commission noun ⇨committee (a commission of enquiry)⇨share (get a 10% commission)⇨task (a commission for a painting)commission verb ⇨appoint
committee
noun
committee ♦︎ council ♦︎ commission ♦︎ board ♦︎ jury ♦︎ panel ♦︎ delegation ♦︎ body ♦︎ task force ♦︎ missionThese are all words for a group of people who make decisions, give advice, deal with problems, etc., especially on a particular subject.这些词均表示决策委员会、顾问团，尤指专责小组。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a committee / commission / panel / task force on sth◆a committee / council / commission / board / delegation / body for sth◆to be on a committee / council / commission / board / jury / panel / body◆a special committee / commission / task force / mission◆a / an joint / independent committee / council / commission / board / delegation / body / task force / mission◆a government / parliamentary committee / commission / board / delegation / body◆a congressional committee / commission / delegation / body◆an official committee / commission / delegation / body◆a governing committee / council / commission / board / body◆a / an executive / management committee / council / board / body◆a / an advisory / consultative committee / council / board / panel / body◆a research committee / council / commission / board / body◆to choose / select a committee / jury / panel◆to head a committee / council / commission / board / delegation / task force / mission◆to chair a committee / council / commission / board / panel / body◆to lead a commission / delegation / task force / mission◆to serve on / sit on a committee / council / commission / board / jury / panel / body◆to send a delegation / task force / mission■committee [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who are chosen, usually by a larger group, to make decisions or to deal with a particular subject委员会◆They have set up a committee on the safety of medicines.他们成立了一个药物安全委员会。◆She's on the management committee.她是管理委员会成员。■council ( Council) [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people chosen to give advice, make rules, do research, provide money, etc. in a particular area of activity（顾问、规章、研究、基金等）委员会◆In Britain, the Arts Council gives grants to theatres.在英国，由艺术委员会向剧院提供资金。◆There are plans to establish a funding council for higher education.有计划要成立一个高等教育基金委员会。■commission [countable + singular or plural verb] an official group of people chosen to control sth or find out about sth, usually for a government（通常为政府管控或调查某事的）委员会◆Sweden's Environment Commission has ruled against the dam project.瑞典的环境委员会已经否决那个大坝工程。◆The commission is expected to report its findings next month.该委员会预计下月公布其调查结果。NOTE辨析 Committee, council or commission?These words can all refer to very similar groups of people with similar functions. The title they are given is often just the choice of the organization which sets up the group. Committee is the most general word and can refer to a group which is part of a government, a company, or an organization such as a trade union, political party or university. It can be at a high level or just at a local level making routine decisions, but it usually works within a larger organization. A council is more often an independent group of experts whose role is to promote the arts, sport, academic research, etc.这些词所指的委员会职能很相近，用哪一个作名称只是出于成立机构的选择。committee含义最广，可指政府、公司或工会、政党、大学等机构里的团体，其级别可以很高，也可以只是做日常决策的地方级别，但一般隶属较大的机构。council多为独立的专家组，其任务是推动艺术、体育、学术研究等◆the Medical Research Council医学研究委员会A commission is usually a group of important politicians or experts set up by a government or other political organization with responsibility for a particular area, such as trade or agriculture or to investigate a particular issue, such as a serious accident or a social problem. * commission常指政府或其他政治组织成立的、由重要的政治人物或专家组成的小组，负责某一领域，如贸易或农业，或调查某一事件，如重大事故或社会问题◆the Atomic Energy Commission－the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)原子能委员会－联合国难民署■board [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who have power to make decisions and control a company or other organization（公司或其他机构的）董事会，委员会，理事会◆The project will have to go to the board for consideration.