ground noun ⇨floor1 (lying on the ground)⇨garden1 (the castle grounds)⇨land2 (waste ground)⇨pitch (a sports ground)⇨reason (no grounds for complaint)⇨soil (stony/muddy ground)⇨gain ground⇨developverb1⇨hold/stand your ground⇨resistverb
floor1
noun
sit on the floor坐在地板上the first floor of a building楼房的第二层floor ♦︎ ground ♦︎ land ♦︎ earth ♦︎ soilThese are all words for the surface that you walk on.这些词均表示地面。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆on / under the floor / ground / earth◆bare floor / ground / earth◆to drop / fall to the floor / the ground / (the) earth◆to hit the floor / ground◆to reach the floor / the ground / land■floor [countable, usually singular] the surface of a room that you walk on（室内）地板，地面◆She was sitting on the floor watching TV.她坐在地板上看电视。◆to clean / wash / sweep the floor打扫／洗刷／清扫地板◆There's not really enough floor space in here.这里的居住面积真的很不够。◆There were wooden panels from floor to ceiling.从地板到天花板的墙壁上都镶着木板。OPPceilingⓘ The ceiling is the top inside surface of a room. * ceiling指天花板、顶棚◆It was a large room with a high ceiling.这是个屋顶很高的大房间。■ground (often the ground常作the ground) [uncountable] the solid surface of the earth that you walk on（室外）地，地面◆I found her lying on the ground.我发现她躺在地上。◆The ground fell away to the left of the road.路面向左侧倾斜。◆It was buried three metres below ground.它埋在地下3米处。◆The plant grows to about two feet above ground.这种植物的地面高度约有2英尺。◆Most of the animals' food is found at ground level.这些动物的食物大多可在地面找到。◆The rocket crashed a few seconds after it left the ground.火箭离开地面几秒后便坠毁了。 see also ground ⇨ soil■land [uncountable] the surface of the earth that is not sea陆地；大地◆At last we sighted land(= saw land from the sea).我们终于望见了陆地。◆It was good to be back on dry land again.重回到陆地上真好。◆They fought both at sea and on land.他们在海上和陆上都打过仗。◆We travelled mainly by land.我们主要走陆路。◆a land mass that covers over a quarter of the earth's surface占地球表面超过四分之一的大陆块OPPsea ⇨ sea see also land ⇨ landnoun12, land ⇨ soil■earth (often the earth常作the earth) [uncountable, singular] the solid surface of the world that is made of rock, soil, sand, etc.大地；陆地；地面◆It was good to feel the earth beneath our feet again.重新踏上陆地感觉真好。◆The earth was dry and scorched.大地干焦。◆You could feel the earth shake as the truck came closer.卡车开近时会感觉到地面在震动。 see also earth ⇨ soilNOTE辨析 Ground, land or earth?Ground is the normal word for the solid surface that you walk on when you are not in a building or vehicle. You can use earth if you want to draw attention to the rock, soil etc. that the ground is made of, but ground can also be used in any of the examples for earth. Land is only used when you want to contrast it with the sea. * ground是常用词，指建筑物或车辆外人可行走的地面。如果强调的是构成大地的岩石、土壤等，可用earth，不过earth所适用的任何场合亦可用ground。land只在与海对比时使用◆the land beneath our feet◆feel the land shake◆sight ground/earth◆travel by ground/earth■soil [uncountable] (literary) a country; an area of land国土；领土；土地◆It was the first time I had set foot on American soil.那是我第一次踏上美洲大地。ⓘ This meaning of soil is almost always used in the phrase on African/British, etc. soil, meaning 'in Africa/Britain, etc.'. * soil表达此义时几乎总是用于短语on African/British, etc. soil中，表示在非洲、英国等。 see also soil ⇨ soil
garden1
noun
