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lead verb
⇨ lead 1 (lead a race) ⇨ lead 2 (lead an expedition) ⇨ lead 3 (Where does this path lead?) ⇨ make 4 (What led you to this conclusion?) ⇨ take 2 (You lead the way.)lead noun
⇨ lead 1 (take the lead in a race) ⇨ lead 2 (a narrow lead over sb) ⇨ influence (follow sb's lead) ⇨ rein (Dogs must be kept on a lead.) ⇨ star 2 (Who is playing the lead?) ⇨ wire (an extension lead)lead1 verb lead a race/the world in cancer research 在比赛中领先；在癌症研究方面走在世界前列lead an expedition 率领探险队The path leads up the hill. 这条小路通往山顶。lead ♦︎ be ahead of sb ♦︎ overtake ♦︎ pass ♦︎ leave sb/sth behind ♦︎ outpace ♦︎ get aheadThese words all mean to be in or move into a position which is further forward, better or more advanced than sb/sth else. 这些词均表示处于首位或取得领先地位。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to lead / be ahead of sb / overtake sb / leave sb behind / get ahead in sth◆to lead / be ahead of / overtake a rival◆to easily overtake / outpace sb■ lead (led, led) [intransitive, transitive] to be in first place, for example in a race or competition; to be the most advanced in a particular area or activity 处于首位；居于领先地位；（在某方面）最先进◆The champion is leading by 18 seconds.冠军领先了18秒钟。◆He led the race for eight laps until his engine blew.比赛中他有八圈一路领先，直到他的发动机爆裂。◆The department led the world in cancer research.这个系当时在癌症研究方面走在世界前列。◆The firm's solid construction standards still lead the field.该公司坚实的建筑水准在业内仍处于领先地位。OPP trail ⇨ lose ■ be aˈhead of sb phrase to be further forward in space or time than sb/sth; to be in front of sb/sth, for example in a race or competition; to be better or further advanced than sb/sth （时间或空间）在⋯前面；（比赛或竞争等中）领先；占优势◆Three boys were ahead of us.有三个男孩在我们前面。◆He was already some way ahead of her.他已经领先于她。◆He's still 10 points ahead of his nearest rival.他比紧随其后的对手仍领先10分。◆He was always well ahead of the rest of the class.他总是遥遥领先于班上其他同学。◆His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超前于他那个时代。OPP be behind sb ■ overtake (overtook, overtaken) [intransitive, transitive] to go past a moving vehicle or person ahead of you because you are going faster than they are; to become greater in number, amount or importance than sth else 超过；赶上；（在数量或重要性方面）大于，超越◆ (BrE) It's dangerous to overtake on a bend.在弯道上超车会有危险。◆ (BrE) He pulled out to overtake a lorry.他驶出车流以超越一辆卡车。◆Later this century, nuclear energy could overtake oil as the main fuel.本世纪晚些时候，核能可能会超过石油成为主要燃料。◆We mustn't let ourselves be overtaken by our competitors.我们决不能让竞争对手超过我们。■ pass [transitive, intransitive] to overtake a vehicle or person ahead of you 超过；超越◆He pulled out to pass a truck.他驶出车流以超过一辆卡车。◆It's difficult to pass on this circuit.在这条环形车道上很难超车。NOTE 辨析 Overtake or pass?In British English, both overtake and pass can be used to talk about going past sb/sth that is moving, for example, on the road or a track, although overtake is more frequent. In American English, pass is the normal word used. 在英式英语中，overtake和pass都可指超过公路或跑道上行进中的人或物，只不过overtake更常用些。在美式英语中，常用pass表达此义。■ leave sb/sth beˈhind phrasal verb (left, left) [usually passive] to make much better progress than sb, especially in business （尤指在生意上）把⋯抛在后面，超过◆Britain is being left behind in the race for new markets.英国在开拓新市场方面正被甩在后面。◆European manufacturers are afraid of getting left behind.欧洲生产商唯恐会落在后面。■ outpace / /ˌaʊtˈpeɪs/ / [transitive] (written, especially business 尤用于商业) to go, rise or improve faster than sb/sth （在速度上）超过；比⋯快◆He easily outpaced the other runners.他轻而易举地超过了其他赛跑选手。◆Demand is outpacing production.需求量正在超过产量。◆Market growth has continued to outpace expectations.市场增长率仍比预期的要快。■ ˌget aˈhead phrasal verb (getting, got, got; NAmE spoken getting, got, gotten)to make progress; to make progress faster or further than sb/sth else 取得进步；走在前面；领先◆She wants to get ahead in her career.她想在事业上取得进展。◆He soon got ahead of the others in the class.他很快就在班上领先他人了。ⓘ Get ahead is used especially to talk about the progress of individual people in their work or studies. * get ahead尤指个人在工作或学习上取得进步。 