| 例句 |
certain adj.
⇨ certain (certain to agree/win) ⇨ particular (Certain people disagree.) ⇨ sure (Are you certain?) certain adjective ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ conclusive 另见conclusive条certain ♦︎ bound ♦︎ sure ♦︎ definite ♦︎ destined ♦︎ guaranteed ♦︎ assuredThese words all describe sth that will definitely happen or is definitely true. 这些词均表示肯定的、确定的、一定会。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆certain / sure / assured of sth◆certain / bound / sure / destined / guaranteed to do sth◆certain / definite that...◆I couldn't say for certain / sure / definite.◆to seem certain / bound to... / sure / definite / destined / guaranteed / assured◆to look certain / sure / definite / destined / guaranteed / assured◆by no means certain / sure / definite / guaranteed / assured◆fairly / quite / absolutely certain / sure / definite■ certain that you can rely on to happen or be true 确实，确定，肯定（会发生或属实）◆It's certain that they will agree.他们肯定会同意。◆She looks certain to win an Oscar.看来奥斯卡金像奖她拿定了。◆If you want to be certain of getting into the concert, buy your ticket now.要想有把握听到音乐会，现在就买票吧。◆The climbers face certain death if the rescue attempt is unsuccessful.如果救援行动不成功，登山队员必死无疑。OPP uncertain ⇨ uncertain ▸ certainly adverb ◆This will certainly make them think again.这一定会让他们重新考虑的。◆She was certainly attractive but you couldn't call her beautiful.她当然有吸引力，但说不上漂亮。■ bound / /baʊnd/ / [not before noun] certain to happen, or to do or be sth 一定会；肯定会◆There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced.引进新系统后一定会发生变化。◆You've done so much work－you're bound to pass the exam.你下了这么大工夫，考试绝对没问题。◆It was bound to happen sooner or later (= we should have expected it).这事迟早要发生。ⓘ Bound is only used in the phrase bound to do/be, etc. * bound只用于bound to do、bound to be等短语中。■ sure certain to happen or be true; that can be trusted or relied on 一定（会发生）；确切的；可靠的◆She's sure to be picked for the team.她一定会入选该队。◆There's only one sure way of knowing.获取知识的可靠方法只有一个。◆It's a sure sign of economic recovery.这是经济复苏的确切迹象。◆ (rather informal) He's a sure bet for the presidential nomination (= he is certain to get it).他是总统候选人提名的铁定人选。■ definite (especially spoken) certain to happen; that is not going to change 肯定（会发生）的；确定的；不会改变的◆Is it definite that he's leaving?他肯定要离开吗？◆I've heard rumours, but nothing definite.我听到一些传言，但都不确定。◆Can you give me a definite answer by tomorrow?你最晚明天给我确切的答复行吗？◆Have they made you a definite offer of a job?他们确定给你一份工作了吗？▸ definitely adverb ◆I definitely remember sending the letter.我清楚地记得把信寄了。◆'Do you plan to have children?' 'Definitely not!'“你们打算要孩子吗？”“没这个打算！”◆The date of the move has not been definitely decided yet (= it may change).搬家日期还没确定。◆Please say definitely whether you will be coming or not.请明确告知您是否会来。■ destined / /ˈdestɪnd/ / (formal) having a future which has been decided or planned at an earlier time, especially by fate （尤指命中）注定的◆He was destined for a military career, like his father before him.他命中注定要步父亲的后尘，过戎马生涯。◆We seem destined never to meet.我们似乎命中注定无缘相见。 see also destiny ⇨ luck ■ guaranteed / /ˌgærənˈtiːd/ / certain to have a particular result 肯定会；必定会◆If we try to keep it a secret, she's guaranteed to find out.如果我们试图保密，她一定会发现。◆That kind of behaviour is guaranteed to make him angry.那样的行为肯定会让他生气。■ assured /əˈʃʊəd, əˈʃɔːd; NAmE əˈʃʊrd/ (written) certain to happen; certain to get sth 必将发生的；确定的；肯定得到的◆Victory seemed assured.胜利在望。◆The French team are now assured of a place in the final.法国队现在一定能进入决赛了。 particular adjective particular ♦︎ certain ♦︎ separate ♦︎ specific ♦︎ individual ♦︎ single ♦︎ respective ♦︎ distinctThese words are all used to talk about one person or thing, not others. 这些词均表示特定的、个别的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆sth is separate / distinct from sth else◆a particular / certain / specific / individual person◆a particular / a certain / a separate / a specific / an individual / a single / a distinct category / region◆respective categories / regions◆a particular / certain / separate / specific / single event / incident / occasion◆a particular / certain / separate / specific location◆particular / certain / separate / individual / single / distinct components◆particular / certain / specific / individual / respective / distinct needs / requirements◆a particular / certain / specific / single / distinct context◆respective contexts◆a particular / certain / specific / single / distinct objective / purpose◆a particular / certain / specific date◆respective dates◆a particular / a separate / an individual / a single / a distinct strand◆a / an separate / individual / single / distinct entity◆a particular / a certain / a separate / a specific / an individual / a distinct type of sth◆a particular / certain / specific / distinct kind of sth◆quite separate / specific / distinct■ particular [only before noun] used to emphasize that you are referring only to one person, thing or type of thing and not others 专指的，特指的（与泛指相对）◆There is one particular patient I'd like you to see.