hand noun ⇨involvement (have a hand in sth)⇨show of hands⇨election⇨lend (sb) a hand⇨helpverb1⇨the upper hand⇨lead2⇨wash your hands of sb/sth⇨rejectverbhand verb ⇨give2
involvement
noun
involvement ♦︎ role ♦︎ part ♦︎ contribution ♦︎ participation ♦︎ interest ♦︎ input ♦︎ stake ♦︎ engagement ♦︎ handThese are all words for the fact of being active in an event or situation.这些词均表示参与、参加、作用。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆involvement / a role / a part / an interest / a stake / engagement / a hand in sth◆involvement / a contribution / participation / input from sb◆a contribution / input to sth◆(a) direct involvement / role / part / contribution / participation / interest / input / stake / engagement◆(a) greater involvement / role / part / contribution / participation / interest / input / stake◆(a) full involvement / contribution / participation◆(a / an) major / considerable / substantial / significant involvement / role / part / contribution / interest / input / stake◆(a) positive involvement / role / part / contribution / participation / interest◆(an) active involvement / role / part / participation / interest / engagement◆(an) alleged involvement / role / part / participation◆(a) valuable / useful / crucial / essential / important / key / constructive role / part / contribution / input◆(a) personal involvement / role / contribution / participation / interest / input / stake / engagement◆(a) public / limited involvement / role / contribution / participation◆(a) parental / political / military involvement / role / participation / input◆to encourage / increase involvement / participation◆to need / get / receive a contribution / input◆to have a role / a part / an interest / an input / a stake / a hand in sth◆to play a role / part in sth◆to have a role / part to play■involvement [uncountable, countable, usually singular] the fact of being active in an event or situation; the act of giving a lot of time and attention to sth you care about参与；卷入；投入；沉迷于◆The success of the venture may lead to involvement by other foreign companies.该投资项目的成功可能导致其他外国公司的参与。◆The new album came out of her growing involvement with contemporary music.新专辑是她对当代音乐日益投入的成果。◆Nurses usually try to avoid emotional involvement with patients.护士通常尽量避免同病人产生感情纠葛。◆He was found to have a deep involvement in drug dealing.他被发现与毒品交易牵涉很深。 see also involve ⇨ include1, involved ⇨ busy1, be/get involved ⇨ join■role [countable] the degree to which sb/sth is involved in a situation or activity and the effect that they have on it影响程度；作用◆He stressed the role of diet in preventing disease.他强调了饮食在预防疾病中的作用。◆The media play a major role in influencing people's opinions.媒体在影响舆论方面发挥着重要作用。◆Regional managers have a crucial role in developing a strategic framework.地区经理在制订战略机制方面起着关键作用。■part [countable] sb/sth's role in sth作用；参加；职责◆She plays an active part in local politics.她积极参与地方政治活动。◆He had no part in the decision.他没有参与这项决定。◆How many countries took part in the last Olympic Games?有多少国家参加了上届奥运会？NOTE辨析 Role or part?In this meaning part is used mainly in phrases.表达此义时，part主要用于短语中◆have a part to play能发挥作用◆have / play a part in sth参与某事◆have / play / take no part in / of sth不参与某事◆take part (in sth)参与（某事）Role is slightly more formal, and common in business and economic contexts. It is used especially with adjectives like key, important, essential, crucial, central, fundamental, major, pivotal, prominent and primary. * role略正式，常用于商务和经济语境，尤与key、important、essential、crucial、central、fundamental、major、pivotal、prominent和primary等形容词连用。■contribution / /ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃn; NAmEˌkɑːntrɪˈbjuːʃn/ [countable, usually singular] an action or service that helps to cause or increase sth, especially sth good or positive（尤指对好的或正面事物的）贡献，促成作用◆She has made a significant contribution to scientific knowledge.她对科学知识作出了重大贡献。