a back garden后院a rose garden玫瑰园parkvisit the botanical gardensgarden ♦︎ yard ♦︎ grounds ♦︎ backyard ♦︎ park ♦︎ parklandThese are all words for a piece of land that belongs to a house.这些词均表示住宅旁的院子、庭院。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in the garden / the yard / the grounds / the backyard / the park / parkland◆(a) beautiful / landscaped garden / yard / grounds / backyard / park / parkland◆(an) extensive garden / grounds / park / parkland◆the front / back garden / yard■garden [countable] (BrE) a piece of land next to or around a house, usually with a lawn(= an area of grass)and often with trees, bushes and flower beds（住宅旁或周围常带草坪的）园圃，园地◆They sat in the garden and enjoyed the sunshine.他们坐在花园里享受阳光。◆Ease of cultivation makes it one of the best garden plants.便于种植使它成为最佳的园艺植物之一。 see also gardens ⇨ park■yard [countable] (NAmE) a garden园圃；园地◆I had to cut the grass in the yard.我得修剪院子里的草。◆They have a gorgeous old oak tree in their front yard.他们的前院里有一株非常漂亮的老橡树。ⓘ In British English a yard is an area outside a building with a hard surface and no grass.在英式英语中，yard指建筑物外的硬质地面、不长草的庭院。 see also yard ⇨ courtyard■grounds [plural] the land or gardens around a large building that belong to it（建筑物周围附设的）场地，庭院，花园◆They scrambled over the wall and into the embassy grounds.他们翻墙进入使馆的院子。◆Concerts are often held in the grounds of the castle.音乐会经常在那座城堡的庭院里举行。■backyard ( back yard) [countable] (NAmE) a garden behind a house屋后园圃；后院◆The kids were out playing in the backyard.孩子们在屋后的园子玩耍。ⓘ In British English, a backyard is an area with a hard surface (and no grass) behind a house, often surrounded by a wall.在英式英语中，backyard指屋后硬质地面、不长草、常有围墙的后院◆ (BrE) They lived in a little terraced house with a backyard behind it and a tiny garden in front.他们住在一栋小排房中，带个后院，前面有个小花园。■park [countable] (BrE) an enclosed area of land, usually with fields and trees, attached to a large country house（乡村大宅附设的，通常有田地树木的）庄园，庭院◆The cottage is set within the park of a country house.那间小屋位于一栋乡间别墅的庄园里。 see also park ⇨ park■parkland [uncountable] (BrE) open land with grass and trees, for example around a large house in the country（乡村大宅等周围的）有草木的开阔地◆The house stands in 500 acres of rolling parkland.那所房子周围有500英亩起伏不平的绿地。
land2
noun
the price of land地价open/agricultural land开阔地；农业用地➡ See also the entry for ⇨ soil另见soil条land ♦︎ lot ♦︎ ground ♦︎ space ♦︎ plotThese words all mean an area of land that is used for a particular purpose.这些词均表示作特定用途的土地。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆(an) open land / ground / space◆(a / an) empty / vacant land / lot / ground / plot◆waste / derelict land / ground◆a burial ground / plot■land [uncountable] ( lands [plural]) an area of ground, especially one that is used for a particular purpose（尤指作特定用途的）地带，土地◆The valley provides some rich grazing land for farmers.这个峡谷为农场主提供了肥沃的牧场。◆It's an attractive village in the heart of the county's agricultural lands.这是个位于该县农业腹地的魅力乡村。 see also land ⇨ floor1, land ⇨ soil■lot [countable] (NAmE) a piece of land that is used or intended for a particular purpose（作特定用途的）一块地，场地◆Some kids were playing ball in a vacant lot.一些孩子在一块空地上玩球。◆Building lots will cost between $100 000 and $500 000.建筑用地的价格将在10万至50万元之间。◆He backed the car into the parking lot.他倒车入停车场。ⓘ The British English word for parking lot is car park. * parking lot（停车场）在英式英语中为car park。■ground [uncountable, countable] an area of land that is used for a particular purpose（作特定用途的）场地◆The kids were playing on waste ground near the school.孩子们在学校附近的荒地上玩耍。◆ (BrE) They're building a new football ground in the town.他们正在城里修建一个新足球场。◆We visited the site of an ancient burial ground.我们参观了一个古代墓地的旧址。NOTE辨析 Land, lot or ground?Land is used for large areas of open land in the country, especially when it is used for farming. A lot is often a smaller piece of land in a town or city, especially one intended for building or parking on. Ground [uncountable] is any area of open land; a ground [countable] is an area of land designed or used for a particular purpose or activity. * land指乡村中大片的开阔地，尤指农业用地；lot常指城镇或城市里的小片土地，尤指用于建筑或停车的地块儿；ground作不可数名词时指任何开阔地，作可数名词时指用于特定用途或活动的场地。