lead2 verb lead a race/the world in cancer research 在比赛中领先；在癌症研究方面走在世界前列lead an expedition 率领探险队The path leads up the hill. 这条小路通往山顶。lead ♦︎ head ♦︎ preside ♦︎ chair ♦︎ spearhead ♦︎ captainThese words all mean to be in charge of sth or to be the leader of sth. 这些词均表示负责、领导。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to lead / head / captain a team◆to lead / captain a (sports) side◆to lead / head a (political) party / the government◆to lead / head / preside over / chair a / an commission / committee / enquiry◆to lead / preside over / chair a meeting / debate◆to lead / spearhead a campaign / fight◆to head / preside over a (legal) case◆to jointly lead / head / chair sth■ lead (led, led) [transitive, intransitive] to be the leader of sth; to be in charge of sth 率领；领导；主管；掌管◆Who will lead the party into the next election?谁来领导这个党参加下一届选举？◆He led the first expedition to the North Pole.他领导了第一次北极探险活动。◆Top management should be seen to lead by example (= to set a good example for others to copy).高层管理人员应该以身作则。 see also leadership ⇨ government 2 ■ head [transitive] to be the head of sth; to be in charge of sth 领导；主管；掌管◆She has been appointed to head the research team.她受命主管研究小组。◆The committee will be jointly headed by two men.该委员会将由两人共同领导。NOTE 辨析 Lead or head?These two verbs can be used in very similar ways. However, a person who heads sth is the person who has the official position of being the head of it: for example, a government is headed by a prime minister, an enquiry might be headed by a judge, etc. It is usually an individual who heads sth. Sb who leads sth may also have an official position as the leader, but the verb lead emphasizes their leadership qualities. Sb who leads is the person who makes the important plans and decisions, and who other people follow. A group of people, such as an organization or a country can also lead sth. 这两个动词用法非常相似，但head指担任正式领导职务，例如政府由首相来领导，调查可能由法官来领导，等等。head的主语通常是某一个人。lead也可指担任正式领导职务，但它更强调领导素质，领导者制订重要计划或作出重要决定并得到其他人的追随。lead的主语还可以是群体，比如某个机构或国家。■ preside / /prɪˈzaɪd/ / [intransitive] (formal) to be in charge of a meeting, ceremony or official process such as a trial 主持（会议、仪式、审判等）；担任（会议）主席◆A tribunal, presided over by Lord Haskin, was established to investigate the allegations.成立了一个由哈斯金勋爵主持的特别法庭对这些指控进行调查。◆The Archbishop presided at a special mass in the city's cathedral.大主教在该市主教座堂里主持了一场特殊的弥撒。■ chair [transitive] to be in charge of a meeting, discussion, or committee, telling people when they can speak 担任（会议、讨论或委员会的）主席；主持（会议、讨论等）◆Who's chairing the meeting?这次会议谁主持？◆Lord Stansfield will chair the committee.斯坦斯菲尔德勋爵将出任该委员会主席。■ spearhead /ˈspɪəhed; NAmE ˈspɪrhed/ [transitive] (especially journalism 尤用于新闻) to begin or lead a campaign for sth or an attack on sb/sth 做⋯的先锋；带头做；领先突击◆He is spearheading a campaign for a new stadium in the town.他正发起一项运动，呼吁在城里建一座新体育场。◆Gardener spearheaded Britain's challenge at this year's World Championships.在今年的世界锦标赛上，加德纳率英国队发起挑战。■ captain [transitive] to be the captain of a sports team or a ship 担任⋯的队长（或船长）◆He played in the West Indies team captained by Clive Lloyd.他效力于西印度群岛队，该队队长为克莱夫•劳埃德。◆He told us about the ship he had captained during the war.他向我们讲述了战争期间他任船长的那艘轮船的故事。 lead3 verb lead a race/the world in cancer research 在比赛中领先；在癌症研究方面走在世界前列lead an expedition 率领探险队The path leads up the hill. 这条小路通往山顶。lead ♦︎ stretch ♦︎ continue ♦︎ go ♦︎ extend ♦︎ reach ♦︎ spanThese words all mean to cover the distance between two points or places. 这些词均表示通往、延伸至。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to lead / stretch / continue / go / extend / reach / span beyond / across sth◆to lead / stretch / continue / go / extend / reach from sth to sth◆to stretch / continue / extend for sth■ lead (led, led) [intransitive, transitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition 总是与副词或介词连用) to connect one object or place to another; (of a road, path or door) to go in a particular direction or to a particular place （与⋯）相连，相通；（路或门）通向，通往◆Disconnect the pipe leading from the top of the water tank.