◆These measures would make a valuable contribution towards reducing industrial accidents.这些措施将会对减少工业事故发挥重要作用。■participation /pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn; NAmEpɑːrˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/ [uncountable] the act of taking part in an activity or event参加；参与◆It's a show with lots of audience participation.那是一场观众热烈参与的演出。◆A back injury prevented active participation in any sports for a while.因背伤曾一度不能参加任何剧烈体育运动。 see also participate ⇨ joinNOTE辨析 Involvement or participation?It is possible to have some involvement in a situation without actively choosing to do so; participation requires a greater level of choice from the person who is acting in a situation. * involvement指对某事的参与可能并非出自主动的选择，participation指对某事的参与较多出于自主选择。■interest [countable, uncountable] a connection with sth that affects your attitude to it, especially because you may benefit from it in some way利害关系；利益关系◆Organizations have an interest in ensuring that employee motivation is high.各机构的获利之道在于确保员工士气高昂。◆I should, at this point, declare my interest.到了这个时候，我应该申明我的利益关系。■input /ˈɪnpʊt/ / [uncountable, countable] time, knowledge, ideas or effort that you put into work or a project in order to make it succeed（时间、知识、思想或努力的）投入，贡献◆I'd appreciate your input on this.我将感激你在这方面的投入。◆There has been a big input of resources into the project from industry.工业界对这个项目投入了大量资源。■stake [singular] (always followed by in总是后接in) an important part or share in a business, plan, etc. that is important to you and that you want to be successful（在公司、计划等中的）重大利益，重大利害关系◆She has a personal stake in the success of the play.这出戏成功与否对她个人有重大利害关系。◆Many young people no longer feel they have a stake in society.很多年轻人不再觉得他们与社会休戚相关。■engagement [uncountable] (formal) being involved with sb/sth in an attempt to understand them/it（与⋯的）密切关系；（对⋯的）了解◆Her views are based on years of engagement with the problems of the inner city.她的观点建立在多年对内城区问题的了解之上。■hand [singular] (always followed by in总是后接in) (especially journalism尤用于新闻) the part that sb/sth plays in a particular situation; sb's influence in a situation角色；作用；影响◆Several of his colleagues had a hand in his downfall.他的几名同事对他的下台起了作用。◆This appointment was an attempt to strengthen her hand in policy discussions.这个任命旨在加强她在政策讨论中的作用。
election
noun
election ♦︎ vote ♦︎ poll ♦︎ referendum ♦︎ ballot ♦︎ exit poll ♦︎ straw poll ♦︎ show of handsThese are all words for an event in which people choose a representative or decide sth by voting.这些词均表示选举、表决。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an election / a vote / a poll / a referendum / a ballot on sth◆a democratic / free election / vote / poll / ballot◆a secret election / vote / ballot◆a national / local election / poll / referendum / ballot◆a state election / poll / referendum◆to conduct an election / a vote / a poll / a referendum / a ballot / an exit poll◆to have an election / a vote / a poll / a referendum / a ballot / a show of hands◆to hold an election / a vote / a poll / a referendum / a ballot◆to call / lose / win an election / a vote / a referendum / a ballot◆an election / a vote / a poll / a referendum / a ballot takes place◆the outcome / result of an election / a vote / a poll / a referendum / a ballot■election [countable, uncountable] an occasion on which people officially choose a political representative or government by voting（对政治代表或政府的）选举，推选◆Who did you vote for in the last election?上届选举你投了谁的票？◆The first election results will be coming in very soon.第一次选举结果很快会公布。◆ (BrE) Labour won a landslide victory in the 1945 general election(= a national election for a new government).工党在1945年的大选中以压倒性的得票获胜。◆He first stood for election when he was 21.21岁时他首次参加竞选。◆She's yet to say whether she will be running for election.她还没有明确表示是否参加竞选。 see also elect ⇨ appoint■vote [countable] an occasion on which a group of people vote for sb/sth投票；选举；表决◆They took a vote on who should be their new leader.