chair noun ⇨chair (sit on a chair)⇨execution (see an innocent man get the chair)⇨leader1 (appoint a new chair)chair verb ⇨lead2
chair
noun
chair ♦︎ seat ♦︎ couch ♦︎ sofa ♦︎ bench ♦︎ stool ♦︎ armchair ♦︎ pew ♦︎ throneThese are all words for a piece of furniture that you sit on or a place where you can sit.这些词均表示椅子、凳子、座位。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in / into / out of a chair / a seat / an armchair / a pew◆on / onto / off a chair / a seat / a couch / a bench / a stool / an armchair / a pew / a throne◆a wooden chair / seat / bench / stool / pew◆a leather chair / seat / couch / sofa / armchair◆an upholstered chair / seat / couch / sofa / stool / armchair◆a comfortable chair / seat / couch / sofa / armchair◆an empty chair / seat / bench / pew◆to sit (down) on / in a chair / a seat / a couch / a sofa / a bench / a stool / an armchair / a pew / a throne◆to perch on a chair / a seat / a bench / a stool◆to sprawl / lounge / slump in / on a chair / a seat / a couch / a sofa / a bench / an armchair◆to collapse / settle / flop / sink into / onto a chair / a seat / a couch / a sofa / an armchair◆the arm / back / leg of a chair / a couch / a sofa / a bench / an armchair■chair [countable] a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, with a back, four legs and a space to put your bottom on椅子◆a table and chairs一套桌椅◆Sit on your chair!坐在你的椅子上！◆a set of dining / kitchen chairs一套餐椅◆She dropped her bags and flopped down into the nearest chair.她放下包，一屁股坐到最近的椅子上。ⓘ Chair is often used in compounds to describe different types of chair. * chair常构成复合词，表示不同类型的椅子◆a wheelchair轮椅◆a deckchair(= a folding chair with a seat made from a long strip of material on a wooden or metal frame, used for example on a beach)帆布折椅◆a high chair(= a chair with long legs and a little seat and table, for a baby or small child to sit in when eating)幼儿高脚餐椅◆a rocking chair(= a chair with two curved pieces of wood under it that make it move backwards and forwards)摇椅■seat [countable] a place where you can sit, for example a chair; the part of a chair, etc. on which you actually sit座位，坐处（如椅子等）；（椅子等的）座部◆Is this seat taken?(= Is somebody already sitting here?)这个座位有人吗？◆She sat back in her seat.她靠椅背坐着。◆He put his shopping on the seat behind him.他把买的东西放到身后的座位上。◆We all filed back to our seats in silence.我们都默默地鱼贯回到座位上。◆Please take a seat(= sit down).请坐。◆a window / corner seat(= one near a window / in a corner)靠窗／靠角落的座位◆a car seat(= for a child in a car)儿童汽车座椅◆a steel chair with a plastic seat塑料坐板钢架椅 see also take a seat ⇨ sitNOTE辨析 Chair or seat?A chair is a piece of furniture designed for sitting on, which you can buy in a shop or have in your home, office, etc. A seat may be other things/places that you can use as a seat, or places to sit that do not look like a traditional chair with a back, four legs, etc. * chair指可在商店买到，或在家里、办公室等处用来坐的椅子。seat可以是其他可充当座位的东西或地方，或者看上去不像传统的椅子那样有靠背和四条腿等的坐处◆a dining table and six matching chairs一张餐桌和六把配套的椅子◆a dining table and six matching seats◆We used the branch of an old tree as a seat.我们拿一棵老树的枝杈当座椅。◆We used the branch of an old tree as a chair.Seat can also be more figurative. * seat较多用于引申义◆Ladies and gentlemen, please take your seats(= sit down).女士们，先生们，请就坐。◆take your chairsSeat is used for the place where you can sit in a vehicle. * seat还指汽车座位◆the passenger seat / back seat / driver's seat(= in a car)乘客座位；后座；驾驶座◆an aisle / a window seat(= on a plane / bus / train)靠过道／靠窗座位◆the passenger chair/back chair/driver's chair◆an aisle/a window chair■couch / /kaʊtʃ/ / [countable] (especially NAmE) a long comfortable seat with a back and arms, for two or more people to sit on长沙发；长榻◆They sat down on the wide couch.他们坐到宽大的长沙发上。◆We didn't have any spare beds so he slept on the couch.我们没有多余的床，所以他睡在沙发上。