authority noun ⇨authorities (report sb to the authorities)⇨control (have authority over sb)⇨expert (a leading authority on the subject)⇨right (have the authority to sign company cheques)⇨permission (You will need the written authority of the landlord.)
theauthorities
noun
the authorities ♦︎ bureaucracy ♦︎ the establishment ♦︎ the system ♦︎ the top brass ♦︎ officialdomThese words all refer to the people who have power to make decisions in an organization, country or area of activity, or the system they are part of, especially when the system seems unfair because you cannot change or influence it.这些词均表示当权者、当局、统治制度，尤含贬义。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆within the bureaucracy / establishment / system◆the military authorities / bureaucracy / establishment / top brass◆the medical / political authorities / bureaucracy / establishment◆the local / federal / government / state authorities / bureaucracy◆to rebel against / fight the establishment / system■the authorities [plural] the people who have the power to make decisions or who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region当权者；当局◆The health authorities are investigating the problem.卫生部门正在调查这个问题。◆Someone reported him to the immigration authorities.有人向移民当局举报了他。■bureaucracy / /bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi; NAmEbjʊˈrɑːkrəsi/ [uncountable, countable] a system of government in which there are a large number of state officials who are not elected; a country with this system官僚体制；实行官僚体制的国家◆Many people believed that the state bureaucracy was corrupt.许多人认为国家官僚体制很腐败。◆We are living in a modern bureaucracy.我们生活在现代官僚体制中。 see also bureaucracy ⇨ bureaucracy, bureaucrat ⇨ officialnoun■the establishment ( the Establishment) [singular + singular or plural verb] (oftendisapproving) the people in a society or profession who have influence and who do not usually support change（通常反对变革的）当权派，权势集团◆As a young designer she soon became known for kicking against the Establishment.作为一名年轻设计师，她很快因反对权威而闻名。◆His ideas have not been widely accepted within the academic establishment.在学术界，他的论点还没有得到广泛认可。■the systemthe rules or people that control a country or organization, especially when they seem unfair because you cannot change them（尤指不公正的统治或管理）制度，体系，集团◆You should know you can't beat the system(= you must accept the way things are done).你该知道，你斗不过现行的体制。◆Graham knew how to work the system(= make it work to his own advantage).格雷厄姆知道如何使制度对他有利。■the ˌtop ˈbrass (BrE) (NAmEthe brass) [singular + singular or plural verb] (informal) the people who are in the most important positions in an organization or area of activity（机构或领域的）最高负责人，要员，头目◆There will be a meeting of the sport's top brass in Paris this week.本周将在巴黎召开一次体育巨头会议。■officialdom /əˈfɪʃldəm/ / [uncountable] (disapproving) state officials, or people who are in important positions in large organizations, when they seem to be more interested in following rules than being helpful（只懂按本子办事而不便民的）官僚，当官的人◆The report is critical of attempts by officialdom to deal with the problem of homelessness.报告对处理无家可归者问题上的官僚作风提出批评。
control
noun
control ♦︎ power ♦︎ rule ♦︎ authority ♦︎ jurisdiction ♦︎ discipline ♦︎ command ♦︎ hold ♦︎ grasp ♦︎ forceThese are all words for the ability that a person or group has to control sb/sth else.这些词均表示控制力、操纵力。