■space [uncountable, countable] a large area of land that has no buildings on it（无建筑物的）大片空地，开阔地◆The city has fine buildings and plenty of open space.这座城市既有漂亮的建筑又有许多开阔的空地。◆the wide open spaces of the Canadian prairies加拿大一片片广袤的草原■plot [countable] a small piece of land used or intended for a particular purpose（作特定用途的）地块儿◆She bought a small plot of land to build a house.她买了一小块地盖房子。◆He was buried in the family plot at the cemetery.他葬在公墓中的家族墓地里。◆At the back of the house was a small vegetable plot.房子后面是一小块菜圃。 see also patch ⇨ garden2NOTE辨析 Lot or plot?Either a lot or a plot can be used for building on. Only a plot can also be used for burying people or growing vegetables. * lot和plot上面都可以盖房子，但只有plot才可用作墓地或菜圃。
pitch
noun
pitch ♦︎ court ♦︎ stadium ♦︎ arena ♦︎ field ♦︎ ground ♦︎ playing field ♦︎ park ♦︎ ballparkThese words all mean an area of land that is used for playing and watching sports such as football, cricket and baseball.这些词均表示球场、赛场。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in the stadium / arena / ground / park / ballpark◆on / off the pitch / court / field / playing field◆a sports pitch / stadium / arena / field / ground◆a football / cricket / rugby pitch / stadium / field / ground◆a baseball stadium / field / park■pitch [countable] (BrE) an area of land specially prepared and marked for playing a sport such as football, rugby or cricket（足球、橄榄球或板球等的）球场，比赛场地◆The game ended in chaos with fans invading the pitch.球迷冲进赛场，球赛在一片混乱中结束。◆The rugby tour was a disaster both on and off the pitch(= they lost and there was trouble before / after the games).这次橄榄球巡回赛场内场外都是一场灾难。■court [countable] a place where games such as tennis are played（网球等的）球场◆a tennis / squash / badminton court网球场；壁球场；羽毛球场◆He won after only 52 minutes on court.他上场仅52分钟就赢得了比赛。■stadium / /ˈsteɪdiəm/ / (pluralstadiumsorstadia) [countable] an enclosed area of land with rows of seats around the sides where people can watch sports and entertainment体育场；运动场◆Thousands of football fans packed into the stadium to watch the game.数千足球迷涌进体育场看这场球赛。◆They're planning to turn the football ground into an all-seater stadium.他们正计划把足球场改建成全坐席体育场。■arena / /əˈriːnə/ / [countable] a place or hall with a large flat open area in the middle and rows of seats around the sides where people can watch sports and entertainment圆形体育场；圆形剧场◆The band is due to play at Wembley arena on the 9th September.这个乐队将于9月9日在温布利体育馆演出。 see also amphitheatre ⇨ hall1NOTE辨析 Stadium or arena?In many cases you can use either word. A stadium is usually open-air(= without a roof), but some modern stadiums have roofs that can extend over the playing area in bad weather. An arena may be open-air or inside a large building (for example for playing basketball or ice hockey).在许多情况下这两个词可以通用。stadium通常是露天的，但是一些现代体育场有可以覆盖比赛场地的顶棚，用于恶劣天气。arena也许是露天的，也许建在大型建筑物内，如篮球或冰球场地。■field [countable] (especially in compounds or fixed phrases尤用于构成复合词或固定短语) an area of land used for playing a sport such as football, rugby, cricket or baseball（足球、橄榄球、板球或棒球的）场地◆Today they take the field(= play) against county champions Essex.今天他们上场和郡冠军队埃塞克斯队比赛。◆Players are only reselected if they retain their form on the field(= when playing).只有在场上保持良好状态的选手才能再次入选。■ground [countable] (BrE) (often in compounds常用于构成复合词) an area of land that is used for a particular sport or activity（特定运动或活动的）场地◆The council is spending £30 000 on new equipment for the recreation ground.