ⓘ In informal language, the disapproving expression couch potato is used to describe sb who spends a lot of time sitting and watching television.在非正式用语中，couch potato指老泡在电视机前的人，含贬义◆ (informal, disapproving) He's turned into a real couch potato since he subscribed to the sports channel.他订购了体育频道后，变成了十足的电视迷。■sofa / /ˈsəʊfə; NAmEˈsoʊfə/ [countable] a couch长沙发；长榻◆I spent the evening sprawled on the sofa, watching TV.我晚上四肢伸开躺在沙发上看电视。◆a sofa bed(= a sofa that can be folded out to form a bed)沙发床NOTE辨析 Sofa or couch?In British English the usual word is sofa. In American English both are possible, although couch is more frequent.英式英语常用sofa。美式英语中，二者皆可，但couch更常用。■bench [countable] a long seat for two or more people, usually made of wood（通常为木制的）长凳，长椅◆a park bench公园长椅■stool [countable] (often in compounds常构成复合词) a seat with legs but with nothing to support your back or arms凳子◆a bar stool酒吧凳◆a piano stool钢琴凳■armchair /ˈɑːmtʃeə(r), ɑːmˈtʃeə(r); NAmEˈɑːrmtʃer, ɑːrmˈtʃer/ [countable] a comfortable chair with sides on which you can rest your arms, like a sofa for one person扶手椅◆He eased himself into the big armchair.他小心地坐到大扶手椅上。■pew /pjuː/ / [countable] a long wooden seat in a church教堂长椅◆The first two rows of pews were occupied by the families of the bride and groom.教堂前两排的长椅上坐着新娘和新郎的家人。ⓘ In informal spoken British English, you can invite sb in a humorous way to sit down by saying 'take a pew'.在英式英语口语中，可以说take a pew来邀请某人坐下，这是幽默的说法◆ (BrE, informal, spoken, humorous) Come in and take a pew. Can I get you a cup of tea?请进来坐。我给你倒杯茶好吗？■throne [countable] a special chair used by a king or queen to sit on at ceremonies（君王的）御座，宝座◆He sat very upright in his chair, as if he were a king on his throne.他端坐在椅子上，像个坐在宝座上的国王。
execution
noun
execution ♦︎ the death penalty ♦︎ capital punishment ♦︎ hanging ♦︎ firing squad ♦︎ the electric chair ♦︎ the chair ♦︎ gallows ♦︎ scaffoldThese are all words for the act of killing a person as a legal punishment, or of ways of doing this.这些词均表示处决或处决方式。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a public / mass execution / hanging◆to attend / watch / witness an execution / a hanging◆to face execution / the death penalty / the firing squad / the electric chair / the chair◆to send sb to the electric chair / gallows / scaffold◆to abolish / bring back the death penalty / capital punishment / hanging / the electric chair■execution [uncountable, countable] the act of killing sb, especially as a legal punishment处决◆She faced execution by hanging for murder.她因谋杀要以绞刑处死。◆Over 200 executions were carried out last year.去年执行了200多起死刑。 see also execute ⇨ kill■the death penalty / /ˈdeθ penəlti/ / [singular] the punishment of being killed that is used in some countries for very serious crimes死刑；极刑◆She spent many years campaigning for the abolition of the death penalty.她多年来一直奔走努力，要求废除死刑。◆This is a crime which carries the death penalty.这种罪行要处死刑的。■ˌcapital ˈpunishment [uncountable] punishment by death死刑；极刑◆Public opinion was in favour of bringing back capital punishment.公众赞成重新启用死刑。NOTE辨析 The death penalty or capital punishment?Both these terms can be used when you are talking about the existence of this type of punishment in a country's legal system. If you are talking about a particular instance of punishment by death, you should use the death penalty.这两种表达皆可指一国司法体系中的死刑刑罚。但指某一具体死刑案例要用the death penalty◆He faces the death penalty for his crimes.他将因所犯下的罪行被处死。◆He faces capital punishment for his crimes.■hanging [uncountable, countable] the practice of killing sb as a punishment by putting a rope around their neck and hanging them from a high place; an occasion when this happens绞死；绞刑◆She was sentenced to death by hanging.她被判以绞刑处死。◆Attending public hangings was a popular pastime.过去观看公开执行绞刑是一种大众喜欢的消遣活动。