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆control / power / rule / authority / jurisdiction / command / a hold over sb / sth◆a hold / grasp on sb / sth◆to be in control / power / authority / command / force◆to be under sb's control / rule / authority / jurisdiction / command◆to be beyond / outside the control / power / authority / jurisdiction of sb◆the power / authority / jurisdiction to do sth◆absolute / complete control / power / authority / command◆direct control / rule / authority / command◆to have control / power / authority / jurisdiction / command / a hold over sb / force◆to exercise control / power / authority / jurisdiction◆to take control / power / command◆to assume control / power / authority / command◆to give sb control / power / authority / jurisdiction / command / a hold over sb◆to delegate power / authority / command (to sb)◆to lose control / power / authority / command / your hold on sth◆to relinquish control / power / command / your hold on sth■control [uncountable] the power to make decisions about how a country, an area, an organization or sb's life is run; the ability to make sb/sth do what you want（对国家、地区、机构或人的）管理权，控制权，支配权；控制（或操纵）能力◆The party is expecting to gain control of the council in the next election.该党期待着下次选举能获得对地方议会的控制权。◆The aim is to give people more control over their own lives.目的是让人能对自己的生活有更多的自主权。◆The city is under enemy control.那座城市在敌人控制之下。◆The teacher had no control over the children.那个老师管不住学生。◆She struggled to keep control of her voice.她竭力控制住自己的声音。◆She lost control of her car on the ice.她在冰上开车失去了控制。◆Owing to circumstances beyond our control the flight to Rome has been cancelled.由于出现了无法控制的情况，飞往罗马的航班已经取消。 see also self-control ⇨ restraint, controlled ⇨ disciplined■power [uncountable] the ability to control people or things; political control of a country or area控制力；影响力；统治；政权◆He has the power to make life very difficult for us.他权力很大，可以把我们整得狼狈不堪。◆The Emperor had absolute power over all his subjects.皇帝对所有的臣民拥有绝对权力。◆She was determined to go through with her plan, now that she had him in her power(= was able to do what she liked with him).既然可以摆布他，她决定把她的计划实施到底。◆The party came to power at the last election.该党在上次选举中当选执政。◆He seized power in a military coup.他在一次军事政变中夺了权。◆It was the beginning of a power struggle between rival factions within the party.这是该党内部对立派系间权力斗争的开始。◆The war brought about a shift in the balance of power.那场战争使势力的均衡发生了转变。 see also office ⇨ role■rule [uncountable] the government of a country or area by a particular person, group or political system（特定的人、团体或政治体系对国家或地区的）统治，管理◆There was a gradual process of returning the country to civilian rule.将那个国家恢复到文官统治经历了一个渐进的过程。◆The country remained under direct rule by the occupying powers.那个国家仍在占领势力的直接统治下。ⓘ Rule often refers to control by an outside country or group, by a political system which allows little freedom, or sth which contrasts with this. * rule常指外国或外部集团的控制，以及专制或非专制政体的统治◆colonial / British / Ottoman rule殖民地的／英国的／奥斯曼的统治◆Fascist / military rule法西斯主义／军事统治◆a return to civilian / democratic / majority rule回到文官／民主／多数派统治 see also rule ⇨ ruleverb1■authority [uncountable] the power to give orders to people权力；威权；当权◆She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses.她现在管辖着曾是她上司的那些人。◆Nothing will be done because no one in authority(= who has the power to do sth) takes the matter seriously.什么也办不了，因为掌权的谁也不认真对待这个问题。■jurisdiction /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn; NAmEˌdʒʊrɪsˈdɪkʃn/ [uncountable, countable] (formal) the power that an official organization has to make legal decisions about sb/sth司法权；审判权；管辖权◆These matters do not fall within our jurisdiction.这些事情不归我们管辖。◆The agreement doesn't come under the jurisdiction of the EU courts.该协议不归欧盟法院管辖。■discipline [uncountable] the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not; the controlled behaviour or situation that results from this training守纪训练；训导；纪律；风纪◆The school has a reputation for high standards of discipline.这所学校以纪律严明著称。◆Strict discipline is imposed on army recruits.新兵受到严格的纪律训练。◆She keeps good discipline in class.她严格执行课堂纪律。 