把与水箱顶部相通的管道断开。◆The wire led to a speaker.这根电线连接着扬声器。◆Which door leads to the yard?哪扇门通向庭院？◆The track led us through a wood.我们沿着那条小道穿过了树林。■ stretch [intransitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition 总是与副词或介词连用) (of a road or area of land) to spread over a large area （道路或土地）延伸，绵延◆Beyond the mountains stretches a vast desert.山峦后面是一片辽阔的沙漠。◆Fields and hills stretched out as far as we could see.放眼望去，田野山丘绵延不绝。 see also stretch ⇨ stretch noun ■ continue [intransitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition 通常与副词或介词连用) to go or move further in the same direction （朝相同方向）走，移动；延伸◆The path continued over rocky ground.这条小路向前穿过一片多岩石的地面。◆He continued on his way.他继续往前走。▸ continuation noun [countable] ◆There are plans to build a continuation of the bypass next year.有计划在明年修建这条支路的延伸线。■ go (goes, went, gone) [intransitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition 总是与副词或介词连用) (of a road, path, line, rope, etc.) to lead or stretch from one place to another （道路、线、绳子等）通向，延伸到◆I want a rope that will go from the top window to the ground.我想要一根可以从顶楼窗户垂到地面的绳子。◆Where does this road go?这条路通往哪里？■ extend / /ɪkˈstend/ / [intransitive, transitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition 总是与副词或介词连用) (rather formal) to cover a particular area or distance; to make sth reach as far as sth 涉及（范围）；延伸（距离）；使达到◆Our land extends as far as the river.我们的土地一直延伸到河边。◆We extended a rope between the two posts.我们在那两根柱子之间拉了一根绳子。 see also extent ⇨ size ■ reach [intransitive, transitive] to be big or long enough to go from one point to another point （大小或长度）足够达到◆The carpet only reached halfway across the room.这块地毯只够铺半间屋子。◆Is the cable long enough to reach the power supply?电缆的长度够得着电源吗？■ span (-nn-) [transitive] to stretch right across sth, from one side to the other 横跨；跨越◆A series of bridges span the river.一系列桥梁横跨河面。◆The roof was spanned by curved ribs of steel.屋顶上架着钢制肋拱。▸ span noun [countable] ◆The bridge crosses the river in a single span.那条河上的桥是单跨桥。 make4 verb make your own clothes 自己做衣服make a profit 获利make a living 谋生It made me think. 那件事促使我思考。cookmake a cakeforcebe made to work hardmake ♦︎ lead ♦︎ prompt ♦︎ motivate ♦︎ induce ♦︎ predisposeThese words all refer to sth being the reason why sb does or thinks sth. 这些词均表示致使某人做某事或有某种想法、引导某人。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to lead / predispose sb to sth◆to lead / prompt / motivate / induce / predispose sb to do sth◆to make sb do sth■ make (made, made) [transitive] (always followed by infinitive without to 总是后接不带to的不定式) to cause sb to think sth or decide to do sth 促使；使得◆Nothing will make me change my mind.我心意已决。◆What makes you say that (= why do you think so)?你为什么这么说？◆What he said certainly made us all think.他说的话无疑促使我们大家思考。◆Politeness made her go back to see him.出于礼貌，她回去看望了他。■ lead / /liːd/ / (led, led) [transitive] to be the reason why sb does or thinks sth, especially as part of a process of understanding sth 使得出（观点）；引导◆What led you to this conclusion?你是如何得出这个结论的？◆What we found leads us to suspect that more people may be involved.我们发现的情况使我们怀疑也许有更多的人卷入其中。◆The situation is far worse than we had been led to believe.情况比我们听信的要糟糕得多。■ prompt [transitive](especially of an event or experience) to be the reason why sb decides to do sth （尤指事件或经历）促使，导致◆What prompted you to choose this area?是什么让你选择了这个领域？◆I understand your views and the reasons which prompted you to write.我理解你的观点和促使你写信的原因。■ motivate /ˈməʊtɪveɪt; NAmE ˈmoʊtɪveɪt/ [transitive, often passive] to be the reason why sb decides to do sth or behave in a particular way 成为⋯的动机；是⋯的原因◆He is motivated entirely by self-interest.他做事完全出于私利。◆What motivates people to carry out such attacks?是什么原因致使人们进行这样的攻击？ see also motivation ⇨ incentive ■ induce /ɪnˈdjuːs; NAmE ɪnduːs/ [transitive] (always followed by to + infinitive; used especially in negative statements 总是后接带to的不定式，尤用于否定陈述) (formal) to persuade or influence sb to do sth 劝说；诱使◆Nothing would induce me to take the job.