这个项目须经过董事会考虑决定。◆There have been discussions about the issue at board level.董事会已经讨论这个问题。◆She has a seat on the board of directors.她是董事会成员。■jury / /ˈdʒʊəri; NAmEˈdʒʊri/ [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of members of the public who listen to the facts of a case in court and decide whether or not sb is guilty of a crime; a group of people who decide who is the winner of a competition陪审团；（比赛的）评判委员会，裁判委员会◆Everyone should have the right to trial by jury.每个人都应有由陪审团审判的权利。◆The jury was sworn in.陪审团宣誓就职。◆The jury has retired to consider its verdict.陪审团已经退庭考虑裁决。◆ (BrE) It was the second time he had been called up for jury service(= to be a member of a jury).这已经是他第二次被召作陪审员了。◆ (NAmE) jury duty陪审义务◆He was on the jury for this year's Booker Prize.他担任本年度布克文学奖的评委。■panel /ˈpænl/ / [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of specialists who give their advice or opinion about sth, or who discuss topics of interest on television or radio专家咨询组；（电视或广播节目的）讨论小组◆The designs will be judged by a panel of experts.这些设计方案将由专家组评判。◆A distinguished panel of speakers considered the role of global corporations.一个著名的专家小组思考了跨国公司的作用并作了发言。◆The decision of the judging panel is final.评审团的决定是最终的。■delegation / /ˌdelɪˈgeɪʃn/ / [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who represent the views of an organization or country and who speak for them代表团◆The prime minister met with an all-party delegation from the city council.首相接见了市议会一个由所有党派代表组成的代表团。◆The Canadian delegation walked out of the talks in protest.加拿大代表团退出会谈以示抗议。■body [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who work together, often for an official purpose（官方）团体；社团；群体◆The government is consulting trade unions and other professional bodies.政府正在咨询工会和其他专业团体。ⓘ Body can be a general word to describe any group of people working together, especially an official group which controls sth, makes decisions, etc. For example, we often refer to a sport's governing body, but the actual title of the group may be an association, as in the Football Association (FA), a federation, as in the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) or a committee, as in the International Olympic Committee (IOC). * body含义很广，可指任何在一起工作的人员组成的群体，尤其是负责管控、决策等的官方团体。例如，我们常说sport's governing body，但该团体的实际称谓可能是association，如the Football Association（FA，足协），或 federation，如the International Association of Athletics Federations（IAAF，国际田联），或 committee，如the International Olympic Committee（IOC，国际奥委会）。■ˈtask force [countable] a group of people who are chosen to deal with a particular problem, usually by a government（通常是政府为解决某问题而成立的）特别工作组◆She is expected to lead a task force on health care reform.预计她将领导医疗改革的特别工作组。■mission / /ˈmɪʃn/ / [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people doing an important official job, especially when they are sent to another country; the place where they work使团；（赴海外）代表团；执行任务的地点◆She led a recent trade mission to China.她近期率领了一个赴华贸易代表团。◆He will be part of a four-member UN fact-finding mission to the disputed region.他将成为联合国赴争议地区的四人核查小组成员。
share
noun
share ♦︎ quota ♦︎ allocation ♦︎ commission ♦︎ allowance ♦︎ ration ♦︎ cut ♦︎ percentageThese are all words for an amount of sth which is given to sb/sth.这些词均表示份额、定额、限额。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a share / quota / allocation / allowance / ration / cut / percentage of sth◆a full share / quota / allocation / commission / allowance / ration◆a large share / quota / allocation / commission◆a small share / quota / allocation / commission / percentage◆an annual quota / allocation / allowance◆a fixed share / quota / commission / percentage◆to get your share / your quota / an allocation / a commission / a cut / a percentage◆to receive a share / an allocation / a commission / a percentage◆to take a share / commission / cut / percentage◆to have your share / quota / ration◆to be entitled to a share / an allocation / a commission■share [countable, usually singular] one part of sth that is divided between two or more people; a part that sb has in a particular activity that involves several people; an amount of sth that is thought to be normal or acceptable for one person（分得的或活动中所占的）一份；正常的一份；可接受的一份◆How much was your share of the winnings?