我想让你见一个病人。◆The policy seems to discriminate against particular groups of people.这一政策似乎对某些群体有歧视。◆Here, in no particular order (= the order is not important and has not been deliberately chosen), is a selection of readers' comments.这里挑选了部分读者的意见，排序不分先后。▸ particularly adverb ◆Traffic is bad, particularly on the way into town.交通状态很差，尤其是进城方向。◆I enjoyed the play, particularly the second half.我喜欢那个剧，尤其是后半部。■ certain [only before noun] used to mention a particular thing, person or group without giving any more details about it/them （不提及细节时用）某个，某些，某种◆Certain people might disagree with this.某些人对这事可能有异议。◆They refused to release their hostages unless certain conditions were met.除非某些条件得到满足，否则他们拒绝释放人质。ⓘ In formal English certain can be used when mentioning a person who has been named but who is not known. 在正式英语中，certain可指知其姓名不知其人的情况◆It was a certain Dr Davis who performed the operation.是一位叫戴维斯的医生做的手术。 ■ separate forming a unit by itself; not with or joined to sth else; (of several things of the same type) different and not connected 单独的；独立的；不同的；不相关的◆They sleep in separate bedrooms.他们睡在各自的卧室。◆Raw meat must be kept separate from cooked meat.生肉和熟肉必须分开存放。◆Write a list of names on a separate piece of paper.将名单写在另一张纸上。◆It happened on three separate occasions.这事在三个不同的场合发生过。◆For the past three years they have been leading totally separate lives.三年来，他们完全是各过各的生活。OPP joint , communal ⇨ common ▸ separately adverb ◆They were photographed separately and then as a group.他们先拍单人照，再拍合照。◆That matter will be considered separately from the main agenda.那件事将单独考虑，不列入主要议程。■ specific / /spəˈsɪfɪk/ / [usually before noun] connected with one particular thing or type of thing, especially one that is very well defined and different from others in important details （尤指因界定清楚、重要细节不同）特定的◆Each debate will focus on a specific political issue.每场辩论将聚焦一个特定的政治问题。◆The money was collected for a specific purpose.收取这笔钱是有特定用途的。▸ specifically adverb ◆a magazine aimed specifically at working women专门面向职业妇女的杂志NOTE 辨析 Particular or specific?A particular person, group or thing is that one and not a different one: John, not Mary; the French, not the Germans; that book, not this one. A specific group or thing is a particular one in all its details, not a general group or type of which this is one example: school children with learning difficulties, not school children in general; the issue of long-term unemployment in declining industrial centres, not the issue of unemployment in general. * particular指人、团体或事情是此非彼，如约翰，不是玛丽；法国人，不是德国人；那本书，不是这本书。specific指团体或事物是独特的，而不是普遍的，如学习上有困难的学生，不是一般的学生；衰落的工业区的长期失业问题，不是一般的失业问题。■ individual [only before noun] considered separately rather than as part of a group 单独的；个别的◆We interviewed each individual member of the community.我们采访了每个社区成员。◆The minister refused to comment on individual cases.部长拒绝对个别事件发表评论。 OPP collective ⇨ common see also individual ⇨ own ▸ individually adverb ◆individually wrapped chocolates独立包装的巧克力■ single [only before noun] used to emphasize that you are referring to one particular person or thing on its own （用于强调）一个的，单个的◆Unemployment is the single most important factor in the rising crime rates.失业是犯罪率日益上升最重要的一个因素。◆We eat rice every single day.我们天天吃米饭。▸ singly adverb ◆The stamps are available singly or in books of ten.邮票有单枚的，也有十枚一册的。■ respective / /rɪˈspektɪv/ / [only before noun] (usually used before a plural noun 通常用于复数名词前) (rather formal) belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things already mentioned 分别的；各自的◆They are each recognized as specialists in their respective fields.他们在各自的领域都被视为专家。▸ respectively adverb ◆Julie Wilson and Mark Thomas, aged 17 and 19 respectively朱莉•威尔逊和马克•托马斯，年龄分别是17岁和19岁■ distinct / /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ / clearly different or of a different kind 截然不同的；不同种类的◆The results of the survey fell into two distinct groups.调查结果分为截然不同的两种。◆Jamaican reggae music is quite distinct from North American jazz or blues.牙买加的雷盖音乐完全不同于北美的爵士乐或蓝调。◆We are talking about rural areas, as distinct from major cities.