| 例句 |
harsh adj.
⇨ harsh (a harsh winter) ⇨ hoarse (a harsh voice) ⇨ strict (harsh criticism) ⇨ strong 3 (harsh bright colours) harsh adjective harsh ♦︎ severe ♦︎ hard ♦︎ bleakThese words all describe weather conditions which are not pleasant or are difficult to live in. 这些词均表示天气恶劣的、严酷的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a harsh / severe / hard / bleak winter◆harsh / severe weather / conditions◆a harsh / severe climate◆a severe / hard frost■ harsh (of weather or living conditions) very difficult and unpleasant to live in （天气或生活条件）恶劣的，艰苦的◆These plants will not grow in this harsh climate.这些植物不能在这样恶劣的气候条件下生长。◆He stood outside, blinking in the harsh sunlight.他站在外面，在刺眼的阳光下直眨眼睛。◆Life expectancy is extremely low due to the harsh conditions.因条件恶劣预期寿命极短。OPP mild ⇨ sunny ■ severe (of weather) very unpleasant and/or dangerous （天气）极为恶劣的，危险的◆Severe weather conditions can lead to an increase in the demand for electricity.恶劣的天气状况可能导致用电需求增加。◆A severe storm blew the ship off course.强风暴致使船偏离了航道。■ hard [usually before noun](of weather) very cold and severe （天气）严寒的，凛冽的◆There was a hard frost that night.那天晚上寒冷有霜。■ bleak / /bliːk/ / (of weather) very cold and unpleasant （天气）阴冷的◆She left on a bleak November day.她在11月份一个阴冷的日子离开了。NOTE 辨析 Which word? Harsh weather or conditions make living physically difficult; harsh is used especially when these conditions exist all the time in a place or last for a long time. Severe weather may last only a short time, but can cause immediate danger, not just difficulty over a longer period. Hard typically describes a winter (= harsh) or a frost (= making the ground very hard). Bleak describes a time, such as a day or a winter, that makes you feel depressed, whether or not life is physically difficult. * harsh修饰天气或状况时指生活条件艰苦，尤指某地终年或长期生活条件恶劣；severe修饰天气时，不仅指由于天气长期恶劣而不便，也指会在短时间内造成直接危害；hard常描述winter，指严冬，或描述frost，指霜冻。bleak与day或winter等表示一段时期的词搭配，指使人感到情绪低落，与生活条件艰苦与否无关。 hoarse adjective hoarse ♦︎ raucous ♦︎ harsh ♦︎ husky ♦︎ thick ♦︎ guttural ♦︎ rough ♦︎ strident ♦︎ gruffThese words all describe people's voices when they sound as though they come from the speaker's throat. 这些词均表示声音嘶哑的、沙哑的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to be hoarse / husky / thick with sth◆a hoarse / raucous / harsh / guttural / rough sound◆a hoarse / raucous / harsh / husky / thick / guttural / rough / strident / gruff voice◆hoarse / harsh / husky / guttural / strident / gruff tones◆a hoarse / raucous / harsh / husky / guttural / gruff laugh◆hoarse / raucous / harsh laughter◆a hoarse / raucous / harsh / guttural cry◆a hoarse / harsh / husky / gruff whisper◆to sound hoarse / harsh / husky / thick / rough / gruff■ hoarse / /hɔːs/ / (of a voice or person) sounding as if the voice is coming from the speaker's throat, especially because the throat is sore （嗓音或人）嘶哑的，沙哑的（尤指因咽喉痛）◆Her voice came out as a hoarse whisper.她嗓音沙哑低沉。◆He shouted himself hoarse.他把嗓子喊哑了。▸ hoarsely adverb ◆'You don't understand,' she whispered hoarsely.“你不懂。”她声音低哑地说道。■ raucous / /ˈrɔːkəs/ / (usually disapproving) loud in an unpleasant way 刺耳的；尖厉的◆We could hear raucous laughter coming from the room next door.我们听到刺耳的笑声从隔壁传来。◆A group of raucous young men were standing on the corner of the street.一群吵闹的年轻人站在街道的拐角。■ harsh (often disapproving) (of sb's voice) loud in an unpleasant way （嗓音）刺耳的，尖厉的◆'Stop it!' she said in a harsh voice.“停下来！”她用刺耳的嗓音说道。▸ harshly adverb ◆Alec laughed harshly.亚历克刺耳地大笑。NOTE 辨析 Harsh or raucous? Harsh is usually used to talk about a single person's voice; raucous is more often used to talk about the unpleasant noise made by a group of people. * harsh通常修饰一个人的声音，raucous多修饰一群人发出的嘈杂刺耳的声音。■ husky (of a voice or person) sounding deep, quiet and rough, sometimes in an attractive way （嗓音或人）低沉的，沙哑的◆She spoke in a husky whisper.她低沉沙哑地轻声说话。◆Sorry, I'm a bit husky today－I've got a sore throat.对不起，我今天声音有点哑，我嗓子疼。