quality, for example of achievement, progress or ability （成就、进步、能力等的）标准，水平，等级◆Most of these students have a high level of language ability.这些学生大多语言能力很强。◆This computer game has fifteen levels.这款电脑游戏有十五级。◆ (BrE) She studied psychology at degree level.她修读了心理学的学位课程。■ grade [countable] the quality of a particular product or material （产品或材料的）等级，品级◆All the materials used were of the highest grade.所用材料全是最上等的。◆ (BrE) a piece of top grade beef一块顶级牛肉◆ (NAmE) Grade A beefA级牛肉■ calibre (BrE) (NAmE caliber) / /ˈkælɪbə(r)/ / [uncountable] the quality of sth, especially a person's ability 质量；（尤指人的）能力◆The company needs more people of your calibre.公司需要更多像你这样有才干的人。 close /kləʊs; NAmE kloʊs/ adjective close ♦︎ even ♦︎ near ♦︎ narrow ♦︎ level ♦︎ marginal ♦︎ hard-fought ♦︎ neck and neckThese words all describe a race or contest in which two people or teams are equal, or a situation in which sth nearly happens or does not happen. 这些词均表示比赛或竞赛实力接近的、势均力敌的，或情况几乎出现或没有出现。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达势均力敌的程度| close | ➔ | even | | near | | level | | narrow | | neck and neck | | marginal | | | | hard-fought | | |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆level / neck and neck with sb◆a close / an even / a hard-fought contest◆a close / hard-fought battle / finish◆a narrow / hard-fought win / victory◆a narrow / marginal lead◆a close / narrow vote◆desperately close / hard-fought■ close (of a race or contest) won by only a small amount or distance; used to describe sth that nearly happens, usually a dangerous or unpleasant situation （速度比赛或竞赛）实力相近的，以微弱优势取胜的；（通常指危险或不好的事情几乎发生）差一点儿，险些◆It's a desperately close race－I can't quite see who is ahead.这真是一场势均力敌的比赛－我都分不太清楚谁在前面。◆The California election looks too close to call (= it is impossible to predict the result) as voters go to the polls.加州的选举在选民投票时很难预测结果。◆The invasion never happened but it was a close run thing (= it almost did).侵略始终没有发生，但是差一点就发生了。◆Phew! That was close－the motorbike nearly hit us.啊！好险！那辆摩托车差点儿就撞上我们了。■ even (of an amount) equal or the same for each person, team, place, etc.; (of two people or teams) equally balanced or of an equal standard （数量）相等的，均等的；（两人或两队）均衡的，水平相当的◆The scores were even at 2-2.分数是2比2平。◆The political goal was a more even distribution of wealth.政治目标是更平均地分配财富。◆The two players were pretty even.这两个选手不相上下。◆This seems to be a more even contest.这看来是一场更势均力敌的竞赛。OPP uneven ⓘ An uneven contest is one in which one group, team or player is much better than the other. * uneven形容比赛时指实力悬殊。■ near [only before noun] (no comparative or superlative 无比较级和最高级) being almost sth or almost happening 接近的；差不多的◆The election proved to be a near disaster for the party.这次选举对该党来说几乎是一场灾难。◆We won in the end but it was a near thing.我们最后获胜了，但是赢得很惊险。◆The climbers had already had one near miss (= almost had an accident) on the summit.这群登山者已经有过一次在山顶上差点出事的经历。■ narrow [usually before noun] only just achieved or avoided 勉强的；刚刚好的◆He blamed the goalkeeper for the narrow defeat against Ireland.被爱尔兰队险胜，他责怪起守门员来。◆She lost the race by the narrowest of margins.她以极小的差距在赛跑中落败了。◆She was elected by a narrow majority.她以微弱多数当选。◆He had a narrow escape (= nearly had a bad accident) when his car skidded on the ice.车在冰上打滑，他险些出事。■ level [not before noun] (especially BrE) (in sport) having the same score as sb （体育运动）得分相同◆A good second round brought him level with the tournament leader.他第二轮发挥良好，使他与锦标赛领先的选手得分持平。◆The clubs are level on points.各俱乐部得分相同。◆The score was level at 5 points each.比分是5比5平。◆France took an early lead but Wales soon drew level (= scored the same number of points).法国队开始领先，但很快威尔士队扳平了比分。■ marginal /ˈmɑːdʒɪnl; NAmE ˈmɑːrdʒɪnl/ [usually before noun] (especially BrE) (in politics) won or lost by a very small number of votes in the last election and therefore very important or interesting politically （议席或选区）边缘的，游离的（以微弱票数决定成败）◆Their campaign targeted marginal constituencies.他们的竞选活动针对边缘选区。◆They risk losing key marginal seats at the next election.