see also discipline ⇨ punishverb, disciplined ⇨ disciplined, self-discipline ⇨ restraint■command [uncountable] the power to give orders to a group of people, especially in the armed forces or police（尤指对军队或警察的）控制，管辖，指挥◆He has 1 200 men under his command.他掌管着1 200人。◆Who's in command here?这里谁主事？◆The police arrived and took command of the situation.警方到达后控制了局势。 see also command ⇨ orderverb1, command ⇨ run2■hold [singular] influence or control over a person or situation（对人或局势的）影响，控制◆What she knew about his past gave her a hold over him.她知道他的过去，所以能够控制他。◆Enemy forces have consolidated their hold on the northern province.敌军已经巩固了他们对北部省份的控制。■grasp [singular] (ratherinformal) control over a situation, especially when it is hard to hold on to（尤指对难以控制的局势的）掌控◆The company continues to maintain its grasp on the business computer market.那家公司继续维持着对商用电脑市场的控制。◆Don't let the situation escape from your grasp.别让局面失控。NOTE辨析 Hold or grasp?In this meaning, a hold is stronger than a grasp. You have, strengthen or consolidate a hold. A grasp has to be maintained or things may slip or escape from it.表达此义时，hold语气比grasp强。hold可以作have、strengthen或consolidate的宾语。grasp则可以作maintain、slip或escape from的宾语。■force [uncountable] the authority of a law or rule（法律或规定的）权力，效力◆These guidelines do not have the force of law.这些指导原则不具有法律效力。◆The court ruled that these standards have force in British law.法院裁定，这些标准在英国法律中具有效力。
expert
noun
expert ♦︎ specialist ♦︎ authority ♦︎ guru ♦︎ pundit ♦︎ buff ♦︎ connoisseur ♦︎ aficionadoThese are all words for a person who has a lot of knowledge about a particular subject.这些词均表示专家、能手。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an expert / a specialist / an authority in / on sth◆an expert / a specialist / an authority in the field (of sth)◆a great expert / authority / connoisseur◆a leading expert / specialist / authority / pundit◆a recognized expert / specialist / authority◆an independent / outside expert / specialist / authority◆a financial / technical expert / specialist / guru◆a media expert / specialist / guru / pundit◆a computer expert / specialist / guru / buff◆a wine / food expert / guru / buff / connoisseur◆a film / cinema / movie pundit / buff / connoisseur■expert [countable] a person with special knowledge, skill or training in sth专家；行家；能手◆She's a leading expert in child psychology.她是儿童心理学领域的一流专家。◆He's an expert at getting his own way.他在如何达到自己目的方面很在行。◆I'm no expert, but I think you should get that cut seen to.我不是这方面的专家，但我觉得你应该处理一下那个伤口。 see also expert ⇨ impressiveadj., expertise ⇨ skill2■specialist [countable] a person who is an expert in a particular area of work or study; a doctor who is an expert in a particular area of medicine专家；专科医生◆He's a noted specialist in his field.他是他所在领域的知名专家。◆I was sent to see a specialist at the local hospital.我被送到地方医院看专科。◆a / an cancer / ear / eye / heart specialist癌症／耳科／眼科／心脏科专科医生➡ See also the entry for ⇨ doctor另见doctor条▸specialist
adjective
◆You need some specialist advice.你需要咨询专业人士。▸specialize (BrE alsospecialise)
verb
[intransitive] ◆He specialized in criminal law.他专攻刑法。◆Many students prefer not to specialize too soon.许多学生不愿过早确定专业。■authority [countable] a person with special knowledge of a subject专家；学术权威；泰斗◆She is an authority on early musical instruments.她是早期乐器方面的权威。 see also authoritative ⇨ reliable2NOTE辨析 Expert or authority?An expert is usually sb who is very skilled at sth, and/or is able to give useful advice or training to sb else. An authority is usually sb who knows a lot about an academic subject, which may be very interesting, but may not be necessary or useful for other people to know or be advised about. * expert通常指技术娴熟，能给予他人有用的建议或培训的专家，authority通常指通晓学术课题的专家、权威，这些课题也许很有意思，但其他人不一定需要了解，也不见得需要咨询。