| 例句 |
national adj.
⇨ national (national radio) ⇨ cultural (national heritage) ⇨ public (a national museum)national noun
⇨ citizen national adjective national ♦︎ domestic ♦︎ civil ♦︎ nationwide ♦︎ internal ♦︎ homeThese all describe things connected with a particular country rather than foreign countries. 这些词均表示国家的、本国的、国内的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆national / domestic / home news◆domestic / internal / home affairs◆national / domestic politics / law◆the national / domestic / internal / home market ◆national / domestic / internal security◆domestic / civil / internal unrest / conflict◆a domestic / an internal flight / crisis◆domestic / internal trade◆a national / civil emergency◆national / civil defence◆a national / nationwide campaign / survey / strike◆on the domestic / home front■ national [usually before noun] connected with a particular country, rather than involving other countries; happening in or involving all parts of a particular country 国家的；全国的；民族的◆He has won medals in both national and international competitions.他在国内和国际比赛中都获得了奖牌。◆The country has a national debt of 80% of GNP.该国的国债占国民生产总值的80%。◆The state of our hospitals is a national disgrace.我们的医院状况是国家的耻辱。◆Decide whether it would be better to advertise in a national or a local newspaper.要确定一下是在全国性还是地方性报纸上做广告更好。 OPP international ⇨ international , local ⓘ Local describes things that belong to or are connected with the particular place or area that you are talking about or with the place where you live, not the whole country. * local指地方的、当地的、本地的◆A local man was accused of the murder.一个本地人被指控为这起谋杀案的凶手。◆decisions made at a local rather than national level地方性而非全国性的决策 see also nation ⇨ country 1 ▸ nationally adverb ◆He's a talented athlete who competes nationally and internationally.他是一名有才华的运动员，既参加国内比赛，也参加国际比赛。◆The programme was broadcast nationally.这个节目当时是在全国播放。■ domestic [usually before noun] connected with or inside a particular country, rather than involving other countries 本国的；国内的◆The company has made losses in both its domestic and international operations.该公司的国内和国际业务都出现了亏损。◆He was a chief White House adviser on domestic policy.他是白宫国内政策首席顾问。OPP foreign , overseas ⇨ foreign ▸ domestically adverb ◆domestically produced goods本国产品NOTE 辨析 National or domestic? National contrasts both with international and local; domestic contrasts with international (or foreign) but not local. Domestic is mostly used in the contexts of business and politics; national has a wider range. * national与international和local都形成对比；domestic与international（或foreign）形成对比，但不与local形成对比。domestic主要用于商务和政治语境，national应用范围更广。■ civil / /ˈsɪvl/ / [only before noun] connected with the people who live in a particular country 国民的；平民的◆Both are veterans of the country's long civil war (= between groups of people in the same country).两人均为参加过这国家长期内战的老兵。◆Some groups have been calling for a non-violent civil disobedience campaign.一些团体一直在呼吁进行非暴力公民抵抗运动。ⓘ Civil is used especially to describe problems or violence involving the ordinary people within a country; collocates include war, unrest, conflict, disorder, disturbance and disobedience. * civil尤用以描述涉及国内普通民众的问题或暴力事件，搭配词有war、unrest、conflict、disorder、disturbance和disobedience。■ nationwide / /ˌneɪʃnˈwaɪd/ / [usually before noun] happening or existing in all parts of a particular country 全国性的；遍及全国的；全国范围的◆The study uses data from a nationwide survey of 5 000 people.这一研究所使用的数据来自一项有5 000人受访的全国性民意调查。◆The police conducted a nationwide hunt for the missing girl.警方对那名失踪的女孩展开了全国范围的搜寻。▸ nationwide adverb ◆The company has over 500 stores nationwide.这家公司在全国各地有500多家商店。NOTE 辨析 National or nationwide? Nationwide is used especially about activities or events in which people all over the country take part, or in which people travel all over the country; collocates include campaign, drive, strike, survey, tour, hunt and search. National is often used about organizations or institutions which serve the whole country, but nationwide is not used in this way. * nationwide尤用以描述全国民众参与或需要民众走遍全国的活动或事件，搭配词有campaign、drive、strike、survey、tour、hunt和search。national常用以描述为全国提供服务的组织或机构，但nationwide无此用法◆a nationwide health service ◆nationwide radio ■ internal /ɪnˈtɜːnl; NAmE ɪnˈtɜːrnl/ [only before noun] connected with or inside a particular country, rather than involving other countries 国内的◆Nations should be left to resolve their own internal difficulties.本国问题应由本国解决。◆The civil war led to considerable internal migration (= people moving to different areas within a country).内战导致了国内大量居民的迁移。