他们有失去下次选举关键边缘席位的风险。OPP safe ⓘ In British politics a safe seat is a constituency where a particular party has a lot of support and is unlikely to be defeated in an election. 在英国政治中，safe seat指某政党稳操胜券的选区。■ ˌhard-ˈfought (of a contest or competition) that involves both sides fighting very hard to win （比赛）竞争激烈的◆It was a lively and hard-fought match.这是一场气氛热烈、竞争激烈的比赛。◆It was a hard-fought game.这是一场激烈的比赛。■ ˌneck and ˈneck idiom level with sb in a race or competition （速度比赛或竞赛中）势均力敌，不分上下，平手◆The cyclists were neck and neck as they approached the final lap.自行车运动员在接近最后一圈时战况激烈。◆He was running neck and neck with his Democrat rival.他和他的民主党竞争对手势均力敌。 flat adjective flat ♦︎ smooth ♦︎ level ♦︎ horizontalThese words all describe things that have a surface that is not curved, sloping or rough. 这些词均表示水平的、平坦的、平滑的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a flat / smooth / level / horizontal surface◆a flat / smooth / level road / floor◆a flat / smooth rock / stone◆flat / level ground / land◆completely flat / smooth / level / horizontal■ flat having a surface that is not curved or sloping; (of land) without any slopes or hills; (of surfaces) very even, without lumps or holes 水平的；平坦的；（表面）平滑的◆The town consisted mainly of low buildings with flat roofs.这个镇上主要是些平顶矮房子。◆People used to think the earth was flat.人们曾经认为地球是平的。◆The road stretched ahead across the flat landscape.公路向前延伸，经过一片平地。◆I need a flat surface to write on.我需要一个平面在上面写字。■ smooth (often approving) completely flat and even, without any lumps, holes or rough areas 平整的；平坦的；平滑的◆The water was as smooth as glass.水平如镜。◆Use a paint that gives a smooth, silky finish.使用一种使表面如丝般光滑的油漆。◆Over the years, the stone steps had worn smooth.经年累月下来，石阶已经磨得光溜溜的。OPP rough ⇨ rough 1 ■ level having a flat surface that does not slope 平的；平坦的◆Pitch the tent on level ground.把帐篷搭建在平地上。◆Add a level tablespoon of flour (= enough to fill the spoon but not so much that there is a round heap on the spoon).加一平匙面粉。NOTE 辨析 Flat or level? Level is used most often with the words ground and floor, especially when this feature is a positive or desired one. Flat is used more to talk about surfaces that are not rounded * level最常与ground和floor连用，尤指有益的或想到达到的平坦特征。flat多用以指水平的表面◆a flat screen / base / bottom / sheet / stomach / surface平面屏幕；水平的底座；平底；平板；扁平的腹部；平坦的表面(an exception is a flat roof which is a roof that does not slope), or landscapes that do not have any hills. * flat roof是个例外，意思是平顶。flat还可指地貌平坦◆a flat field / landscape / plateau / plain / region / beach平坦的田野／地貌／高原；平原；平坦的地区／海滩 Flat landscapes are often considered to be plain and boring; level ground is considered a good thing, since it is possible to build on it or walk easily on it. * flat形容地貌时常被视为平淡乏味；level指地形平坦时则是一优点，因为平地可用作建筑用地，还便于行走。 ■ horizontal /ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl; NAmE ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntl, ˌhɑːrəˈzɑːntl/ going across and parallel to the ground rather than going up and down 与地面平行的；横的◆Draw a grid of horizontal and vertical lines.画一个由横线和竖线组成的网格。OPP vertical ⇨ upright demolish verb demolish ♦︎ tear sth down ♦︎ knock sth down ♦︎ raze ♦︎ cut sth down ♦︎ fell ♦︎ level ♦︎ flatten ♦︎ bulldozeThese are all words that can be used to talk about destroying buildings or trees. 这些词均表示摧毁建筑物或树木。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to demolish / tear down / knock down / level / flatten a building / house◆to demolish / tear down / knock down a factory / wall◆to raze / level / flatten / bulldoze an area◆to raze / level / flatten a village / town / city◆to raze / cut down / fell / bulldoze a forest◆to cut down / fell / bulldoze trees■ demolish / /dɪˈmɒlɪʃ; NAmE dɪˈmɑːlɪʃ/ [transitive] (rather formal) to destroy a building or part of a building by breaking its walls, usually deliberately 拆毁，拆除（建筑物）◆The old slums are being demolished to make way for a new housing project.原有的贫民区正在拆除，腾出地方来建新的住房工程。