■guru / /ˈgʊruː/ / (informal, especially journalism尤用于新闻) a person who is well-known as an expert on a particular subject, especially in the areas of business, politics and fashion（尤指商界、政界和时尚界的）专家，权威，大师◆Most management gurus base their appeal on one big theme.管理学大师大多因集中论述某个宏观命题而使人信服。ⓘ Common collocates of guru include business, management, leadership, investment, marketing, fashion, design and style. * guru的常见搭配词有business、management、leadership、investment、marketing、fashion、design和style。 see also mentor ⇨ adviser■pundit [countable] a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and often talks about it in public, especially on television（尤指常在电视上发表言论的）行家，权威，专家◆Football pundit Ron Atkinson has resigned from his TV job.足球评述专家罗恩•阿特金森已经辞职不再做电视节目了。◆Political pundits agree that the government has scored a major victory.政治分析权威人士一致认为政府已经取得了重大的胜利。■buff [countable] (used in compounds用于复合词) a person who is very interested in a particular subject or activity and knows a lot about it爱好者；行家里手◆Opera buffs should enjoy the summer season this year.歌剧爱好者今年夏季将能欣赏到精彩的演出季。 see also enthusiast ⇨ fan■connoisseur /ˌkɒnəˈsɜː(r); NAmEˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr, ˌkɑːnəˈsʊr/ [countable] an expert who is skilled at judging the quality of sth such as food, art or music（美食、艺术或音乐等的）鉴赏家，鉴定家，行家◆She's a respected connoisseur and collector of modern sculpture.她是一个受人尊敬的现代雕塑鉴赏家和收藏家。■aficionado /əˌfɪʃəˈnɑːdəʊ; NAmEəˌfɪʃəˈnɑːdoʊ/ [countable] a person who is very interested in a particular subject or activity and knows a lot about it爱好者；行家里手◆He's an aficionado of the history of the game.他酷爱研究这种游戏的历史。◆Jazz aficionados gathered at the Hollywood Bowl last night for a tribute concert.爵士乐爱好者昨晚聚集在好莱坞露天剧场参加了一场纪念音乐会。NOTE辨析 Buff or aficionado?Buff is always used in compounds after another noun: its most frequent collocates are opera, wine, film, movie, cinema, theatre, computer and cricket. Aficionado can also be used in this way, with a wider range of different nouns, or in the phrase an aficionado of sth. * buff总用在名词后构成复合词，最常见的搭配词有opera、wine、film、movie、cinema、theatre、computer和cricket。aficionado也可以这么用，但可搭配的名词更多，还可以用在短语an aficionado of sth中。
right
noun
right ♦︎ power ♦︎ privilege ♦︎ claim ♦︎ authority ♦︎ liberty ♦︎ entitlement ♦︎ title ♦︎ dueThese are all words for sth you are legally or morally allowed to have or do.这些词均表示法律或道义上的权利。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆sb's right / power / claim over sb / sth◆a right / a claim / an entitlement / a title to sth◆the right / power / authority / entitlement to do sth◆a / an special / exclusive right / power / privilege / claim◆a / the legal right / power / claim / authority / entitlement / title◆personal rights / claims / liberties◆have a / the right / the power / the privilege / a claim / the authority / an entitlement / title◆use / exercise your right / powers / privilege / authority / entitlement◆give sb a right / the power / a privilege / title / their due◆grant sb rights / powers / privileges / liberties◆revoke a right / the power / a privilege / the authority◆lose your right / powers / privilege / entitlement◆forfeit your right / privilege / claim / entitlement / title◆give up your right / powers / privilege / claim / title◆renounce your right / privilege / claim / title◆waive your right / privilege / claim◆respect sb's right / claim / liberties■right [countable] something that you should definitely be allowed to do or have, either legally or morally（法律或道义上）正当的要求；权利◆Everyone has the right to a fair trial.每个人都有权获得公正的审判。◆What gives you the right to do that?你有什么权利这样做？◆You're quite within your rights to ask for your money back(= you definitely have a right to do it).你完全有权要回你的钱。◆She had every right to be angry.她完全有理由生气。◆By rights(= according to sb's rights) half the money should be mine.