没有什么能诱使我接受那份工作。◆No amount of persuasion could induce her to stay longer.怎么劝她也不愿多待一会儿。 see also inducement ⇨ incentive ■ predispose /ˌpriːdɪˈspəʊz; NAmE ˌpriːdɪˈspoʊz/ [transitive] (formal) (especially of sb's character, opinions, mood or experience) to influence sb so that they are likely to think or behave in a particular way （尤指某人的性格、观点、情绪或经历）使倾向于，使受影响◆One theory is that some people are predisposed to criminal behaviour because of their genetic make-up.有一种理论认为，某些人由于基因构成的原因容易犯罪。◆Certain experiences can predispose a child towards a feeling of helplessness.某些经历易使儿童产生无助感。 take2 verb take your things with you 把你的东西带上take sb home 领某人回家take your books off the table 把你的书从桌子上拿开I passed him the rope and he took it. 我把绳子递给他，他接了过去。take a job/bribes/sb's advice 接受一份工作／贿赂／某人的建议take an opportunity 把握机会take the blame 承担过错的责任He took the painting for a genuine Van Gogh. 他误以为这幅画是凡•高的真迹。take drugs 吸毒 ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ accompany 另见accompany条take ♦︎ lead ♦︎ escort ♦︎ drive ♦︎ show ♦︎ walk ♦︎ guide ♦︎ usher ♦︎ directThese words all mean to go with sb from one place to another. 这些词均表示带领、引领、领路。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to take / lead / escort / drive / show / walk / guide / usher / direct sb to / out of / into sth◆to take / lead / escort / drive / walk / guide / usher / direct sb there / somewhere◆to take / lead / escort / drive / show / walk / guide sb around / round◆to take / lead / escort / drive / walk sb home◆to take / lead / escort / show / guide / usher sb in / out◆to take / lead / escort / guide sb to safety◆to lead / show the way■ take (took, taken) [transitive] to go with sb from one place to another, for example in order to show them sth or to show them the way to a place 带去；引领◆It's too far to walk－I'll take you by car.步行路太远，我开车送你去。◆The boy took us to our rooms.那个男孩带我们到各自的房间。◆I asked them if they'd take me with them.我问他们是否会带上我。◆I'm taking the kids swimming later.我待会儿带孩子们去游泳。■ lead (led, led) [transitive, intransitive] to go with or go in front of sb in order to show them the way or to make them go in the right direction 带路；领路；引领◆She led the horse back into the stable.她把那匹马牵回了马厩。◆Firefighters led the survivors to safety.消防员将幸存者带到了安全的地方。◆If you lead, I'll follow.你领头，我会跟着。OPP follow ⇨ follow 1 ■ escort / /ɪˈskɔːt; NAmE ɪˈskɔːrt/ [transitive] to go with sb in order to protect or guard them or to show them the way 护卫；护送；引领◆The president arrived, escorted by twelve guards.总统在十二名卫兵护送下到达。◆The prisoners were escorted back to their cells.囚犯被押回牢房。■ drive (drove, driven) [transitive] to take sb somewhere in a car, taxi, etc. 驾车送（某人）◆My mother drove us to the airport.我妈妈开车送我们到了机场。■ show (showed, shown) [transitive] to take sb to a particular place, in the right direction, or along the correct route 引领；带领◆They'll need someone to show them the way.他们需要有人带路。◆'There's a Mr Smith here to see you.' 'Show him in.'“这儿有一位史密斯先生想见你。”“带他进来。” see also show ⇨ point verb ■ walk [transitive] to go somewhere with sb on foot, especially in order to make sure that they get there safely; to take an animal, especially a dog, for a walk or make an animal walk somewhere 陪伴⋯走；护送⋯走；牵着（狗等动物）走；遛；赶着⋯走◆He always walked her home.他经常陪她走回家。◆She walks the dog every day at about two o'clock.她每天两点左右遛狗。◆He walked the pony up and down the yard.他牵着马在院子里来回走着。■ guide [transitive] to show sb the way to a place, often by going with them; to show sb a place that you know well 给（某人）领路（或导览）；指引◆She guided us through the busy streets.她带领我们穿过繁忙的街道。◆We were guided around the museums.我们被领着参观了几家博物馆。■ usher /ˈʌʃə(r)/ / [transitive] (rather formal, especially written) to politely take or show sb where they should go, especially within a building （尤指在建筑物内）把⋯引往，引导◆The secretary ushered me into her office.秘书把我领进她的办公室。◆She ushered her guests to their seats.她把客人带到他们的座位上。■ direct [transitive] (rather formal) to tell or show sb how to get somewhere or where to go 给（某人）指路；为（某人）领路◆A young woman directed them to the station.