ⓘ Buildings are usually demolished deliberately, because they are not safe or are no longer needed, or the land is needed for sth else. In informal usage, especially in American English, buildings, vehicles and other objects can be demolished by accident. * demolish通常指由于建筑物不安全、不再需要或地皮有其他用途而故意将其拆除。在非正式用法中，尤其在美式英语中，demolish也可指意外摧毁建筑物、车辆及其他物体◆ (especially NAmE, informal) Tornadoes demolished trailers and blew roofs off houses.龙卷风摧毁了一些活动房屋，并卷走了一些住宅的屋顶。 OPP build , construct ⇨ build ▸ demolition /ˌdeməˈlɪʃn/ / noun [uncountable, countable] ◆The whole row of houses is scheduled for demolition.整排住房都列入了拆除计划。 OPP construction , building ⇨ production ■ ˌtear sth ˈdown phrasal verb (tore, torn) (sometimes disapproving) to deliberately destroy a building, wall or barrier; to pull down pictures, curtains, etc. 拆毁，拆除（建筑物、墙或障碍物）；撕下（图画）；扯下（窗帘）◆They're tearing down these old houses to build a new office block.他们正拆除这些旧房子以修建新的办公大楼。◆Demonstrators tore down posters of the president.示威者把总统的画像从墙上撕下来。■ ˌknock sth ˈdown phrasal verb to deliberately destroy a building, wall or fence; to make a door fall inwards 推倒，拆毁（建筑物、墙或篱笆）；把（门）向里推倒◆You could knock this wall down and make one large room.你可以把这堵墙拆了，弄成一个大房间。◆They didn't need to knock the door down!他们总不至于要把门撞倒吧！NOTE 辨析 Demolish, tear sth down or knock sth down? Tear sth down can suggest that unnecessary violence was used, or that the speaker has negative feelings about what was done. Demolish and knock sth down are both neutral terms (= neither positive nor negative). * tear sth down暗示使用了不必要的暴力，或说话者对此持否定态度。demolish和knock sth down都是中性词。■ raze [transitive, usually passive] to completely destroy a building, town, forest, etc. so that nothing is left 彻底摧毁；将⋯夷为平地◆The village was razed to the ground.那个村子被夷为平地。ⓘ Razing a place involves the most complete destruction of all. It often involves large areas of land; it is usually done deliberately, often as an act of war; it is done or finished off by burning the area. * raze指彻底摧毁某地，所涉地域一般较广，是有意为之，常在战争中出现，最后一步是纵火焚烧。■ ˌcut sth ˈdown phrasal verb (cutting, cut, cut)to make a tree fall down, by cutting it at the base （从根基处）砍倒（树木）◆Some care must be taken before deciding to cut down large trees.在决定砍伐大树之前必须慎重考虑。■ fell [transitive] (rather formal) to cut down a tree 砍伐（树木）◆Trees were felled and floated downstream.树木被砍伐，然后漂流运送到下游处。◆illegally felled timber非法砍伐的木材NOTE 辨析 Cut sth down or fell? Fell is a more formal word and is used in more commercial contexts and where large numbers of trees or whole forests are involved. * fell比cut sth down更正式，多用于商务语境，指砍伐大批树木或整片森林。■ level (-ll-, NAmE -l-) [transitive] to destroy a building, town or group of trees completely, so that no part of it is left standing 摧毁，夷平（建筑物、城镇或树林）◆Bulldozers are now waiting to level their home.现在推土机已经准备好，等着把他们的住宅推倒。◆The blast levelled several buildings in the area.那次爆炸把附近几座楼房夷为平地。■ flatten [transitive] to destroy a building, town, tree, garden, etc. completely, so that no part of it is left standing 摧毁，夷平（建筑物、城镇、树木、花园等）◆The hurricane flattened thousands of homes.飓风摧毁了成千上万的住宅。◆Most of the factory was flattened by the explosion.工厂的大部分被爆炸夷为平地。NOTE 辨析 Level or flatten?Places are often levelled deliberately, so that the land can be used again, or when bombed by terrorists. Places are more often flattened by accident, by natural forces or by explosions. * level常指故意把建筑物摧毁以便将地皮用作他途，或是恐怖分子炸毁房屋；flatten则更多指由于意外事故、自然力或爆炸摧毁建筑物。■ bulldoze /ˈbʊldəʊz; NAmE ˈbʊldoʊz/ [transitive] (sometimes disapproving) to destroy buildings, trees, etc. with a bulldozer (= a powerful motor vehicle with a broad steel blade in front) （用推土机）推倒，铲平◆The trees are being bulldozed to make way for a new superstore.那些树正用推土机铲除，以兴建一家新的大超市。ⓘ Bulldoze can suggest that unnecessary force was used, or that the speaker has negative feelings about what was done. Knock sth down or cut sth down would be a more neutral choice. * bulldoze暗示使用了不必要的暴力，或说话者对此持否定态度；knock sth down和cut sth down是比较中性的说法。 |