政务委员会要花3万英镑为公共娱乐场地购置新设施。NOTE辨析 Pitch, field or ground?Pitch is the main word in British English but is not used in American English. Both words are used to talk about the area of land that a game is played on. Ground is used to talk about the area of land where a sport is played, including any buildings or areas where spectators(= people watching the game)sit or stand. In some sports pitch and field have different meanings. For example, in cricket the pitch is a small strip in the middle of the field, where most of the action takes place.英式英语中主要用pitch，但该词不用于美式英语。pitch和field均指比赛场地。ground指体育活动场地，包括容纳观众的建筑物或看台。在某些体育运动中，pitch和field词义不同，如板球运动中pitch（三柱门之间的区域）指field（球场）中间一狭长区域，大部分场上活动在这个区域展开。■ˈplaying field [countable] a large area of grass, usually with lines marked on it, where people play sports and games（有草地的）运动场，操场◆The school's playing fields offer facilities for tennis, football, hockey and athletics.学校的运动场有网球、足球、曲棍球和田径等运动设施。 see also playground ⇨ park■park [countable] (NAmE) a piece of land for playing sports, especially baseball运动场；（尤指）棒球场◆With a mighty swing he hit the ball right out of the park.他用力一挥把球打出了球场。■ballpark /ˈbɔːlpɑːk; NAmEˈbɔːlpɑːrk/ [countable] (especially NAmE) a place where baseball is played棒球场◆Boston's Fenway Park remains the oldest major-league ballpark in use.波士顿的芬威公园仍然是目前正使用的历史最悠久的大联盟棒球场。
reason
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ argument2另见argument条第2义reason ♦︎ explanation ♦︎ grounds ♦︎ basis ♦︎ excuse ♦︎ motive ♦︎ need ♦︎ justification ♦︎ cause ♦︎ pretextThese are all words for why sth has happened or sb has done sth.这些词均表示原因、理由、理据。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a reason / an explanation / grounds / a basis / an excuse / a motive / a need / justification / cause / a pretext for sth◆the reason / motive behind sth◆on the grounds / basis / pretext of / that...◆the reason / grounds / basis / excuse / justification / pretext that...◆(an) obvious reason / explanation / grounds / excuse / motive / need / justification / cause / pretext◆(a) clear / legitimate reason / grounds / excuse / motive / need / justification / cause / pretext◆(a) logical / personal / no apparent reason / explanation / grounds / excuse / motive / need / justification / cause◆(a) good / valid reason / explanation / grounds / excuse / motive / justification / cause◆(a) convincing reason / explanation / grounds / excuse / motive / justification / pretext◆(a) reasonable explanation / grounds / excuse / motive / need / justification / cause / pretext◆the real reason / explanation / grounds / motive / justification / cause◆to have a reason / an explanation / grounds / an excuse / a motive / a justification / cause / a pretext◆to give / offer (sb) a reason / an explanation / an excuse / a justification / a pretext◆to suggest a reason / an explanation / grounds / a motive / a justification◆to see / understand / explain (the / sb's) reasons / grounds / motive / justification■reason [countable, uncountable] why sth has happened or sb has done sth; a fact that makes it right or fair to do sth（某事发生或做某事的）原因；正当理由；情理◆I'd like to know the reason why you're so late.我想知道你为什么迟到那么长时间。◆He said no but he didn't give a reason.他说不行，但没有说明原因。◆We aren't going for the simple reason that we can't afford it.我们不去，只是因为我们负担不起。◆For some reason(= one that I don't know or don't understand) we all have to come in early tomorrow.由于某种原因，我们大家明天都得一早就来。◆For reasons of security the door is always kept locked.为安全起见，门总是锁着的。