我们现在谈论的是乡村，与大城市截然不同。 sure adjective sure ♦︎ confident ♦︎ convinced ♦︎ certain ♦︎ positive ♦︎ clear ♦︎ satisfiedThese words all describe sb who knows without doubt that sth is true or will happen. 这些词均表示确信、肯定。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达确信的程度| clear | ➔ | sure | ➔ | confident | | satisfied | | certain | | convinced | | | | | positive |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆sure / confident / convinced / certain / positive / clear about sth◆sure / confident / convinced / certain / satisfied of sth◆sure / confident / convinced / certain / positive / clear / satisfied that...◆sure / certain / clear / satisfied who / what / how, etc.◆to feel sure / confident / convinced / certain / positive / satisfied◆quite / absolutely / completely / fairly / pretty sure / confident / convinced / certain / positive / clear / satisfied◆fully confident / convinced / satisfied◆not altogether sure / confident / convinced / certain / clear / satisfied◆(not) very sure / confident■ sure [not before noun] without any doubt that you are right, that sth is true, that you will get sth or that sth will happen 确信；确知；肯定；有把握◆'Is that John over there?' 'I'm not sure.'“那边那个人是约翰吗？”“我说不准。”◆You don't sound very sure.听你这口气，你也不大肯定。◆Are you sure about that?这事你肯定吗？◆England must win this game to be sure of qualifying.英格兰队必须赢得这场比赛才能确保获得参赛资格。◆Are you sure you don't mind?你确实不在意吗？◆Ask me if you're not sure how to do it.你要是拿不准怎么做，就问我。ⓘ Sure is often used in negative statements and questions, because there is some doubt or anxiety over the matter. If there is no doubt, people often say quite sure. * sure常用于否定陈述和疑问句中，表示对事情有所怀疑或担忧。如果毫无疑问，则常用quite sure◆I'm quite sure (that) I left my bag here (= I have no doubt about it).我肯定是把包丢在这里的。◆I'm pretty sure (that) he'll agree (= but it is still just possible that he won't).我相当肯定他会同意的。 OPP unsure ⇨ unsure ▸ surely adverb ◆Surely you don't think I was responsible for this?你不会真的以为这事是我的责任吧？◆'They're getting married.' 'Surely not!'“他们要结婚了。”“不会吧！”■ confident completely sure that sth will happen in the way that you want or expect 肯定；确信；有把握◆I'm quite confident that you'll get the job.我很确信你会得到那份工作。◆The team feels confident of winning.这个队觉得有把握取胜。ⓘ Confident is a stronger and more definite word than sure and is more often used in positive statements, when you feel no anxiety. * confident比sure语气更强，而且更肯定，常用于肯定陈述中表示不感到忧虑◆She was quietly confident that everything would go as planned.她心里相信一切都会按计划进行。◆She was quietly sure that... see also confidence ⇨ faith ▸ confidently adverb ◆The report asserts confidently that the industry will grow.报告断言该行业肯定会发展起来。■ convinced / /kənˈvɪnst/ / [not before noun] completely sure that sth is true or right, especially because the evidence seems to prove it or sb else has persuaded you to believe it （尤因有证据或被说服）坚信，深信，确信◆I'm totally convinced of her innocence.我完全相信她是清白无辜的。◆I'm convinced that she's innocent.我坚信她是清白无辜的。◆Sam nodded but he didn't look convinced.萨姆点了点头，可他看起来仍未完全相信。OPP unconvinced ⓘ If you are unconvinced of sth, you don't believe it or are not sure about it, despite what you have been told. * unconvinced表示尽管已被告知某事，但仍不相信或不肯定◆I remain unconvinced of the need for change.我仍然怀疑改革的必要性。◆She seemed unconvinced by their promises.她似乎不相信他们的许诺。 see also convince ⇨ convince ■ certain [not usually before noun] sure that you are right or that sth is true 确信；确定；无疑◆Are you absolutely certain about this?你对这事绝对确信无疑吗？◆She wasn't certain (that) he'd seen her.她不敢肯定他是否见过自己。OPP uncertain ⇨ unsure see also certainty ⇨ faith NOTE 辨析 Sure or certain?Like sure, certain is often used in negative statements and questions. It is slightly more formal than sure; sure is more frequent, especially in spoken English. 跟sure一样，certain常用于否定陈述和疑问句中，但比sure稍正式些。sure更常用，尤其在口语中。■ positive [not before noun] (rather informal, especially spoken) completely sure that sth is true 有绝对把握；确信；肯定◆She was positive that he'd been there.她确信他曾去过那里。◆'Are you sure?' 'Positive.'“你敢肯定吗？”“绝对肯定。”■ clear (often used in negative statements and questions 常用于否定陈述和疑问句) having no doubt or confusion about sth 无疑的；清楚的；明白的◆My memory isn't really clear on that point.那一点我记得不太清楚。◆I'm still not clear what the job entails.我仍然不清楚这项工作的内容。◆We need a clear understanding of the problems involved.我们需要清楚了解所涉及的各种问题。OPP vague ⇨ vague ■ satisfied [not before noun] believing or accepting that sth is true 确信；信服◆Police were satisfied that the death was accidental.警方确信这是一次意外死亡。 see also satisfy ⇨ convince |