一个年轻女子告诉了他们去车站怎么走。◆A police officer was directing the traffic.一名警察在引导交通。◆He was directed to a table beside the window.他被带到一张靠窗的桌子。 see also direction ⇨ way 3 lead1 / /liːd/ / noun take the lead in a race 在赛跑中领先have a narrow lead over sb 略占优势the lead ♦︎ the foreground ♦︎ the forefront ♦︎ the fore ♦︎ the cutting edge ♦︎ the frontThese are all words for a position ahead of everyone else in a race, a competition, an area of activity, the development of sth or a line of people. 这些词语均表示在比赛、竞争、活动、发展或队列中的领先地位。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the foreground / forefront / cutting edge / front of sth◆in the lead / foreground / forefront◆at the forefront / fore / cutting edge / front◆to come / bring sth to the forefront / fore■ the lead [singular] the position ahead of everyone else in a race, game or competition （比赛或竞争中的）领先地位◆The Democrats now appear to be in the lead.民主党人现在看来占有优势。◆She took the lead in the second lap.她在第二圈时跑在了前头。◆As expected, Kicking King went straight into the lead.不出所料，赛马“踢王”从一开始就获得了领先地位。◆Redkal's penalty gave Norway the lead.雷德卡尔的点球使挪威队处于领先地位。■ the foreground [singular] (rather formal) the part of a view or picture that is nearest to you when you look at it; an important position that is noticed by people （景物或图画的）前景；瞩目地位；重要位置◆The figure in the foreground is the artist's mother.图画前景中的人是画家的母亲。◆Interest rates will be very much in the foreground of their election campaign.利率很大程度上将是他们竞选的重点问题。OPP background ⇨ environment ■ the forefront [singular] an important or leading position in a particular group or activity （在群体或活动中的）重要（或主要）地位；最前列◆Women have always been at the forefront of the Green movement.妇女总是站在环境保护运动的最前列。◆The latest protest has brought prison conditions to the forefront of public attention.最近这次抗议活动使监狱条件这个问题成了公众关注的焦点。◆The court case was constantly in the forefront of my mind (= I thought about it all the time).这起诉讼案件一直萦绕在我的心头。ⓘ The forefront is always used in the phrase at/in/to the forefront of sth. * the forefront总是用于短语at/in/to the forefront of sth中。■ the fore [singular] (rather formal) a position in which sb/sth is noticed by people or considered important 显要地位；重要作用；突出位置◆ (BrE) She has always been to the fore at moments of crisis.危急时刻她总是挺身而出。◆ (NAmE) She has always been at the fore at moments of crisis.危急时刻她总是挺身而出。◆The problem has come very much to the fore again in recent months.近几个月来这个问题又成了热点。ⓘ People or things are to the fore in British English, but at the fore in American English; the fore is always used in the phrase be to/at the fore or come/bring sth to the fore. 表示人或事物处于显要地位，在英式英语中用to the fore，在美式英语中则用at the fore。the fore总是用于短语be to/at the fore或come/bring sth to the fore中。NOTE 辨析 Forefront or fore? The forefront is usually followed by of; the fore is not. If you need to say which group or activity sb/sth is important in, use the forefront of sth; if you do not need to say which group or activity, because sb/sth has just become important generally in the public mind, use the fore. * the forefront通常后接of，the fore则不接。表示某人或某事物在哪个群体或活动中很重要，用the forefront of sth；如某人或某事物在公众心目中已普遍变得重要，不必说出是哪个群体或活动时，则用the fore。■ the ˌcutting ˈedge [singular] the newest, most advanced stage in the development of sth, especially in science, technology or art （尤指科学、技术或艺术发展的）尖端，最前沿，领先阶段◆We are working at the cutting edge of computer technology.我们工作在计算机技术的最前沿。◆At the time it was on the cutting edge of modern style.那时它正引领着现代时尚的潮流。■ the front [singular] the position which is furthest forward in a line or group of people （一排或一群人的）前部◆He was always at the front of the line at dinner time.吃饭排队时他总是排头位。◆The kids pushed straight to the front.孩子们径直挤到前头去了。 OPP the back ⓘ The back is the position furthest from the front. * the back指距离前部最远的位置◆We could only get seats at the back (= of the room).我们只有后排的位子可以坐了。◆I found some old photos at the back of the drawer.我在抽屉的后部发现了几张老照片。◆ (BrE) There's room for three people in the back (= of a car).轿车的后排座位能坐三个人。