在赢得的钱里你那份有多少？◆Next year we hope to have a bigger share of the market.明年我们希望获得更大的市场份额。◆I'm hoping for a share in the profits.我希望利润中有我一份。◆We all did our share of the work.这项工作我们都尽了一份力。◆Everyone must accept their share of the blame.每个人都必须为自己的过错负起那一份责任。 see also share ⇨ join■quota / /ˈkwəʊtə; NAmEˈkwoʊtə/ [countable] the limited number of people or things that is officially allowed; an amount of sth that sb expects or needs to have or achieve定额；限额；配额；指标◆They are bringing in a quota system for accepting refugees.他们将推行一种接收难民的限额制度。◆The show is good fun and yields its full quota of laughs.表演很有趣，博得预期中的阵阵笑声。■allocation /ˌæləˈkeɪʃn/ / [countable] an amount of sth, especially money, that is given to sb for a particular purpose分配的东西；（尤指）划拨的款项◆We have spent our entire allocation for the year.我们已经把今年拨给我们的经费全都花光了。 see also allocate ⇨ allocate■commission / /kəˈmɪʃn/ / [uncountable, countable] an amount of money that is paid to sb for selling goods, which increases with the value of goods that are sold; an amount of money that is charged, for example by a bank, for providing a particular service佣金；回扣；（银行等的）手续费◆In this job you work on commission(= are paid according to the amount you sell).你做这份工作按销售额提成。◆You get a 10% commission on everything you sell.你可从你售出的每件商品中获得10%的佣金。◆One per cent commission is charged for cashing traveller's cheques.兑现旅行支票收取1%的手续费。■allowance / /əˈlaʊəns/ / [countable] the amount of sth that is allowed in a particular situation限额；定量◆There is a maximum baggage allowance of 20 kilos.行李限重20公斤。■ration / /ˈræʃn/ / [countable] a fixed amount of sth, especially food, that you are officially allowed to have when there is not enough for everyone to have as much as they want, for example during a war（食品等短缺时的）配给量，定量◆I gave him my butter ration at breakfast one morning.有一天早餐时我把我那份黄油给了他。◆a ration book / card / coupon(= allowing you to claim a ration of sth)定量供给簿；定量供应卡；配给券ⓘ A ration [singular] is also an amount of sth that is thought to be normal or acceptable for one person. * ration也可表示一个人的正常或合理的量◆As part of the diet, allow yourself a small daily ration of sugar.作为饮食的一部分，你每天要摄取少量的糖。 see also rations ⇨ supplies▸ration
verb
[transitive, often passive] ◆Eggs were rationed during the war.战争期间鸡蛋限量供应。◆The villagers are rationed to two litres of water a day.村民每天的用水量限定为2升。NOTE辨析 Share, quota or ration?These words can all be used to mean 'an amount of sth that is thought to be normal or acceptable for one person'. Share and quota can both be used to talk about pleasant or unpleasant things such as luck, laughs, work or blame. Share is much more frequent; quota is only used in this meaning in more formal or written language. Ration is used to talk about food, or about sth nice that you must not have or expect too much of.这三个词都可表示一个人的正常或合理的量。share 和quota都可用于愉快或不愉快的事物，如luck、laugh、work或blame。share要常用得多，quota表达此义时仅作较正式用语或书面语。ration用于食物，或用于不应有太多或不能期盼太多的好东西。■cut [countable, usually singular] (ratherinformal) a share in sth, especially the profits of sth（尤指利润的）份，份额◆They were rewarded with a cut of 5% from the profits.他们得到占利润5%份额的报酬。◆There wasn't much left after his agents took their cut.代理商抽走份额后他的利润所剩无几。■percentage /pəˈsentɪdʒ; NAmEpərˈsentɪdʒ/ [countable, usually singular] a share of the profits of sth利润的分成；提成◆He gets a percentage for every car sold.他每售出一辆汽车便可得到一份提成。NOTE辨析 Cut or percentage?Percentage is used especially in a situation where money is paid to sb for doing a job, for example to an employee. Cut is used more often if people divide a total sum of money among themselves. If the percentage figure is given, the word cut is used. * percentage尤用于支付酬劳的场合，例如付给雇员工资；cut更常用于分割总金额的场合。如果提到了明确的分配额度，则用cut◆Our manager gets a cut of 10%.我们经理得到10%的份额。◆Our manager gets a percentage of 10%.