◆They have reason to believe that he is lying.他们有理由认为他在撒谎。◆She complained, with reason(= rightly), that she had been underpaid.她抱怨给她的报酬太低，这是有道理的。 see also reason ⇨ concludeverb, reasoned ⇨ rational■explanation [countable, uncountable] a statement, fact or situation that tells you why sth has happened; a reason given for sth解释；说明；阐述◆The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed.最可能的解释是他的飞机晚点了。◆I can't think of any possible explanation for his absence.我想不出他缺席的任何理由。◆The book opens with an explanation of why some drugs are banned.本书开篇阐述了禁用某些药物的原因。◆She left the room abruptly without explanation.她未作解释就突然离开了房间。 see also explain ⇨ explain2■grounds [plural] (ratherformal) a good or true reason for saying, doing or believing sth（说话、做事或相信某事的）充分的理由，根据◆You have no grounds for complaint.你没有理由抱怨。◆He retired from the job on health grounds.他因健康原因离职。◆Employers cannot discriminate on grounds of age.雇主不得有年龄歧视。■basis [singular] (ratherformal) the reason why people take a particular action原因；缘由◆She was chosen for the job on the basis of her qualifications and ideas.她因资质和理念适合而获选担任这一职位。◆On what basis will this decision be made?作出这个决定的缘由会是什么？ⓘ Basis is usually used in the phrases on the basis of/that... or On what basis...? * basis通常用于短语on the basis of/that ...或On what basis ...?。■excuse / /ɪkˈskjuːs/ / [countable] a reason, either true or invented, that you give to explain or defend your behaviour; a good reason that you give for doing sth that you want to do for other reasons借口；（真实或编造的）原因；（正当的）理由◆Late again! What's your excuse this time?又迟到了！你这次有什么借口？◆There's no excuse for such behaviour.这种行为说不过去。◆You don't have to make excuses for her(= try to think of reasons for her behaviour).你不必为她开脱了。◆It gave me an excuse to take the car.这使我有理由开车去。 see also excuse ⇨ forgiveverb■motive / /ˈməʊtɪv; NAmEˈmoʊtɪv/ [countable] a reason that explains sb's behaviour动机；（解释某人行为的）原因◆There seemed to be no motive for the murder.这起谋杀案看似没有动机。◆I'm suspicious of his motives.我怀疑他的动机。◆I have an ulterior motive in offering to help you.我主动提出要帮助你是有私心的。 see also motivation ⇨ incentive■need [singular, uncountable] (usually used in negative statements通常用于否定陈述) a good reason to do sth需要；必须◆There is no need for you to get up early tomorrow.你明天不必早起。◆I had no need to open the letter－I knew what it would say.我没必要拆开那封信－我知道里面会说些什么。ⓘ In this meaning, need is almost always used in the phrases There is/was no need (for sb) to do sth. and have no need to do sth.表达此义时，need几乎总是用于短语There is/was no need (for sb) to do sth和have no need to do sth。■justification /ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ / [uncountable, countable] (ratherformal) a good reason why sth exists or is done（某事物存在或做某事的）正当理由◆I can see no possible justification for any further tax increases.我看不出还有何理由再加税。◆The government is struggling to find a justification for this war.政府在为这场战争竭力寻找理由。 see also justify ⇨ explain2NOTE辨析 Grounds or justification?Justification is used to talk about finding or understanding reasons for actions, or trying to explain why it is a good idea to do sth. It is often used with words like little, no, some, every,without, and not any. Grounds is used more for talking about reasons that already exist, or that have already been decided, for example by law. * justification用于表示想知道或想明白为什么会这么做，或力图说明为什么应这么做，常与little、no、some、every、without和not any等词连用。grounds多指现成的理由，或已确定的根据，如法律上的◆moral / economic / constitutional / environmental / ethical / medical / legal grounds道德／经济／宪法／环境／伦理／医学／法律依据■cause [uncountable] (ratherformal) a reason for having particular feelings or behaving in a particular way（有某种感受或做某种行为的）理由，动机，缘故◆There is no cause for alarm / concern.