◆ (NAmE) There's room for three people in back.轿车的后排座位能坐三个人。 lead2 / /liːd/ / noun take the lead in a race 在赛跑中领先have a narrow lead over sb 略占优势lead ♦︎ advantage ♦︎ edge ♦︎ the upper hand ♦︎ head startThese are all words for a situation in which you are in a better position than sb/sth that you are competing against. 这些词均表示在竞争中领先的幅度或所占的优势。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand / a head start over sb◆an edge / a head start on sb◆a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand / a head start in sth◆a slight / significant lead / advantage / edge◆a big / clear lead / advantage◆a decided / competitive advantage / edge◆to have a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand / a head start◆to hold (onto) / maintain a lead / an advantage / an edge◆to give sb a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand / a head start◆to gain a lead / an advantage / an edge / the upper hand■ lead / /liːd/ / [singular] the amount or distance that sb/sth is in front of sb/sth else, in a competition or race in sport or politics （体育或政治竞争中）超前的幅度，领先的距离◆She has a narrow lead over the other runners.她比其他赛跑选手略为领先。◆They took a 3-0 lead in the first leg of the semi-final.他们在半决赛的第一场以3:0领先。◆The polls have given Labour a five-point lead.选举计票显示工党领先五个百分点。■ advantage [singular] something that helps you to be better or more successful than sb else, especially sb you are competing against （尤指竞争中的）有利条件，有利因素，优势◆Being tall gave him an advantage over the other players.他个子高，比别的运动员占优势。◆The company has an unfair advantage over its competitors.与竞争对手相比，这家公司具有一种不公平的有利因素。OPP disadvantage ⇨ disadvantage ■ edge [singular] (rather informal) a slight advantage over sb/sth, especially in sport or business （体育运动或生意中的）微弱优势◆They have the edge on us.他们略胜我们一筹。◆He believes Marseilles have a slight edge as they face Rangers at home.他认为马赛队主场对阵流浪者队略占优势。◆The company needs to improve its competitive edge.公司需要扩大自己的竞争优势。■ the ˌupper ˈhand idiom an advantage over sb/sth else which means that you are in control of a particular situation 优势；上风；主导权◆Maggie felt she had the upper hand.玛吉觉得自己占有优势。◆Gradually their forward players began to get the upper hand.渐渐地他们的前锋开始占了上风。ⓘ The upper hand is used especially with the verbs have, hold, gain and get. * the upper hand通常与动词have、hold、gain和get连用。■ ˌhead ˈstart [singular] an advantage that sb already has before they start doing sth （事先就有的）优势◆Being able to speak French gave her a head start over the other candidates.会说法语使她比别的候选人占优势。◆We've got a real head start on the rest of the industry.我们在这个行业中一开始就遥遥领先于其他企业。 influence noun influence ♦︎ force ♦︎ example ♦︎ leadThese are all words for a person or action that other people copy or that affects the way a person behaves or thinks. 这些词均表示被他人效仿或对他人产生影响的人或行为。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an influence / example for sb◆an influence / a force for sth◆a great influence / force / example◆a bad influence / example◆a decisive / positive / strong influence / force / lead◆a moral influence / force / lead◆to follow sb's example / lead■ influence [countable] a person or thing that affects the way sb behaves or thinks 有影响的人（或事物）◆She was by far the biggest influence on my writing.她是对我的写作影响最大的人。◆Those friends are a bad influence on her.那些朋友对她有坏影响。◆Who were your early influences?哪些人对你早年有影响？◆There seem to be several influences at work in his paintings.他的画似乎受几种风格的影响。■ force [countable] a person or thing that has a lot of power to affect what happens or the way people behave or think 影响大的人（或事物）◆The expansion of higher education was a powerful force for change.高等教育的扩张对变革是一股强大的推动力。◆Many social and economic forces contributed to this trend.多种社会和经济力量促成了这一趋势。◆They see the world as a battleground between the forces of good and evil.他们把世界看成善恶两种力量交锋的战场。◆Ron is the driving force (= the person who has the most influence) behind the project.罗恩是这个项目的主心骨。■ example [countable, usually singular] a person's behaviour, either good or bad, that other people copy 样板；榜样◆You're setting a bad example to the children.