OPP external ⇨ foreign NOTE 辨析 Domestic or internal?There is very little difference in meaning or use between these words. Domestic is more frequent and is used especially in more ordinary situations in business and politics; collocates include currency, demand, service, economy, policy, issue and law. Internal is used slightly more in discussions of conflict situations; collocates include conflict, strife, division, self-government and security. 这两个词在含义和用法上差别很小。domestic更常用，尤用于较为普通的商务和政治场合，搭配词有currency、demand、service、economy、policy、issue和law。internal稍多用于讨论冲突的场合，搭配词有conflict、strife、division、self-government和security。■ home [only before noun] (especially BrE) connected with your own country rather than involving other countries 本国的；国内的◆The newspaper has different sections for home news, international and foreign news.这份报纸分别有国内、国际和外国新闻版。◆ (BrE) The Home Secretary has drawn up national guidelines.内政大臣拟订了国家纲领。ⓘ In Britain, home is used in the title of government departments and ministers who deal with issues inside the country, such as the Home Office and the Home Secretary. 在英国，home用于处理国内问题的政府部门和大臣的称谓中，如the Home Office（内政部）和the Home Secretary（内政大臣）。 OPP foreign , overseas ⇨ foreign cultural adjective cultural ♦︎ national ♦︎ ethnic ♦︎ native ♦︎ racial ♦︎ tribal ♦︎ indigenous ♦︎ folkThese words all describe sth connected with a particular country, culture or group of people. 这些词均表示民族文化的、种族的、民间的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆native / indigenous to somewhere◆a cultural / a national / an ethnic / a racial / a tribal / an indigenous group◆a cultural / an ethnic / a native / a tribal / an indigenous community◆native / tribal / indigenous population / peoples / leaders◆cultural / national / tribal / indigenous / folk traditions◆a national / an ethnic / a native / a tribal / an indigenous language◆national / ethnic / native / tribal / folk dress / costume◆ethnic / native / indigenous / folk art / music◆sb's cultural / national / ethnic / racial identity / origin◆a cultural / national / racial stereotype◆cultural / ethnic / racial / tribal divisions◆cultural / ethnic / racial differences / factors / background / diversity / minorities◆native / indigenous species / plants■ cultural [usually before noun] connected with the culture of a particular society or group, its customs and beliefs 与文化有关的；文化的◆Teachers need to be aware of cultural differences.教师需要了解文化差异。◆The custom is deeply rooted in the religious and cultural heritage of the region.这项风俗深深地根植于这个地区的宗教和文化传统。▸ culturally adverb ◆a culturally diverse society多元文化的社会■ national [usually before noun] connected with or typical of a particular country; shared by all the people of a country 国家的；民族的；全国的◆During your visit, you should take the opportunity to sample the national dish.逗留期间，你应该借机品尝该国的民族风味菜。◆This is not just a sporting event; for many it is a matter of national pride.这不仅是一项体育赛事。对许多人而言，这事关民族尊严。 see also nation ⇨ country 1 ■ ethnic [usually before noun] connected with or belonging to a nation, race or tribe that shares a cultural tradition; happening or existing between people of different races or tribes; typical of a country or culture that is very different from modern western culture and therefore interesting for people in western cultures 民族的；种族（间）的；具有民族特色的；异国风情的◆This region of Bulgaria has a large ethnic Turkish population.保加利亚的这一地区有很多土耳其族人。◆The conference strongly condemned the practice of ethnic cleansing (= mass killing of one ethnic group by another).大会强烈谴责了种族清洗行为。◆The country is divided along ethnic lines.这个国家按民族划分界线。◆There was a stall selling ethnic jewellery from Afghanistan.有一个摊位销售来自阿富汗的民族特色珠宝首饰。ⓘ Ethnic has become a more popular word in recent years to describe a person's background or origins, or the group they belong to, in phrases such as ethnic group/origin/minority. It is considered more general and less offensive than words such as race or tribe. It can describe not just the racial background of a group of people, but also their religion, customs and culture. * ethnic近年成为一个更为流行的词，描述人的背景或出身，或所属的族裔，用在ethnic group/origin/minority等短语中。ethnic被认为含义比较宽泛，比race或tribe冒犯性要小，不仅可描述某群体的种族背景，还可描述其宗教、风俗和文化。 see also ethnic group ⇨ people 2 ▸ ethnically adverb ◆an ethnically divided region种族分裂地区■ native [only before noun] connected with the place where you were born and lived for the first years of your life, the place where you have always lived or a place where you have lived for a long time 出生地的；儿时居住地的；本地的；当地的◆It's a long time since he visited his native Poland.他很久没有回故乡波兰了。◆Her native language is German.