没有理由惊慌／担忧。◆If your child is absent without good cause(= without a good reason), you may receive a warning from the school board.如果你的孩子无故缺席，你将收到校董事会的警告。■pretext / /ˈpriːtekst/ / [countable, usually singular] (ratherformal) a false reason that you give for doing sth, usually sth bad, in order to hide the real reason（为了掩盖真实原因的）借口，托词◆The incident was used as a pretext for intervention in the area.这次事件成了干涉该地区的借口。◆He left the party early on the pretext of having work to do.他借口有事要处理，早早离开了聚会。
soil
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ land2另见land条第2义soil ♦︎ mud ♦︎ dust ♦︎ clay ♦︎ land ♦︎ earth ♦︎ dirt ♦︎ ground ♦︎ peatThese are all words for the top layer of the earth in which plants grow.这些词均表示土壤、泥土、土地。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆dry soil / mud / dust / clay / land / earth / dirt / ground / peat◆wet / soft soil / mud / clay / earth / dirt / ground / peat◆damp / moist soil / clay / earth / dirt / ground / peat◆heavy soil / mud / clay / land / dirt / ground◆marshy soil / land / ground◆sandy soil / earth / dirt / ground◆good / rich soil / land / earth / peat◆fertile / infertile / poor soil / land / ground◆to dig the soil / mud / clay / land / earth / ground / peat◆to cultivate / till / fertilize / drain the soil / land / ground■soil [uncountable, countable] the top layer of the earth in which plants grow泥土；土壤◆Plant the seedlings in damp soil.把秧苗种在潮湿的土壤里。◆Cutting down forest trees can lead to serious soil erosion.砍伐森林会导致严重的水土流失。◆the study of rocks and soils对岩石和土壤的研究 see also soil ⇨ floor1■mud [uncountable] wet soil that is soft and sticky泥；淤泥；泥浆◆The car wheels got stuck in the mud.汽车轮子陷在淤泥里了。◆Your boots are covered in mud.你的靴子上都是泥。◆They live in mud huts with grass roofs.他们住的是茅草铺顶的土坯屋。 see also muddy ⇨ dirty■dust [uncountable] a fine powder that consists of very small pieces of rock, earth, etc.沙土；尘土◆A cloud of dust rose as the truck set off.卡车开走时扬起一片沙尘。◆They rolled in the dust, fighting.他们在沙土里翻滚打架。◆The workers wear masks to stop them from inhaling the dust.工人戴着面罩以免吸入尘土。▸dusty
adjective
◆They plodded along the dusty road.他们拖着沉重的脚步走在尘土飞扬的路上。■clay [uncountable] a type of heavy sticky soil that becomes hard when it is baked and is used to make things such as pots and bricks黏土；陶土◆Not much can grow in the wet clay here.在这里的湿黏土里种庄稼收成不多。◆She moulded the clay into the shape of a head.她把陶土做成一个人头的形状。■land [uncountable] an area of ground, especially of a particular type（尤指某类型的）地带，土地◆an area of rich, fertile land一片丰腴的土地◆His family had worked the land for generations(= grown crops or raised animals on it).他家祖祖辈辈在这块土地上耕种。◆They own a small plot of land.他们拥有一小块土地。 see also land ⇨ floor1, land ⇨ landnoun12■earth [uncountable] the substance that plants grow in土；泥；泥土◆She put a couple of handfuls of earth into the pot.她将几把泥土装到花盆里。◆In the air was the smell of freshly dug earth.空气中弥漫着刚刚翻松过的泥土的气味。ⓘ Earth is often used to talk about the soil found in gardens or used for gardening. * earth常指花园里的土壤或园艺用土。 see also earth ⇨ floor1▸earthy
adjective
◆earthy colours / smells泥土的颜色／气味■dirt [uncountable] (especially NAmE) soil, especially loose soil泥土；（尤指）松土，散土◆He picked up a handful of dry dirt.他抓起一把干土。◆Pack the dirt firmly around the plants.把植物周围的土培实。◆They lived in a shack with a dirt floor.他们住在一间土地面的棚屋里。■ground [uncountable] an area of soil土地◆Dig a hole in the ground about ten inches across.在地上挖一个宽约10英寸的坑。◆There was a small patch of ground at the side of the cottage.村舍旁边有一小片土地。ⓘ Ground is not used to talk about loose soil. * ground不指松土◆a handful of dry ground see also ground ⇨ floor1■peat [uncountable] a soft black or brown substance formed from decaying plants just under the surface of the ground, especially in cool wet areas. It can be used to improve garden soil or burned as a fuel.泥煤；泥炭◆Dig some peat into the soil before planting.种植前把一些泥炭掺到土壤里。◆a peat bog(= the place where peat is naturally formed)泥炭沼▸peaty