按理应该有一半的钱归我。◆This is a fundamental human right(= a right that all people should have).这是一项基本的人权。◆They have always fought hard for equal rights(= the right of all people in society to be treated fairly and equally).他们一直在为获得平等权利进行顽强的斗争。 see also birthright ⇨ legacy■power [uncountable, countable, usually plural] the right of a person or group to do sth, especially sth that involves having control over sb else权力；职权；权势◆The Secretary of State has the power to approve the proposals.国务卿有权批准这些提议。◆The president has the power of veto over all new legislation.总统有权否决一切新法规。◆The powers of the police must be clearly defined.警察的职权必须明确界定。■privilege / /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/ / [countable] a special right or advantage that a particular person or group of people has特殊利益；优惠待遇；特权◆Education should be a universal right and not just a privilege.教育应当是全民的权利，而非部分人的特权。◆Club members have special privileges, like being allowed to use the swimming pool.俱乐部会员享有特权，如获准使用游泳池。ⓘ Privilege [uncountable] is used in a disapproving way to mean 'the rights and advantages that only the rich or powerful people in a society have'.不可数名词形式的privilege指社会中有钱有势者拥有的权利和优势，用作贬义◆ (disapproving) His life had always been one of wealth and privilege.他一直过着有钱有势的生活。■claim [countable, uncountable] a right that sb believes they have to sth, for example property or land（对财产、土地等要求拥有的）所有权◆The court ruled that they had no claim on the land.法院裁定他们无权索要那片土地。◆The princess was forced to renounce her claim to the throne.公主被迫放弃对王位的要求。◆He went back to lay claim to his inheritance.他回来主张他的继承权。▸claim
verb
[transitive] ◆A lot of lost property is never claimed.许多失物从未被认领。◆The family arrived in the UK in the 1990s and claimed political asylum.这家人20世纪90年代来到英国要求政治避难。■authority [uncountable] the right to do sth, especially because you hold a senior position in an organization（尤因在组织中位居要职而拥有的）权，职权◆Only the manager has the authority to sign cheques.只有经理才有权签支票。NOTE辨析 Power or authority?In this meaning authority is usually used in the phrase (have) the authority to do sth. This authority usually comes from sb's position within a company or other organization and refers to what they are allowed to do within that organization. The power to do sth or special powers often come from the courts, the government or a country's constitution(= system of laws and political organization)and refer to what sb is allowed to do within the law or government of the country.表达此义时，authority常用于短语(have) the authority to do sth。这种权力通常来自某人在公司或其他组织中的职位，指其在组织内部的权限。the power to do sth或special powers的这种权力常来自法院、政府或国家的宪法，某人获允依法或在政府体制内做某事◆Only the manager has the power to sign cheques.◆The authority of the police must be clearly defined.■liberty /ˈlɪbəti; NAmEˈlɪbərti/ [countable] the legal freedom to do sth（法律上的）自由◆The right to vote should be a liberty enjoyed by all.投票权应当是人人享有的合法权利。◆This is a gross infringement of our civil liberties(= the right of people to be free to say or do what they want while respecting others and staying within the law).这是对我们的公民自由的严重侵犯。ⓘ In this meaning liberty is used especially in the phrases personal/civil liberties.表达此义时，liberty尤用于短语personal/civil liberties。■entitlement [uncountable, countable] (especially BrE, formal) the official right to have or do sth, especially to receive a payment or own property; something, especially an amount of money, that you have an official right to have or receive（拥有某物或做某事的）权利，资格（尤指收到付款或拥有财产）；有权得到的东西（尤指钱款）◆This may affect your entitlement to compensation.这可能影响你索赔的权利。◆Your contributions will affect your pension entitlements.你的缴款数额将会影响你的养老金待遇。