▸ huskily adverb ◆'You're beautiful,' he murmured huskily.“你真漂亮。”他沙哑地低声说道。■ thick (of sb's voice) deep and not as clear as normal, especially because of emotion or illness （嗓音）嘶哑不清的（尤指因激动或生病所致）◆His voice was thick with emotion.他激动得话都说不清楚了。▸ thickly adverb ◆'Just leave me alone,' he said thickly.“让我一个人待着吧。”他沙哑地说道。■ guttural / /ˈgʌtərəl/ / (written) (of a sound) made or seeming to be made at the back of the throat （声音）似喉间发出的◆He spoke in a low guttural growl.他用低沉的喉音生气地说话。■ rough (often disapproving) (of sb's voice) unpleasant to listen to; not kind or gentle （嗓音）刺耳的，难听的；粗声粗气的◆'I suppose you expect me to apologize for this,' he said in a rough voice.“我想你是要我为这事道歉吧。”他阴阳怪气地说道。▸ roughly adverb ◆'What do you want?' she demanded roughly.“你想怎么样？”她粗声粗气地问道。NOTE 辨析 Harsh or rough?A harsh voice is likely to be higher in tone than a rough voice. * harsh常常比rough所指的声音音调高。■ strident / /ˈstraɪdnt/ / (disapproving, written) loud, harsh and unpleasant 刺耳的；尖厉的◆She came behind him, shouting in her strident voice, 'Not there! Servants this way.'她来到他身后，尖声喊道：“不是那儿，仆人往这边来！”◆the strident ringing of the phone刺耳的电话铃声ⓘ Strident is often used to talk about loud and unpleasant voices with an upper-class accent. * strident常指带有上层社会口音的刺耳尖厉的声音。■ gruff (often disapproving) (of a person or voice) deep and harsh, and often sounding unfriendly （人或嗓音）低沉粗哑的，生硬的◆'Open up,' commanded a gruff voice.“打开。”一个生硬的声音命令道。 strict adjective strict ♦︎ tough ♦︎ harsh ♦︎ rigid ♦︎ stringent ♦︎ punitive ♦︎ firm ♦︎ severeThese words all describe a person or a set of rules that must be obeyed. 这些词均表示人或规则是严格的、严厉的。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达严格的程度| firm | ➔ | strict | ➔ | harsh | | | tough | | punitive | | | stringent | | severe |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆strict / tough / harsh / firm / severe with sb / sth◆strict / tough / harsh / severe on sb / sth◆strict / tough / harsh / rigid / firm / severe discipline◆a tough / harsh / severe penalty / sentence◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent / firm controls◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent / severe restrictions◆strict / rigid / stringent / severe limits◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent rules / standards◆strict / tough / harsh / stringent conditions / legislation◆a strict / harsh / punitive regime◆tough / harsh / stringent / punitive / firm measures◆tough / punitive / firm action◆harsh / stringent / severe criticism◆increasingly strict / tough / harsh / stringent / punitive / severe◆extremely strict / tough / harsh / rigid / severe◆excessively / unnecessarily strict / harsh / rigid■ strict (of rules or instructions) that must be obeyed exactly; (of a person) demanding that rules, especially about behaviour, should be obeyed （规则或指示）严格的；（人）要求严格的，严厉的◆She left strict instructions that she must not be disturbed.她下了严格的指示，不准打扰她。◆She's on a very strict diet.她正严格节食。◆They were always very strict with their children.他们对子女一向十分严格。◆She's very strict about things like homework.她对作业之类的事要求非常严格。◆I had a very strict upbringing.我小时候家教很严。OPP lenient ⇨ lenient ▸ strictly adverb ◆The industry is strictly regulated.这个行业管理得很严格。◆She was brought up very strictly.她从小家教很严。■ tough / /tʌf/ / (rather informal) demanding that particular rules be obeyed and not showing sympathy for any problems or suffering that this may cause 严厉的；强硬的◆Don't be too tough on him－he was only trying to help.不要对他太严厉－他只是想帮忙而已。◆The government has promised to get tough on crime.政府已经承诺要严厉打击犯罪。◆The school takes a tough line on (= punishes severely) cheating.学校对作弊行为的惩罚很严厉。◆There will be tough new controls on car emissions.对汽车尾气的排放量将有新的严格控制。◆Courts are imposing tougher penalties for street crime.法院正在对街头犯罪实行更严厉的惩治。ⓘ Tough can describe the people who make or enforce the rules, the rules themselves, or the punishment for not obeying the rules. * tough可描述制订或实施规则的人、规则本身或者对违反规则的惩罚。 