她的母语是德语。◆His work is barely known in his native country of Sweden.他的著作在他的祖国瑞典鲜有人知。◆Are you a native Berliner (= a person who has always lived in Berlin)?你是土生土长的柏林人吗？ⓘ Native can also mean 'connected with the people who originally lived in a country before other people, especially white people, came there'. * native亦可表示“原住民的”◆The native peoples depend on the forest for their livelihoods.土著族群以森林为生。Some people find this use of the word offensive and prefer the term indigenous; however, Native American is still the preferred term for members of the races of people who were the original people living in America. As with many words to describe race, the most acceptable terms often change over time. 有人认为native的这种用法有冒犯性，倾向于用indigenous；不过，仍倾向于用Native American指美洲各种族的原住居民。有许多描述种族的词，认可度最高的用语常随时间而改变。 ⓘ Native can also describe animals or plants that exist naturally in a place. In this meaning it can be used before a noun or in the phrase native to a place. * native亦可表示动植物原产于某地的。表达此义时，它可用于名词前，或用在native to后跟某个地区的短语中◆Introduced species are often a threat to native plants.引进的物种常威胁原生植物。◆There are about 17 hedgehog species native to Europe, Asia and Africa.在欧洲、亚洲和非洲，约有17种原生刺猬。 OPP foreign , alien ⇨ foreign see also native ⇨ citizen noun , native ⇨ resident noun ■ racial / /ˈreɪʃl/ / [usually before noun] happening or existing between people of different races; connected with a person's race 种族的；种族间的；人种的◆The killings came at the end of a week of racial violence.一个星期的种族暴乱后，杀戮开始了。◆He struggled to overcome racial prejudice.他努力克服种族偏见。 see also race ⇨ people 2 ▸ racially adverb ◆The attacks were not racially motivated.袭击事件不是由种族原因引起的。◆racially mixed schools不分种族的学校■ tribal / /ˈtraɪbl/ / [usually before noun] connected with a tribe or tribes; happening or existing between people of different tribes 部落（间）的；部族（间）的◆In rural areas, family and tribal loyalties remain important.在农村地区，忠于家庭和宗族依然重要。◆The area had been ravaged by tribal warfare.这个地区遭部落战争毁坏殆尽。 see also tribe ⇨ people 2 ■ indigenous / /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ / (formal) (of people or their culture, animals or plants) belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from somewhere else （人、文化、动植物）本地的，当地的，土生土长的◆Antarctica has no indigenous population.南极洲没有原住人口。◆The reserve supports a wide range of indigenous species.那个保护区育有许多本地物种。◆The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.袋鼠原产于澳大利亚。■ folk /fəʊk; NAmE foʊk/ [only before noun](of art or culture) traditional and typical of the ordinary people of a country or community; based on the beliefs of ordinary people （艺术或文化）民间传统的，民俗的；流传民间的；普通百姓的◆Scottish folk dancing苏格兰民间舞蹈◆a Russian folk song俄罗斯民歌◆Garlic is widely used in Chinese folk medicine.大蒜广泛应用于中国民间医药。 public adjective public ♦︎ state ♦︎ national ♦︎ federalThese words all describe things connected with the government of a country, especially government spending and services. 这些词均表示政府出资或提供服务的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆public / state / national / federal authorities / funding / expenditure / investment◆public / state / federal power / control / regulation / institutions / officials / employees / funds / money / finance / spending◆public / state education / hospitals / enterprise / ownership◆the public / state sector◆the national / federal government■ public [only before noun] connected with the government and the services it provides 政府的；政府提供服务的◆Their tax plans would hit public services.他们的税收计划将对公共服务造成影响。◆There has been massive investment in public housing.已经在公屋项目上投入巨资。◆He spent much of his career in public office (= working for the government).他职业生涯的大部分时间在政府部门工作。ⓘ In the US, Australia, Scotland and some other countries a public school is a free local school paid for by the government; in England this is called a state school. In Britain, especially England, a public school is a private school for young people between the ages of 13 and 18, who often live at the school while they are studying, and whose parents pay for their education. A public company or public limited company (in British English) or public corporation (in American English) is also not owned by the government, but a company that sells shares in itself to the public. However, in British English a public corporation is an organization that is owned by the government and that provides a national service. 在美国、澳大利亚、苏格兰和其他一些国家，public school是由政府拨款的地方免费学校，这类学校在英格兰称为state school。在英国，尤其是英格兰，public school是招收13至18岁学生的私立学校，常为寄宿学校，学费由父母承担。英式英语中的public company或public limited company，和美式英语中的public corporation都不是国有企业，而是向公众出售公司股份的上市公司。