ⓘ This meaning of entitlement is not very frequent in American English. However, especially in American English the phrase a sense of entitlement is used in a disapproving way to talk about people who think they have a right to sth without actually working for it. * entitlement的这一义项在美式英语中不是很常用。不过，尤其是在美式英语中，短语a sense of entitlement用作贬义，指不努力便自认为应享有权利的特权思想◆ (especially NAmE, disapproving) The only child of very wealthy parents, she embodies the spoiled brat with a sense of entitlement.父母有钱，又是独生女，她活脱脱是个被宠坏了的孩子，满脑子特权思想。 see also entitle ⇨ allow■title [uncountable, countable] (law法律) the legal right to own sth, especially land or property; the document that shows you have this right（尤指土地或财产的）所有权，所有权凭证；房地契◆He claims he has title to the land.他声称拥有这块土地的所有权。◆Who holds the title deed(= the legal document proving that sb is the owner of a particular property or piece of land)?谁有房契？■due /djuː; NAmEduː/ [uncountable] something, especially praise, that should be given to sb because they have earned it by their actions应得到的东西（尤其是赞美）◆He received a large reward, which was no more than his due(= what he deserved).他得到重赏，这是他应得的。◆She's a slow worker, but to give her her due(= be fair to her) she is very thorough.她干活速度很慢，但说句公道话，她做事很仔细。ⓘ In this meaning due is always used in the phrase my/your/his/her/our/their due.表达此义时，due总是用于短语my/your/his/her/our/their due。
permission
noun
➡ See also the entries for ⇨ approval and ⇨ licence另见approval条和licence条permission ♦︎ consent ♦︎ authorization ♦︎ authority ♦︎ clearance ♦︎ the go-ahead ♦︎ leaveThese are all words for allowing sth to happen or allowing sb to do sth.这些词均表示准许、许可。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆permission / consent / authorization / authority / clearance for sth◆without sb's permission / consent / authorization / authority / leave◆with sb's permission / consent / authorization / authority / leave◆permission / consent / authorization / authority / clearance / the go-ahead / leave to do sth◆formal permission / consent / authorization / authority / clearance◆special permission / consent / authorization / leave◆official permission / authorization / clearance◆prior / written permission / consent / authorization / authority◆to give (sb) permission / consent / authorization / authority / clearance / the go-ahead / leave◆to get permission / consent / authorization / authority / clearance / the go-ahead / leave◆to receive authorization / clearance / the go-ahead◆to have (sb's) permission / consent / authorization / authority / clearance / leave◆to require permission / consent / authorization / authority / leave◆to refuse (sb) permission / consent / authorization / clearance / leave■permission [uncountable] the fact of being allowed to do sth, by sb who has the authority or right to decide准许；许可；批准◆I asked permission to photograph the house.我请求允许给房子拍照。◆Who gave permission for this?谁准许这么做的？◆He had taken the car without his father's permission.他未经父亲许可就把车开走了。◆The portrait is reproduced by kind permission of the artist.该画像经画家慷慨许可后复制。◆The council refused planning permission(= official permission for new buildings or changes to existing ones).政务委员会拒绝给予规划许可。 see also permit ⇨ allow■consent / /kənˈsent/ / [uncountable] (ratherformal) permission that you give for sth, especially sth that affects you personally, your family or your property同意，准许（尤指涉及个人、家庭或财产的事宜）◆He was accused of taking a vehicle without the owner's consent.他因未征得车主同意将车开走而受指控。◆The written consent of a parent is required.需要有家长书面同意。◆Children under sixteen cannot give consent to medical treatment.16岁以下儿童不得自行同意接受治疗。◆The girl was under the age of consent(= the age at which sb is legally old enough to agree to have sex).这个女孩未到自行同意发生性关系的法定年龄。OPPrefusal ⇨ refusal see also consent ⇨ agree2NOTE辨析 Permission or consent?Permission is often (though not always) official, given by sb in authority; the important thing is for the person who wants to do sth to have or get the permission.