你在给孩子树立一个坏榜样。◆It would be a mistake to follow his example.仿效他的做法是错误的。 see also example ⇨ example 2 ■ lead / /liːd/ / [singular] an example or action for people to copy 实例；范例；榜样◆If one bank raises interest rates, others will follow their lead.要是有一家银行提高利率，其他银行就会效法。◆Intellectuals took the lead in criticism of the government.知识分子带头批评政府。◆You go first, I'll take my lead from you.你领头，我来照做。 rein noun rein ♦︎ leash ♦︎ lead ♦︎ bridle ♦︎ harness ♦︎ tether ♦︎ halterThese are all words for a piece of leather, rope or chain used for controlling or holding an animal, such as a dog or horse. 这些词均表示动物的拴绳、拴链、缰绳等。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆on / off a / the leash / lead◆(a) leather reins / harness◆to attach a leash / lead / harness / halter◆to pull on the reins / leash / lead◆to keep a dog on a leash / lead■ rein / /reɪn/ / [countable, usually plural](in horse riding) a long, narrow leather band that is fastened to the bit (= metal bar) in the horse's mouth and is held by the rider in order to control the horse （骑马的）缰绳◆She pulled gently on the reins.她轻轻地拉着缰绳。■ leash / /liːʃ/ / [countable] (especially NAmE) a long piece of leather, chain or rope attached to a dog's collar, used for holding and controlling the dog 拴狗链；拴狗带◆Once she was away from the road, she could let the dogs off the leash.一旦离开公路后，她便可以给狗解开链子了。■ lead / /liːd/ / [countable] (BrE) a leash 拴狗链；拴狗带◆Dogs must be kept on a lead in the park.公园里狗必须系上拴狗带。■ bridle / /ˈbraɪdl/ / [countable] a set of leather bands, attached to reins, which is put around a horse's head and used for controlling it 马勒；马笼头；辔◆She held his stirrup for him while Adam took the bridle.亚当接过辔头时她替他扶着马镫。■ harness / /ˈhɑːnɪs; NAmE ˈhɑːrnɪs/ [countable] a set of leather bands and metal pieces which is put around a horse's head and body so that the horse can be controlled and fastened to a cart, carriage, etc. 马具；挽具◆The sight of horses in harness hauling timber was common a hundred years ago.一百年前，套着挽具的马匹拉木材的情景很常见。▸ harness verb [transitive] ◆We harnessed two ponies to the cart.我们把两匹矮种马套到车上。■ tether /ˈteðə(r)/ / [countable] a rope or chain used to tie an animal to sth, allowing it to move around in a small area （拴动物的）拴绳，拴链◆The goat had got loose from its tether.那只山羊挣脱了拴绳。 see also tether ⇨ restrain verb ■ halter /ˈhɔːltə(r), BrE also ˈhɒltə(r)/ [countable] a rope or leather band put around the head of a horse for leading it with （马的）笼头，缰绳◆He led the mare by the halter towards the gate.他手拉缰绳牵着母马朝大门走去。 star2 noun a pop star 流行音乐歌星the star role in the play 剧中的主角star ♦︎ lead ♦︎ hero ♦︎ heroine ♦︎ protagonistThese are all words for the main part in a play, film or story, or the person who plays it. 这些词均表示戏剧、电影或小说里的主人公、主角，或扮演主角的演员。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a young star / hero / heroine / protagonist◆a male / female star / lead / protagonist◆a romantic lead / hero / heroine◆a mythical / fictional / tragic / great hero / heroine◆to play the lead / hero / heroine◆the star / lead role■ star [countable] a person who has the main part, or one of the main parts, in a TV show, film or play （电视节目、电影或戏剧的）主演，主角◆She was the star of many popular television series.她在许多受欢迎的电视连续剧中担任过主角。◆The star of the show was a young Italian singer.那台演出的主角是一名年轻的意大利歌唱演员。ⓘ Star is usually used when talking about fairly light entertainment such as a TV show or a musical. * star通常用于颇为轻松的娱乐活动场合，比如电视节目或音乐剧。 see also star ⇨ feature verb ■ lead / /liːd/ / [countable] the main part in a play or film; the person who plays this part （戏剧或电影的）主角，扮演主角的演员◆Who is playing the lead?谁是主演？◆I always dreamed of becoming the lead singer in a band.过去我一直梦想成为乐队的主唱。ⓘ Lead is usually used in the phrases play the lead, the male/female/romantic lead and the lead role/actor/singer. * lead通常用于短语play the lead（扮演主角）、the male/female/romantic lead（男主角；女主角；爱情剧主角）和the lead role/actor/singer（主角；扮演主角的演员；主唱）中。