他们投票选出新一任领导人。◆I think it's time to put this issue to the vote.我认为就这一问题进行表决的时候到了。◆The vote was unanimous(= everyone voted the same way).表决一致通过。 see also vote sb in ⇨ appoint■poll / /pəʊl; NAmEpoʊl/ [countable] ( the polls [plural]) (especially journalism尤用于新闻) the process of voting in an election选举投票◆The final result of the poll will be known tomorrow.最终的投票结果将于明天公布。◆They suffered a resounding defeat at the polls.他们在选举中惨败。◆The polls close(= voting ends) at 10 pm.投票于晚上10点结束。◆Thursday is traditionally the day when Britain goes to the polls(= votes in an election).星期四是英国传统的投票日。■referendum [countable] an occasion on which all the adults in a country can vote on a particular issue（对某一议题的）全民投票，全民公决◆The president called a referendum on the new divorce laws.总统宣布就新的离婚法案进行全民公决。◆The issue will be decided by referendum.这一议题将由全民公决来裁定。■ballot /ˈbælət/ / [uncountable, countable] the system of voting by marking an election paper, especially in secret; an occasion on which a vote is held（无记名）投票选举；投票表决◆The leader will be chosen by secret ballot.领导人将通过无记名投票选举产生。◆The union cannot call a strike unless it holds a ballot amongst its members.工会未经会员投票表决不得发动罢工。ⓘ Ballot is usually used about a vote within an organization rather than an occasion on which the public vote. * ballot通常指组织内部的投票表决，而非公开选举。 see also ballot ⇨ surveyverb■ˈexit poll [countable] an occasion on which people who have just voted are asked how they voted. This is used to try to predict the final result before the votes have been officially counted.投票后民意调查◆Exit polls show that the Republicans are slightly ahead.投票后民意调查显示共和党以微弱优势领先。■ˌstraw ˈpoll [countable] an occasion on which a number of people are asked in an informal way to give their opinion about sth非正式民意调查◆I took a quick straw poll among my colleagues to see how many agreed.我随便问了几个同事，看看有多少人同意。■show of ˈhands
idiom
an occasion on which a group of people vote on sth by raising their hands举手表决◆OK, let's have a show of hands. Who's in favour of the proposal?好吧，我们举手表决。谁赞成这个提议？
help1
verb
I was only trying to help.我只是想帮忙。This should help reduce the pain.这个应有助于缓解疼痛。help ♦︎ assist ♦︎ support ♦︎ cooperate ♦︎ help (sb) out ♦︎ aid ♦︎ aid and abet ♦︎ lend (sb) a hand ♦︎ be of serviceThese words all mean to make it easier or possible for sb to do sth by doing sth for them or by giving them sth that they need.这些词均表示帮助、协助、援助。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to help / assist / help out / lend a hand with sth◆to help / assist / support / cooperate / aid (sb) in sth◆to help / assist / cooperate / aid (sb) in doing sth◆to help / assist / aid (sb) to do sth◆to be greatly / considerably helped / assisted / aided◆to actively help / assist / support / cooperate with sb / sth◆to be ably assisted / supported by sb■help [intransitive, transitive] to make it easier or possible for sb to do sth by doing sth for them or by giving them sth that they need帮助；协助；援助◆Help, I'm stuck.帮帮忙，我被卡住了。◆I was only trying to help.我只是想帮忙。◆He always helps with the housework.他总是帮着做家务。◆I need contacts that could help in finding a job.我需要能帮我找到工作的社会关系。◆We must all try and help each other.我们都必须努力互相帮助。◆Jo will help us with some of the organization.乔将帮我们做一些组织工作。◆She helped (to) organize the party.她协助筹备了聚会。■assist [transitive, intransitive] (ratherformal, especiallywritten) to make it easier or possible for sb to do sth by doing sth for them帮助；协助◆We'll do all we can to assist you.我们会尽量帮你。◆The play was directed by Mike Johnson, assisted by Sharon Gale.该剧由迈克•约翰逊导演，沙伦•盖尔为导演助理。◆Anyone willing to assist can contact this number.凡有意提供帮助的人可以拨打此号码联系。■support [transitive] to give or be ready to give help to sb if they need it, especially by being kind to them in a difficult or unhappy situation帮助，援助，关怀（尤指身处困境的人）◆She supported her husband through many difficult times.她陪伴丈夫渡过了许多难关。◆The organization supports people with AIDS.该组织为艾滋病患者提供帮助。■cooperate (BrE alsoco-operate) /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt; NAmEkoʊˈɑːpəreɪt/ [intransitive] to work together with sb else in order to achieve sth; to be helpful by doing what sb asks you to do合作；协作；配合◆The two groups agreed to cooperate with each other.这两个小组同意相互协作。◆They had cooperated closely in the planning of the project.他们曾密切合作，共同规划这个项目。◆Their captors told them they would be killed unless they cooperated.囚禁他们的人说如果不配合就杀了他们。■ˌhelp ˈout■ˌhelp sb ˈout