尽管有例外，permission常常是权威机构给予的、官方的许可，侧重点在于做某事之前必须先获得这一许可，动词用have或get◆Have you got permission to do that?你得到许可那样做了吗？◆Have you got consent to do that?Consent is often more personal, concerning what is done with sb's private property or their body; it is often used in the context of medical treatment or sexual relations; the important thing is for the person that sth is being done to give their consent. * consent常表示个人同意，关系到如何处置私人财产和个人身体，常用于同意进行治疗或发生性关系等语境，侧重点在于必须本人表示同意之后别人才能对他有所行动，动词用give◆Children under sixteen cannot give consent to medical treatment.16岁以下儿童不得自行同意接受治疗。◆Children under sixteen cannot give permission for medical treatment.However, in less formal contexts, permission may be used instead of consent.但是，在较非正式的语境，permission可以代替consent◆You need written permission from your parents.你需要得到父母的书面同意。In more formal contexts consent may be used instead of permission.在较正式的语境中，consent可以代替permission◆They had planning consent for a hotel and conference centre on the site.他们已获准在这个地点建一座酒店和会议中心。■authorization (BrE alsoauthorisation) /ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃn; NAmEˌɔːθərəˈzeɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable] (ratherformal) official permission to do sth; the act of giving permission批准；授权◆You may not enter the security area without authorization.未经授权不得进入警戒区域。◆The order was, in effect, an authorization to plan a coup.该命令实际上是授权策划政变。◆The department is responsible for the authorization of spending.这个部门负责审批支出预算。 see also authorize ⇨ allow■authority [uncountable] (ratherformal) official permission or power to do sth批准；授权；权力◆The government was accused of selling the land without formal authority.政府被指控没有得到正式批文就卖了这块地。◆The minister must answer to Parliament for anything his officials have done under his authority.部长必须向国会解释他手下官员经他授权的一切所作所为。NOTE辨析 Authorization or authority?There is not much difference in meaning between these words. Authorization is nearly always permission for a particular action, or the act of giving this permission; authority can be more general, meaning 'the power to give permission': things can be done under sb's authority but not 'under sb's authorization'.这两个词的含义差别不大。authorization几乎总是指做某事的许可，或给予许可。authority一词更笼统，可以表示审批权，表示“经某人的批准”可以用under sb's authority，但是不用under sb's authorization。■clearance /ˈklɪərəns; NAmEˈklɪrəns/ [uncountable, countable] (ratherformal) official permission that sb must get before they can work somewhere, have particular information, or do sth they want to do; official permission for a person or vehicle to enter or leave an airport or country（录用、接触特定信息或做某事之前的）审查许可，审核批准；（人、交通工具出入空港或出入境的）许可，准许◆It is safest to seek advance clearance from the tax office.安全起见还是事先去税务局申请许可。◆Allow a minimum of six weeks to obtain the necessary clearances.至少留出六周时间以取得必要的审查许可。◆The aircraft received clearance to taxi out for take-off.飞机得到许可，可以滑行起飞了。 see also clear ⇨ allow■the ˈgo-ahead [singular] (ratherinformal, especially journalism尤用于新闻) permission for sb to start doing sth批准；许可◆The company hopes to get the go-ahead for the new service.该公司希望获得新业务许可。◆Councils were given the go-ahead to spend more on housing.政务委员会已获准增加住房支出。ⓘ The go-ahead is nearly always used with the verbs get or give. * the go-ahead几乎总是与动词get或give连用。■leave [singular] (formal) official permission to be or go somewhere; official permission to bring a case or make a request in court（对去某地的）许可；（对起诉或申诉的）准许◆In May the officer went absent without leave.那名警察在5月份擅离职守。◆The school gave him leave of absence(= permission to be away) to play in the final.学校批了假让他去参加决赛。◆An application for leave to appeal(= against a decision in court) must be made within four weeks.上诉申请必须在四周之内提出。