OPP soft ⇨ lenient ■ harsh (usually disapproving) (of a judgement, punishment or situation) extreme and cruel or unkind, especially more extreme than is appropriate for the situation （评价、惩罚或局势）残酷的，严酷的，严厉的◆It may seem a bit harsh to criticize him after his death.在他去世后对他进行批评可能会显得有点残酷。◆He later regretted his harsh words.过后他对自己的刻薄言辞感到后悔。◆He accused her of being unduly harsh.他指责她过分严厉。◆We had to face up to the harsh realities of life sooner or later.我们迟早都得正视严酷的生活现实。OPP lenient ⇨ lenient ▸ harshly adverb ◆Don't judge him too harshly.不要过分苛刻地评判他。■ rigid / /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ / (often disapproving) (of rules or methods) that must be obeyed or followed exactly and are difficult to change （规则或方法）死板的，僵化的◆His rigid adherence to the rules made him unpopular.他对规则的刻板坚持使得他不受欢迎。◆The warriors were governed by a rigid code of ethics.武士受制于一套严格死板的道德规范。▸ rigidly adverb ◆The speed limit must be rigidly enforced.必须严格执行限速规定。■ stringent / /ˈstrɪndʒənt/ / (formal) (of rules or procedures) that must be obeyed or followed exactly （规则或程序）严格的，严厉的◆There are stringent quality control procedures.有一些严格的质量控制程序。◆Safety standards were less stringent in those days.那时的安全标准没那么严格。■ punitive / /ˈpjuːnətɪv/ / [usually before noun] (formal) intended as a punishment; (of taxes or charges) very high and that people find very difficult to pay 惩罚性的；处罚的；（征税或收费）苛刻的◆Punitive action will be taken against the hooligans.那些小流氓将会受到惩治。◆ (NAmE) They could impose punitive tariffs of up to 100% on imports.他们可以向进口商品征收100%的惩罚性关税。ⓘ Punitive taxes, tariffs, charges, damages or sanctions are or seem to be designed to punish sb or to put them at a disadvantage. For example, a government might impose punitive tariffs on goods from a particular country as part of a trade dispute. * punitive taxes/tariffs/charges/damages/sanctions（惩罚性征税／关税／收费／损害赔偿金／制裁）都是（或似乎是）用来惩罚某人或者使其处于不利地位，例如，在贸易争端中，一国的政府可能会对来自特定国家的货物征收惩罚性关税。■ firm (often approving) (of sb's behaviour) strong and in control （行为）牢牢控制的，严格的◆People are looking towards him for firm leadership.人们都盼望他是个强悍的领导。◆Parents must be firm with their children.父母对子女必须严格。▸ firmly adverb ◆'I can manage,' she said firmly.“我应付得了。”她坚定地说。■ severe punishing sb in an extreme way when they break a particular set of rules （惩罚）严厉的，重的◆He received a severe reprimand for his behaviour.他因为自己的行为而受到严厉的斥责。◆The courts are becoming more severe on young offenders.法庭对青少年犯罪者的处罚趋于严厉。▸ severely adverb ◆Anyone breaking the law will be severely punished.违法者将受到严惩。 strong3 adjective strong arms 强健的胳膊strong cheese/coffee 味重的奶酪；浓咖啡strong sunshine 强烈的阳光 ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ bright 另见bright条strong ♦︎ dazzling ♦︎ harsh ♦︎ glaringThese words all describe light that is so powerful that it is unpleasant or difficult to see. 这些词均表示光线强的、刺眼的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆strong / dazzling / harsh / glaring light◆strong / dazzling / harsh colours◆strong / dazzling / glaring sunshine■ strong (of light or colour) bright and/or powerful （光线或颜色）明亮的，强烈的◆Stay indoors in the middle of the day, when the sun is strongest.中午阳光最强，就在屋里待着。 OPP weak ⇨ dim 1 ■ dazzling (of light or colour) so bright that you cannot see for a short time （光线或颜色）使人目眩的，使人眼花的◆The sunlight was dazzling after being in the gloom for so long.在昏暗中待得久了，觉得阳光刺眼。◆He arrived wearing a dazzling white suit.他到达时穿着一套耀眼眩目的白色西装。OPP soft ⇨ dim 1 ■ harsh (disapproving) (especially of light or colour) too strong and bright, in a way that is ugly or unpleasant to look at （尤指光线或颜色）强烈刺眼的◆She was caught in the harsh glare of the headlights.她遭到了车前灯强烈刺眼的照射。◆The view was spoiled by the harsh lines of concrete towers.那里的景致被一座座混凝土高楼的刺眼线条给破坏了。OPP soft ⇨ dim 1 , soft ⇨ pale 2 ■ glaring /ˈgleərɪŋ; NAmE ˈglerɪŋ/ [usually before noun] (disapproving) (of light) very bright and unpleasant （光线）刺眼的，炫目的◆The room was lit by the glaring white light from a naked bulb.那间屋子有一个无罩灯泡发出刺眼的白光。 |