■firing squad /ˈfaɪərɪŋ skwɒd; NAmEskwɑːd/ [countable + singular or plural verb, uncountable] a group of soldiers who are ordered to shoot and kill sb who is found guilty of a crime（枪决）行刑队◆She was executed by (a) firing squad.她被行刑队执行了枪决。■the eˌlectric ˈchair [singular](especially in the US) a chair in which criminals are killed by passing a powerful electric current through their bodies; the method of execution which uses this chair（尤指美国处决犯人的）电椅，电刑◆He was sent to the electric chair.他被送上电椅处决。◆They face death by the electric chair.他们要被电刑处死。■the chair [singular] (NAmE, informal) the electric chair电椅；电刑◆I can't sit here and see an innocent man get the chair.我不能袖手旁观一名无辜的人受电刑。■gallows /ˈgæləʊz; NAmEˈgæloʊz/ [countable] a structure on which criminals are killed by hanging绞刑架；绞台◆It was common to send a man to the gallows(= to send him to his death by hanging) for such crimes.在过去犯下这样的罪行通常要被送上绞刑架。■scaffold /ˈskæfəʊld; NAmEˈskæfoʊld/ [countable] a platform used when executing criminals by cutting off their heads or hanging them from a rope断头台；绞刑架◆He knew he was destined to die on the scaffold.他知道自己注定要被送上断头台。
leader1
noun
political leaders政治领袖The company is a world leader in electrical goods.该公司的电器产品在全世界首屈一指。➡ See also the entry for ⇨ manager另见manager条leader ♦︎ chairman ♦︎ head ♦︎ president ♦︎ chief executive ♦︎ chief ♦︎ managing director ♦︎ boss ♦︎ governor ♦︎ chairThese are all words for a person who is in charge of a company, organization, committee, etc.这些词均表示公司、机构和委员会等的负责人或领导者。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a deputy leader / chairman / head / president / chief executive / chief / managing director / boss / governor / chair◆a vice chairman / president / chair◆an acting chairman / head / president / chief executive / governor / chair◆the honorary chairman / president / chair◆a joint leader / head / president / managing director◆a party leader / chairman / president / chief / boss / chair◆a union leader / chairman / president / chief / boss◆a company / club chairman / president / chief executive / chief / managing director / boss◆a council leader / chairman / chief / boss / chair◆an industry leader / chairman / chief / boss◆to be appointed (as) leader / chairman / head / president / chief executive / chief / managing director / governor / chair◆to be elected (as) leader / chairman / head / president / chair◆to nominate sb as leader / chairman / president◆to take over as leader / chairman / head / president / chief executive / managing director / chair◆to serve as chairman / head / president / governor / chair◆to resign / stand down / step down as leader / chairman / head / president / chief executive / chief / managing director / governor / chair■leader [countable] a person who leads a group of people, especially a country or organization（尤指国家或机构的）领导者，领袖，首领◆He resigned as leader of the Democratic Party.他辞去了民主党领袖的职务。◆Discuss any problems with your team leader.任何问题都要与你们的组长讨论解决。◆A strong leader is one who is not afraid of listening to people.有魄力的领导是不怕听取民众意见的。◆She's a born leader(= she has the skills needed to be a good leader).她是个天生的领袖。◆He was not a natural leader.他并非天生具备领导素质。 see also leadership ⇨ government2■chairman [countable] the person in charge of a committee or company; the person in charge of a meeting, who tells people when they can speak（委员会的）理事长，主席；（公司的）董事长；（会议的）主席，主持人◆The chairman of the company presented the annual report.公司董事长提交了年度报告。◆Sir Herbert took it upon himself to act as chairman.赫伯特爵士主动担任了主席。ⓘ A chairman is nearly always a man. A woman who holds this position can be called a chairwoman, but this is much less frequent. The term chair (see below) can be used for a man or a woman, but usually refers to sb in charge of a committee or meeting but not a company. * chairman几乎总是男性，担任该职务的女性称作chairwoman，但该词不常用。