■ hero / /ˈhɪərəʊ; NAmE ˈhɪroʊ, ˈhiroʊ/ (plural heroes) [countable] the main male character in a story, novel, play or film （故事、小说、戏剧或电影的）男主人公，男主角◆The hero of the novel is a ten-year-old boy.这部小说的主人公是个10岁的男孩。◆Tired of playing boring old romantic heroes, he sought out more challenging roles.他厌倦了扮演无聊老套的爱情剧男主角，于是就挑选一些更具挑战性的角色。 OPP villain ⇨ villain ■ heroine /ˈherəʊɪn; NAmE ˈheroʊɪn/ [countable] the main female character in a story, novel, play or film （故事、小说、戏剧或电影的）女主人公，女主角◆The story is narrated entirely by the heroine.这个故事从头到尾都是女主人公讲述的。◆She has played several of Shakespeare's heroines－Portia and Juliet among them.她演过莎士比亚戏剧中几个女主角－包括波希亚和朱丽叶。■ protagonist /prəˈtægənɪst/ / (formal or written) the main character in a play, film or book （戏剧、电影或书的）主要人物，主人公，主角◆At that time, films rarely had a woman as the main protagonist.那时候，电影很少让女性做主角。◆Bohi Di, first person narrator and protagonist of the novel博希•迪，小说的第一人称叙述者和主人公NOTE 辨析 Hero, heroine or protagonist?These words all refer to the main character in a story, rather than the actual person who plays the part. 这三个词均指故事中的主要角色而非实际扮演这个角色的人◆Oliver Twist, the young protagonist / hero奥利弗•退斯特，年轻的主人公／男主角◆Marilyn Monroe, the beautiful protagonist/heroine Protagonist is more formal and is often used in reviews of plays, films, books, etc. It can refer to a man or a woman. Hero and heroine usually suggest a positive role; protagonist can be positive or negative. * protagonist更正式些，常用于戏剧、电影、书籍等的评论文章中，可以指男主角或女主角。hero和heroine通常表示正面角色，protagonist指正面或反面角色均可。 wire noun wire ♦︎ cable ♦︎ cord ♦︎ flex ♦︎ leadThese are all words for a long piece of metal in the form of a thin thread that carries electricity or a signal. 这些词均表示电线。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆along / down a wire / cable / flex◆an electric / electrical wire / cable / cord / flex / lead◆overhead / underground wires / cables◆a telephone wire / cable / cord / lead◆a trailing wire / cable / cord / flex / lead◆to connect / disconnect a wire / cable / cord / flex / lead◆to run a wire / cable somewhere◆a wire / cable / cord / flex / lead leads / goes / runs somewhere◆a wire / cable / cord / lead carries sth◆a length of wire / cable / flex■ wire [countable, uncountable] a long, thin piece of metal that is used to carry an electric current or signal 电线；导线；信号线◆The telephone wires had been cut.电话线被切断了。◆fuse wire保险丝 see also wire ⇨ rope ■ cable [countable, uncountable] a set of wires, covered in plastic or rubber, that carries electricity, telephone signals, etc. 电缆；线缆◆Roads have to be dug up to lay underground cables.得将路挖开以铺设地下电缆。◆a 10 000 volt cable10 000伏特的高压电缆◆a length of electric cable一根电缆■ cord [countable, uncountable] (especially NAmE) a piece of wire that is covered in plastic, used for carrying electricity to a piece of equipment 电线；导线◆I followed the telephone cord and found the wall socket.我顺着电话线找到了墙上的插座。ⓘ A telephone or electrical tool that is not connected to its power supply by wires is cordless in both British and American English. 在英式和美式英语中，cordless均表示电话或电动工具无需用电线与电源相连◆a cordless phone / drill无绳电话；无塞绳式电钻 ■ flex [countable, uncountable] (BrE) a cord 电线；导线◆Trailing flexes are a serious trip hazard.散布在地上的电线会绊倒人，甚是危险。◆Side cutters are useful for cutting electrical flex to length.钢丝钳剪电线很好用。■ lead / /liːd/ / [countable] (BrE) a cord 电线；导线◆We'll have to use an extension lead (= an extra length of electric wire, because the existing wire is not long enough).我们得用延长线。NOTE 辨析 Cord, flex or lead? Cord is used especially in American English, although it is also used in British English, especially in connection with telephones. Flex and lead are both used only in British English and usually you can use either. However, flex is used more to talk about a shorter cord on a smaller piece of equipment such as a kettle, iron or lamp. Lead is used more to talk about a longer cord, especially an extension lead that can be used on various different pieces of equipment. * cord虽然也用于英式英语，但尤用于美式英语，尤指电话线。flex和lead两词仅用于英式英语，通常可通用。但是flex较多指连接小型装置如水壶、熨斗或台灯等较短的导线。lead较多指较长的电线，尤用于可连接很多种不同装置的extension lead。 |