adjective
◆peaty soils泥炭土
develop1
verb
develop from a small village into a thriving resort从一个小村落发展成繁荣的旅游胜地develop new software开发新软件➡ See also the entry for ⇨ improve2另见improve条第 2义develop ♦︎ move ♦︎ evolve ♦︎ progress ♦︎ gain ground ♦︎ advance ♦︎ shape up ♦︎ come on/along ♦︎ matureThese words all mean to gradually become bigger, better, stronger or more advanced.这些词均表示发展、壮大、进步。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to develop / move / evolve / progress / mature from sth◆to develop / move / evolve / progress to sth◆to develop / evolve / mature into sth◆to develop / move / evolve / progress / advance towards sth◆to develop / move / evolve / progress / advance beyond sth◆an idea develops / evolves / gains ground◆a style / theory develops / evolves◆a war / campaign develops / progresses◆to develop / move / evolve / progress / gain ground / advance / mature rapidly / slowly◆to develop / move / evolve / progress / gain ground / advance steadily◆to develop / move / evolve / progress / advance further◆to be developing / progressing / shaping up / coming on well■develop [intransitive] to gradually become bigger, better, stronger or more advanced; to start to have a skill or quality that becomes better and stronger成长；发展；加强；增强◆The child is developing normally.这孩子发育正常。◆The place has rapidly developed from a small fishing community into a thriving tourist resort.那个地方已经由一个小渔村迅速发展成繁荣的旅游胜地。◆Their relationship has developed over a number of years.他们的关系是多年发展起来的。 see also development ⇨ progress■move [intransitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition总是与副词或介词连用) (ratherinformal) to make progress in the way or direction mentioned（以⋯方式或朝某方向）前进，进步，进展◆Time is moving on.时代在进步。◆Share prices moved ahead today.今天股票价格上涨了。◆Things are not moving as fast as we hoped.事情的进展不像我们希望的那么快。ⓘ Move is usually followed by an adverb of direction such as on, ahead or up, or an adverb indicating speed such as fast, slowly, quickly, rapidly, or steadily. * move通常后接方位副词，如on、ahead或up，或表示速度的副词，如fast、slowly、quickly、rapidly或steadily。■evolve / /iˈvɒlv; NAmEiˈvɑːlv/ [intransitive] (ratherformal) to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form逐渐形成，逐渐发展，逐渐演变（尤指从简单变为复杂）◆The idea evolved from a drawing I discovered in the attic.这种想法是受了我在阁楼里发现的一幅画的启发。◆The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer.该公司已逐步发展成一家主要的化学制品生产商。 see also evolve ⇨ turn2▸evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn, ˌevəˈluːʃn/
noun
[uncountable] ◆In politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution(= gradual development to sudden violent change).英国在政治上喜欢渐进而不喜欢剧变。■progress /prəˈgres/ / [intransitive] to improve or develop over a period of time; to make progress进步；改进；进展◆The course allows students to progress at their own speed.本课程可以让学生按各自的速度学习。◆Work on the new road is progressing slowly.新公路的修建工作在缓慢进行。ⓘ In this meaning progress is used to talk about a person such as a student who is learning over a period of time, or a piece of work or a project.表达此义时，progress用来表示学习、工作或项目的进展情况。 see also progress,progression ⇨ progressnoun■gain ˈground
idiom