task
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ assignment另见assignment条task ♦︎ work ♦︎ duty ♦︎ mission ♦︎ job ♦︎ business ♦︎ housework ♦︎ chore ♦︎ errand ♦︎ commissionThese are all words for a piece of work that sb has to do.这些词均表示任务、工作。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆(a) routine task / work / duties / mission / job / business / chore◆(a) daily / day-to-day task / work / duties / job / business / chore◆(a / an) easy / difficult task / work / mission / job◆(a) challenging task / work / job◆(a) dangerous task / work / mission / job◆(a) household / domestic task / work / duties / job / chore◆to do a task / your work / a job / business / the housework / a chore / an errand◆to have a task / work / job / the housework / a chore / an errand to do◆to get the task / work / job / housework / chores done◆to get on with a task / your work / a job / the housework / a chore◆to carry out a task / the work / your duties / a mission / a job / a commission◆to finish a task / the work / a mission / a job / your business / the housework / the chores◆to take on / undertake a task / the work / your duties / a mission / a job◆to tackle / approach a task / the work / a job◆to give sb a task / some work / their duties / a mission / a job / a chore / a commission◆to set (sb) a task / their duties◆to accept a task / a mission / a commission◆to be on a mission / a job / business / an errand■task [countable] a piece of work that sb has to do, especially a difficult or unpleasant one（尤指艰巨或令人厌烦的）任务，工作◆Our first task will be to set up a communications system.我们的首项任务是架设通信系统。◆She had the unenviable task of talking to the missing girl's parents.她承担了和失踪女孩的父母谈话的艰难任务。◆The task eventually fell to me(= I had to do it).这项任务最终落到我头上。◆Getting hold of the information was no easy task(= it was difficult).把这一情报搞到手绝非易事。■work [uncountable] the tasks and activities that are part of your job; tasks that need to be done职责；工作内容◆Police work is mainly routine.警察的工作基本上都是按部就班的。◆I have some work for you to do.我有些事要你做。◆Stop talking and get on with your work.别说话了，继续干你们的活吧。■duty [uncountable] ( duties [plural]) the work that is your job; tasks that are part of your job职责；任务◆Report for duty at 8 a.m.早上8点钟报到上班。◆He was accused of neglecting his professional duties.他被控玩忽职守。◆Your duties will include setting up a new computer system.你的职责包括建立一个新的计算机系统。◆The suspect was charged with obstructing an officer in the course of his duties(= while doing what his job requires).嫌疑犯被控防碍执行公务罪。NOTE辨析 Work or duties?Both these words refer to things that you do as part of your job, but work has a wider meaning than duties. Your duties are the list of tasks that you have to do because they are your responsibility and that you can be criticized or punished for not doing. Your work is all the activities that you do in the course of doing your job, and these activities may be seen as opportunities as much as responsibilities.这两个词均表示工作范围内的事，但work的意思比duty广。duty指必须要做的工作或职责，不做会受到批评或处罚。work指工作过程中的所有活动，这些活动可被视为责任，也可看作是机会。■mission / /ˈmɪʃn/ / [countable] an important official job that a person or group of people is given to do, especially when they are sent to another country（尤指派往他国的）官方使命，使团的使命◆a trade mission to China赴华贸易使命◆The mission ended in failure.这项使命以失败告终。◆They undertook a fact-finding mission in the region.他们承担了在该地区调查真相的工作。■job [countable] a piece of work that sb has to do（一项）事务；（一件）工作，活儿，事情◆I've got various jobs around the house to do.我在家里有各种各样的活儿要干。◆Sorting these papers is going to be a long job.整理这些文件是件很费工夫的事。◆Bringing up kids is a full-time job.带孩子是一个全职工作。◆He spends his time doing odd jobs(= various jobs in the home).他把时间用在干家里的杂活。NOTE辨析 Task or job?A task may be more difficult than a job and require you to think carefully about how you are going to do it. A job may be sth small that is one of several jobs that you have to do, especially in the home; or it can be sth that takes a long time and is boring and/or needs a lot of patience. * task可能比job艰巨，需要仔细思考如何去做；job可指几件要做的事情中的一件小事，尤指家务活；job有时指费时、沉闷或需要极大耐心的工作。■business [uncountable] work that is part of your job, especially work that involves talking and doing deals with other people in business商务；公事◆a business trip / lunch出差；工作午餐◆Is the trip to Rome business or pleasure?这次去罗马是出差还是游玩？◆She's away on business.她出差去了。OPPpleasure ⇨ entertainment➡ See also the entry for ⇨ business2另见business条第2义■housework / /ˈhaʊswɜːk; NAmEˈhaʊswɜːrk/ [uncountable] the work involved in taking care of a home and family, for example cleaning and cooking（打扫和做饭等）家务活，家务事◆I spent all morning doing housework.