phrasal verb
to help sb, especially in a difficult or busy situation帮助解困（或解急）◆He's always willing to help out.他总是急人之难。◆When I bought the house, my sister helped me out with a loan.我买这所房子时，我姐姐借给我一笔钱救了急。■aid [transitive] (ratherformal, written) to help sb to do sth, especially by making it easier帮助；援助◆Each group is aided by a tutor or consultant.每个组都能得到导师或顾问的帮助。◆They were accused of aiding him in his escape.他们被控协助他逃跑。■ˌaid and aˈbet
idiom
(-tt-) (law法律orhumorous) to help sb to do sth illegal or wrong协助和教唆（他人犯罪或犯错）◆He stands accused of aiding and abetting the bombing.他被控协助和教唆这起爆炸事件。◆His black mood receded, aided and abetted by two glasses of wine.两杯酒喝下去之后，他愤怒的情绪才得以平息。■lend (sb) a ˈhand
idiom
(lent, lent) (ratherinformal) to help sb to do sth, often by doing practical things for them帮助，援助，搭把手（常指做实事）◆I went over to see if I could lend a hand.我过去看看能不能帮上忙。◆I'll be there to lend him a hand with anything if required.我会去那儿看看能给他帮上什么忙。◆She's always ready to lend a helping hand.她总是随时乐意出手相助。■be of ˈservice
idiom
(formal, spoken) to be useful or helpful有用；有帮助◆Can I be of service to anyone?有谁需要我帮忙吗？◆Glad to be of service.很高兴能帮上忙。
lead2 / /liːd/ /
noun
take the lead in a race在赛跑中领先have a narrow lead over sb略占优势lead ♦︎ advantage ♦︎ edge ♦︎ the upper hand ♦︎ head startThese are all words for a situation in which you are in a better position than sb/sth that you are competing against.这些词均表示在竞争中领先的幅度或所占的优势。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand / a head start over sb◆an edge / a head start on sb◆a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand / a head start in sth◆a slight / significant lead / advantage / edge◆a big / clear lead / advantage◆a decided / competitive advantage / edge◆to have a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand / a head start◆to hold (onto) / maintain a lead / an advantage / an edge◆to give sb a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand / a head start◆to gain a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand■lead / /liːd/ / [singular] the amount or distance that sb/sth is in front of sb/sth else, in a competition or race in sport or politics（体育或政治竞争中）超前的幅度，领先的距离◆She has a narrow lead over the other runners.她比其他赛跑选手略为领先。◆They took a 3-0 lead in the first leg of the semi-final.他们在半决赛的第一场以3:0领先。◆The polls have given Labour a five-point lead.选举计票显示工党领先五个百分点。■advantage [singular] something that helps you to be better or more successful than sb else, especially sb you are competing against（尤指竞争中的）有利条件，有利因素，优势◆Being tall gave him an advantage over the other players.他个子高，比别的运动员占优势。◆The company has an unfair advantage over its competitors.与竞争对手相比，这家公司具有一种不公平的有利因素。OPPdisadvantage ⇨ disadvantage■edge [singular] (ratherinformal) a slight advantage over sb/sth, especially in sport or business（体育运动或生意中的）微弱优势◆They have the edge on us.他们略胜我们一筹。◆He believes Marseilles have a slight edge as they face Rangers at home.他认为马赛队主场对阵流浪者队略占优势。◆The company needs to improve its competitive edge.公司需要扩大自己的竞争优势。■the ˌupper ˈhand
idiom
an advantage over sb/sth else which means that you are in control of a particular situation优势；上风；主导权◆Maggie felt she had the upper hand.玛吉觉得自己占有优势。◆Gradually their forward players began to get the upper hand.渐渐地他们的前锋开始占了上风。ⓘ The upper hand is used especially with the verbs have, hold, gain and get. * the upper hand通常与动词have、hold、gain和get连用。■ˌhead ˈstart [singular] an advantage that sb already has before they start doing sth（事先就有的）优势◆Being able to speak French gave her a head start over the other candidates.会说法语使她比别的候选人占优势。◆We've got a real head start on the rest of the industry.我们在这个行业中一开始就遥遥领先于其他企业。