to become more powerful or successful发展壮大；取得进展；取得成功◆Sterling continues to gain ground against the dollar.英镑对美元的比价继续坚挺。◆These ideas slowly gained ground over the next ten years.在随后的十年里这些观点慢慢地被人们接受了。ⓘ Gain ground is most often used to talk about a system, a party or movement, or sb's views or ideas. * gain ground的主语最常为system、party、movement或views、ideas。■advance [intransitive](of knowledge or technology) to develop and improve（知识或技术）发展，进步◆Our knowledge of the disease has advanced considerably in recent years.近年来我们对这种疾病的了解大为加深。◆As medical science advances, treatments are becoming more and more expensive.随着医学的发展，治疗费用越来越高了。 see also advance,advancement ⇨ progressnoun■ˌshape ˈup
phrasal verb
(often used in the progressive tenses常用于进行时) (ratherinformal, especially journalism尤用于新闻) to develop in a particular way, especially in a satisfactory way发展，进展（顺利）◆Our plans are shaping up nicely(= showing signs that they will be successful).我们的计划进行得很顺利。◆It's shaping up to be an exciting climax to the championships.看来这将会成为这次锦标赛的一个激动人心的高潮。■ˌcome ˈon■ˌcome along
phrasal verb
(came, come) (usually used in the progressive tenses通常用于进行时) (spoken) to improve or develop in the way you want改进；改善；进展◆'How's the project going?' 'Oh, it's coming on.'“项目进展得如何？”“哦，挺顺利的。”◆It was spring, and the garden was coming along nicely.那是春天，花园里一片欣欣向荣。■mature /məˈtʃʊə(r), məˈtjʊ(r); NAmEməˈtʃʊr, məˈtʊr/ [intransitive] (ratherformal) to fully develop a particular skill or quality（技能或素质）充分发展；成长◆She has matured into one of the country's finest actresses.她已经成长为这个国家最优秀的演员之一。
resist
verb
resist ♦︎ struggle ♦︎ hold/keep sb/sth at bay ♦︎ hold/stand your ground ♦︎ hold out against sb/sthThese words all mean to fight against sb/sth who is attacking, threatening or opposing you.这些词均表示抗争、反抗。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to struggle / hold your ground against sb / sth◆to resist / hold out against an attack◆to resist / hold out against pressure■resist [intransitive, transitive] to fight back when attacked; to use force to stop sth from happening反抗；回击；抵抗◆He tried to pin me down, but I resisted.他试图制伏我，但我奋力反抗。◆She was charged with resisting arrest.她被控拒捕。◆He gathered forces to resist the invasion.他集结力量抵御入侵。OPPgive in,submit ⇨ give way see also resistance ⇨ opposition■struggle [intransitive] to fight against sb/sth in order to prevent a bad situation or result（为防止恶劣情况或结果）斗争，抗争◆He struggled against cancer for two years.他同癌症抗争了两年。◆We should all struggle against injustice.我们都应该同非正义作斗争。◆Lisa struggled with her conscience before talking to the police.莉萨经过一番良心斗争，终于对警方说了。 see also struggle ⇨ campaignnoun■hold sb/sth at ˈbay■keep sb/sth at ˈbay
idiom
(held, held; kept, kept)to prevent an enemy from coming close or a problem from having a bad effect不让（敌人）接近；防止（问题）恶化◆I'm trying to keep my creditors at bay.我在竭力躲避债主。◆Charlotte bit her lip to hold the tears at bay.夏洛特咬住嘴唇不让眼泪流出来。■hold your ˈground■stand your ˈground
idiom
(held, held; stood, stood)to continue with your opinions or intentions when sb is opposing you and wants you to change; to face a situation and refuse to run away坚持主张；坚持立场；不屈服；不退却◆Don't let him persuade you－stand your ground.别听他的－坚持自己的主张吧。◆It is not easy to hold your ground in front of someone with a gun.面对持枪者而不退缩并不容易。■ˌhold ˈout against sb/sth
phrasal verb
(held, held)to continue to resist sb/sth, especially in a dangerous or difficult situation（尤指在危险或困难情况下）顽强抵抗，不屈不挠◆British troops held out against constant attacks.英国军队对不断的攻击进行了顽强的抵抗。◆The Prime Minister held out against pressure to speed up the reforms.面对要求加快改革步伐的压力，首相坚持立场不动摇。