而chair这一用语（见下面的分词条）可兼指男女，但通常指委员会或会议的主席，而非公司的董事长◆the committee / council / party chair委员会／地方议会／政党主席◆the company/industry/union/club chair■head [countable] the person in charge of a group of people or an organization负责人；领导人◆The Bishop is head of the Church in Kenya.在肯尼亚，主教是教会的领导人。◆She resigned as head of department.她辞去了部门主管的职务。◆It is a parliamentary democracy with a president as head of state.这是一个议会民主政体，以总统为国家元首。 see also headship ⇨ management■president ( President) [countable] the person in charge of some organizations, businesses, clubs or colleges（机构、企业、俱乐部或学院的）会长，董事长，主席，院长◆She was elected president of the student's union.她当选为学生会主席。◆ (especially NAmE) He was appointed as vice president of business development the following year.第二年他被任命为商务发展部副部长。ⓘ The title of president for heads and senior managers in commercial organizations is more frequent in American English than in British English. * president作为商业机构负责人或高级经理这个头衔更常用于美式英语而非英式英语。■ˌchief eˈxecutive / /ɪgˈzekjətɪv/ / [countable] the person with the highest position in a company or organization, who makes decisions about how the business is run（公司或机构的）总经理，总裁◆The chief executive addressed the board.总经理向董事会致辞。■chief [countable] a person in a high position or the highest position in a company or organization（公司或机构的）主管，最高领导人◆We spoke to a former CIA chief of European operations.我们与美国中央情报局前任欧洲部最高领导人交谈过。◆Virgin chief, Richard Branson, may take legal action against the newspaper.维京公司最高领导人理查德•布兰森有可能会起诉这家报纸。ⓘ Chief is used as part of some official job titles, especially in American English. * chief可用于某些正式职务头衔中，特别是在美式英语中 (especially NAmE) ◆the police / fire chief警察局长；消防队长◆the chief of staff总参谋长It is common in job titles for heads of government departments and other public organizations, such as the police and security services. In British English, especially in journalism, it is often rather informal.政府部门和其他公共机构最高领导人的职务头衔中常用，比如警察和国家安全机构。在英式英语中，特别是在新闻中，这种用法常很不正式◆ (BrE, ratherinformal, journalism新闻) Health chiefs say waiting times are down.卫生事务负责人说看病等候的时间缩短了。■ˌmanaging diˈrector [countable] (BrE) the person in charge of a company, or a division of a company, who has responsibility for the daily running of the business（公司或部门的）总裁，总经理，常务董事◆The firm's managing director is now under investigation for corruption.该公司总经理正在接受贪污调查。 see also manager,director ⇨ managerNOTE辨析 Chairman, president, chief executive or managing director?The chairman of a company is usually the most senior member of its board(= group of directors). President is a title given to the most senior position in some companies. The chief executive or managing director is the person in charge of making decisions about how a business, or part of a business, is run. The chief executive or managing director is often also the chairman.在公司里chairman通常是地位最高的董事会主席；president是一些公司里最高职位的头衔；chief executive或managing director则指负责企业经营或负责部分业务的决策人；chief executive或managing director常常也是chairman。■boss [countable] (informal, journalism新闻) a person in charge of a company or organization老板；主事者◆There's been criticism of bonuses paid to top oil company bosses.石油公司大老板们的奖金一直受到批评。NOTE辨析 Chief or boss?Both of these words are used especially in journalism to refer to the people in charge of organizations or public services.这两个词尤用于新闻报道，指机构或公用事业的负责人◆industry chiefs / bosses行业大老板Chief is used especially for the people in charge of government or public services. * chief尤指政府或公用事业的负责人◆Health Service chiefs医疗保健服务负责人Boss is often used for the people in charge of particular companies and sports clubs. * boss常指某个公司或体育俱乐部的负责人◆a record label boss / the Sheffield United boss唱片公司老板；谢菲尔德联队老板Boss is more informal. * boss较非正式。