但是在英式英语中，public corporation是国有企业，提供公共服务。 OPP private ⓘ A private service or institution is owned or managed by an individual person or an independent company rather than by the government. * private指服务或机构是私有或私营的◆private companies / schools私营公司；私立学校◆a programme to return many of the state companies to private ownership国有企业私有化的计划 ▸ publicly adverb ◆a publicly owned company上市公司■ state [only before noun] provided or controlled by the government 国家提供（或控制）的◆The law applies only to schools within the state system.这条法规只适用于公办学校。◆There needs to be an increase in the basic state pension.由政府拨款的基本养老金需要增加。◆Many local families are dependent on state benefits (= in Britain, government money given to people who are poor).当地许多家庭靠政府的救济金生活。OPP private see also state ⇨ country 1 ■ national [usually before noun] owned, controlled or financially supported by the government 国有的；国立的；国营的◆The collection is housed at the national museum.这批收藏品保存在国家博物馆里。◆The Romanian national airline has ordered seven of the new aircraft.罗马尼亚国家航空公司已经订购了七架这种新飞机。■ federal / /ˈfedərəl/ / connected with national government rather than the local government of an individual state 联邦政府的◆On 15th February a federal judge ruled in their favour.2月15日联邦法官判他们胜诉。◆We will continue federal funding for the arts.我们将继续对艺术给予联邦政府拨款。ⓘ Federal is used about countries, especially the US, which have a system of government in which the individual states of a country have control over their own affairs, but are controlled by a central government for national decisions. * federal表示“联邦制的”，指某些国家，尤其是美国采用的国家结构形式。在这些国家，各州掌管自己的事务，但全国性的决议则由中央政府即联邦政府掌控。▸ federally adverb ◆federally funded health care由联邦政府拨款的医疗保健服务 citizen noun citizen ♦︎ voter ♦︎ taxpayer ♦︎ native ♦︎ national ♦︎ subjectThese are all words for a person who belongs to a particular country and has legal rights there. 这些词均表示公民、国民。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a citizen / native / national of a country◆a British citizen / voter / taxpayer / national / subject◆a US / Australian, etc. citizen / voter / taxpayer / national◆an ordinary / average citizen / voter / taxpayer◆a foreign / fellow citizen / national■ citizen [countable] a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country 公民◆She's Italian by birth, but is now an Australian citizen.她生于意大利，但现在是澳大利亚公民。 see also citizen ⇨ resident ▸ citizenship noun [uncountable] ◆You can apply for citizenship after five years' residency.居住满五年可申请公民身份。■ voter [countable] a person who votes or has the right to vote, especially in a political election （尤指政治选举中的）投票人，选举人，有选举权的人◆Only 60% of eligible voters actually used their vote.只有60%的合资格选民行使了选举权。■ taxpayer / /ˈtækspeɪə(r)/ / [countable] a person who pays tax to the government, especially on the money that they earn 纳税人◆The changes make an average taxpayer £2.50 a week better off.这些改革使纳税人平均每周少交2.50英镑的税。◆Hundreds of thousands of pounds of taxpayers' money have been spent on the project.这个项目已经花上纳税人的几十万英镑。ⓘ The taxpayer is often used to refer to the ordinary people of a country as a group, when talking about government spending. 在谈论政府支出时，taxpayer常指一国的老百姓群体◆What is the cost to the taxpayer of hosting the Olympics?举办奥运会要花纳税人多少钱？◆Should politicians be able to travel first class at the taxpayer's expense?政客出行能花纳税人的钱坐头等舱吗？◆It was estimated to have cost the US taxpayer $35 billion.据估计，这花费了美国纳税人350亿美元。 ■ native [countable] a person who was born in a particular country or area 出生于某国（或某地）的人◆She was not a native of the island, but had lived there for many years.她不是在那个岛出生的，但在那儿生活了很多年。 see also native ⇨ resident noun , native ⇨ cultural adj. ■ national [countable] (rather formal) a person who belongs to a particular country （某国的）公民◆The government has advised British nationals to leave the area.政府建议英国公民离开该地区。ⓘ Nationals is used especially when talking about people of a particular nationality who are abroad, for example living and working in a foreign country. * national尤指在国外生活、工作的侨民。▸ nationality / /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti/ / noun [uncountable, countable] ◆She has dual nationality (= is a citizen of two countries).她有双重国籍。◆The college attracts students of all nationalities.这所大学吸引着各国的学生。■ subject [countable] (rather formal) a person who has the right to belong to a particular country, especially one with a king or queen （尤指君主制国家的）国民，臣民◆British subjects and Commonwealth citizens do not need visas.英国国民和英联邦公民不需要签证。◆The prince had to tax his subjects heavily to raise money for the war.国王不得不对他的臣民征重税来为战争筹款。 |