我用了一个上午做家务。■chore [countable] a task that you have to do regularly, especially one that you do in the home and find unpleasant or boring日常事务，例行工作（尤指令人厌烦或乏味无聊的家务事）◆Of all the household chores, I hate ironing most.所有的家务事中，我最不喜欢熨衣服。◆I find shopping a real chore(= a boring and unpleasant job).对我来说，购物真是件苦差事。■errand /ˈerənd/ / [countable] a job that you do for sb that involves going somewhere, for example in order to buy sth, deliver sth or take a message（替别人做的）差使，差事◆He often runs errands for his grandmother.他经常给他的祖母跑腿儿。■commission / /kəˈmɪʃn/ / [countable] a formal request to sb to do a piece of work for you, such as designing a building or doing a painting（正式的）委托工作（如请人做建筑设计或作画等）◆Who won the commission to design the new town hall?谁赢得了设计新市政厅的委托工作？◆The work will be done by commission(= sb will be formally asked to do it).该工程将通过委托方式请人来做。
appoint
verb
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ employ另见employ条appoint ♦︎ elect ♦︎ name ♦︎ nominate ♦︎ designate ♦︎ co-opt ♦︎ commission ♦︎ vote sb in ♦︎ vote sb into/onto sthThese verbs all mean to officially or formally choose sb for a job, especially an important one, or for a position of responsibility.这些动词均表示任命或委任要职。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to appoint sb / name sb / nominate sb / designate sb / commission sb / vote sb in as sth◆to appoint / elect / name / nominate sb to sth◆to appoint / elect / name / nominate / designate / co-opt sb to do sth◆to officially / formally appoint / name / nominate / designate sb■appoint [transitive] to choose sb for a job, especially an important one, or for a position of responsibility任命，委任（要职）◆They have appointed a new principal at my son's school.我儿子就读的学校任命了一位新校长。◆She has recently been appointed to the committee.她最近获任命为委员会成员。◆They appointed him (as) captain of the national team.他们任命他为国家队队长。◆A lawyer was appointed to represent the child.一名律师受任为这个孩子的代理人。OPPdismiss ⇨ fireverb▸appointment
noun
[countable, uncountable] ◆Following her recent appointment to the post...在她新近获任此职之后⋯◆the appointment of a new captain for the England team英格兰队新队长的任命 see also appointment ⇨ job■elect [transitive] to choose sb to do a particular job by voting for them选举；推选◆an elected assembly / leader / representative选出的议会／领导人／代表◆the newly elected government新当选的政府◆She became the first black woman to be elected to the Senate.她成为第一个获选进参议院的黑人女性。◆What changes will he make if he gets elected?如果当选，他将进行什么变革？ⓘ Elect is most often used in political contexts to refer to choosing governments, leaders and representatives, who are chosen by a formal, written vote. * elect多用于政治语境，指通过正式的投票方式选举政府、领导人及代表。 see also election ⇨ choice1, election ⇨ election▸electoral
adjective
◆electoral systems / reforms选举制度／改革■name [transitive] to choose sb for a job or position任命；委任◆I had no hesitation in naming him (as) captain.我毫不犹豫地任命他为队长。◆Mr Shah has been named to run the new research unit.沙先生获委任负责领导这个新的研究小组。■nominate / /ˈnɒmɪneɪt; NAmEˈnɑːmɪneɪt/ [transitive] (ratherformal) to choose sb to do a particular job or task任命；指派◆I have been nominated to the committee.我受命成为委员会委员。◆She was nominated to speak on our behalf.她被指派代表我们发言。 see also nomination ⇨ choice1■designate /ˈdezɪgneɪt/ / [transitive] (formal) to choose sb for a particular job or position选定；指派；委任◆The director is allowed to designate his / her successor.主任获准选定自己的继任人。NOTE辨析 Name, nominate or designate?Name is much more frequent, especially in written language. It is often used in business contexts to talk about appointing a new boss, committee member, etc. However, nominate is used when you are talking about a particular task, not a job or position that continues for a period of time.与nominate、designate相比，name尤其在书面语中较常用，在商务语境中常用来指任命新老板、委员会新成员等。而nominate指的是委派别人执行某项特定的任务，而不是长期负责某项工作或担任某个职位◆She was named to speak on our behalf.Designate is a formal way of saying name. * designate是name正式的说法。■ˌco-ˈopt [transitive] to make sb a member of a group or committee by the agreement of all the other members（经所有成员同意）增选⋯为委员◆She was co-opted onto the board.她获增选为董事会成员。■commission / /kəˈmɪʃn/ / [transitive, usually passive] to choose sb as an officer in one of the armed forces任命⋯为军官◆He has just been commissioned (as a) pilot officer.他刚获任命为空军少尉。■ˌvote sb ˈin■ˌvote sb ˈinto sth■ˌvote sb ˈonto sth
phrasal verb
to choose sb for a position by voting for them投票选出⋯任（某职）◆He was voted in as treasurer.他当选为财务主管。◆She was voted onto the board of governors.她获选入董事会。OPPvote sb out,vote sb out of/off sth see also vote ⇨ election