■governor [countable] (BrE) a person in charge of an institution, such as a prison or bank主管；机构负责人；总裁◆He is a former governor of the Bank of England.他曾任英格兰银行行长。◆A copy of the report was sent to the prison governor.报告的一份复印件送交给了监狱长。 see also governor ⇨ manager■chair [singular] the position of being in charge of a meeting or committee; the person who holds this position（主持会议或委员会的）主席席位，理事长职位；（会议或委员会的）主席，理事长◆She takes the chair in all our meetings.我们所有的会议都由她主持。◆Who is in the chair today?今天谁主持？◆All remarks should be addressed to the chair.所有言论都应说给会议主席听。◆He was elected chair of the city council.他当选为市议会主席。ⓘ See note at chairman (above).参见上文中chairman的注释。
lead2
verb
lead a race/the world in cancer research在比赛中领先；在癌症研究方面走在世界前列lead an expedition率领探险队The path leads up the hill.这条小路通往山顶。lead ♦︎ head ♦︎ preside ♦︎ chair ♦︎ spearhead ♦︎ captainThese words all mean to be in charge of sth or to be the leader of sth.这些词均表示负责、领导。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to lead / head / captain a team◆to lead / captain a (sports) side◆to lead / head a (political) party / the government◆to lead / head / preside over / chair a / an commission / committee / enquiry◆to lead / preside over / chair a meeting / debate◆to lead / spearhead a campaign / fight◆to head / preside over a (legal) case◆to jointly lead / head / chair sth■lead(led, led) [transitive, intransitive] to be the leader of sth; to be in charge of sth率领；领导；主管；掌管◆Who will lead the party into the next election?谁来领导这个党参加下一届选举？◆He led the first expedition to the North Pole.他领导了第一次北极探险活动。◆Top management should be seen to lead by example(= to set a good example for others to copy).高层管理人员应该以身作则。 see also leadership ⇨ government2■head [transitive] to be the head of sth; to be in charge of sth领导；主管；掌管◆She has been appointed to head the research team.她受命主管研究小组。◆The committee will be jointly headed by two men.该委员会将由两人共同领导。NOTE辨析 Lead or head?These two verbs can be used in very similar ways. However, a person who heads sth is the person who has the official position of being the head of it: for example, a government is headed by a prime minister, an enquiry might be headed by a judge, etc. It is usually an individual who heads sth. Sb who leads sth may also have an official position as the leader, but the verb lead emphasizes their leadership qualities. Sb who leads is the person who makes the important plans and decisions, and who other people follow. A group of people, such as an organization or a country can also lead sth.这两个动词用法非常相似，但head指担任正式领导职务，例如政府由首相来领导，调查可能由法官来领导，等等。head的主语通常是某一个人。lead也可指担任正式领导职务，但它更强调领导素质，领导者制订重要计划或作出重要决定并得到其他人的追随。lead的主语还可以是群体，比如某个机构或国家。■preside / /prɪˈzaɪd/ / [intransitive] (formal) to be in charge of a meeting, ceremony or official process such as a trial主持（会议、仪式、审判等）；担任（会议）主席◆A tribunal, presided over by Lord Haskin, was established to investigate the allegations.成立了一个由哈斯金勋爵主持的特别法庭对这些指控进行调查。◆The Archbishop presided at a special mass in the city's cathedral.大主教在该市主教座堂里主持了一场特殊的弥撒。■chair [transitive] to be in charge of a meeting, discussion, or committee, telling people when they can speak担任（会议、讨论或委员会的）主席；主持（会议、讨论等）◆Who's chairing the meeting?这次会议谁主持？◆Lord Stansfield will chair the committee.斯坦斯菲尔德勋爵将出任该委员会主席。■spearhead /ˈspɪəhed; NAmEˈspɪrhed/ [transitive] (especially journalism尤用于新闻) to begin or lead a campaign for sth or an attack on sb/sth做⋯的先锋；带头做；领先突击◆He is spearheading a campaign for a new stadium in the town.他正发起一项运动，呼吁在城里建一座新体育场。◆Gardener spearheaded Britain's challenge at this year's World Championships.在今年的世界锦标赛上，加德纳率英国队发起挑战。■captain [transitive] to be the captain of a sports team or a ship担任⋯的队长（或船长）◆He played in the West Indies team captained by Clive Lloyd.他效力于西印度群岛队，该队队长为克莱夫•劳埃德。◆He told us about the ship he had captained during the war.他向我们讲述了战争期间他任船长的那艘轮船的故事。