reject
verb
reject ♦︎ disown ♦︎ disinherit ♦︎ wash your hands of sb/sthThese words all mean to decide that you no longer want to be connected with or responsible for sb/sth.这些词均表示脱离关系、拒绝负责。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆His father / family rejected / disowned / disinherited him.◆Her friends / mother rejected / disowned her.◆to virtually disown / disinherit sb■reject [transitive] to fail to give a person or animal enough care or affection不够关心，慢待（人或动物）◆The lioness rejected the smallest cub, which died.母狮不理会最小的幼狮，任由它死去。◆He was only three when his father left and I think he still feels rejected.他父亲离开时他只有三岁，我想他现在仍然有被遗弃的感觉。OPPaccept ⇨ greet see also turn your back on sb/sth ⇨ leave5▸rejection
noun
[uncountable] ◆painful feelings of rejection受冷落的痛苦感受■disown / /dɪsˈəʊn; NAmEdɪsˈoʊn/ [transitive] to refuse to be connected with or responsible for sb/sth any longer, especially in order to show your anger or disapproval与⋯断绝关系，否认对⋯负责（尤指为了表达愤怒和不满）◆Her family disowned her for marrying a foreigner.家人因她嫁给外国人与她断绝了关系。◆Later he publicly disowned the rebellion.后来，他公开否认对叛乱负责。■disinherit /ˌdɪsɪnˈherɪt/ / [transitive] to decide that sb, especially your son or daughter, will no longer receive your money or property after your death, especially because of sth that they have done剥夺⋯的继承权◆He threatened to disinherit his eldest son.他威胁要剥夺长子的继承权。 see also inherit ⇨ inherit■wash your ˈhands of sb/sth
idiom
to give up trying to help sb or being involved in sth, often because your help or advice has been ignored, rejected or useless（常因帮助或建议被忽视、被拒绝或无用）拒绝对⋯负责，脱离关系，洗手不干◆When her son was arrested again she washed her hands of him.她的儿子再次被捕，她就与他脱离了关系。◆I've washed my hands of the whole sordid business.我已经彻底洗手不干那种肮脏的勾当了。
give2
verb
give sb a present送给某人礼物Give your mother the letter.把信交给你母亲。give sb drugs/advice/a punishment给予某人药物／建议／惩罚give sb a headache/an air of mystery令某人头疼／有一种神秘感give money to charity/give blood向慈善机构捐款；献血give ♦︎ hand ♦︎ hand sb/sth over ♦︎ passThese words all mean to put sth into sb's hand or hands, or in a place where they can easily reach it.这些词均表示给、交给。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to give / hand / hand sb / sth over / pass sth to sb◆to just give / hand / hand over / pass sth◆to give / hand / hand over / pass sth immediately / promptly■give(gave, given) [transitive] to put sth into sb's hand or hands so that they can look at it, use it or keep it for a time给；交给◆They were all given a box to carry.给了他们每人一个箱子让他们搬。◆She gave her ticket to the woman at the check-in desk.她把票递给了登机手续服务台的女职员。■hand [transitive] to put sth into sb's hand交；递；给◆She handed the letter to me.她把信交给了我。◆She handed me the letter.她把信交给了我。■ˌhand sb/sth ˈover
phrasal verb
to give sb/sth officially or formally to another person把⋯正式交给◆He handed over a cheque for $20 000.他交出了一张2万元的支票。◆I knew I should have handed you over to the police!我知道我本应该把你送交警方！■pass [transitive] to give sth to sb by putting it into their hands or in a place where they can easily reach it给；递；传递◆Pass the salt, please.请把盐递过来。◆Could you pass me that book?你能把那本书递给我吗？ⓘ Pass is often used in spoken English when one person is asking another to pick up sth that they can't reach themselves, and give it to them. * pass常用于口语，指某人自己够不到某物，请求他人帮忙递过来。NOTE辨析 Give, hand or pass?Hand is used more in written (especially literary) English than in spoken English; give is used frequently in both written and spoken English, but especially frequently in spoken English. Pass is often used in spoken requests, but is also used in written, literary English. * hand多用于书面语（尤其是文学作品），较少用于口语。give常用于书面语和口语，但尤用于口语。pass常用于口头请求，但亦用于书面语和文学作品。