conclusion noun ⇨conclusion (reach the conclusion that…)⇨end (In conclusion…)⇨a foregone conclusion⇨certainty
conclusion
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ speculation另见speculation条conclusion ♦︎ finding ♦︎ judgment ♦︎ ruling ♦︎ verdict ♦︎ inference ♦︎ deductionThese are all words for sth that you decide or know is true after considering all the facts of a situation.这些词均表示思考后得出的结论、推论。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a conclusion / findings / a judgment / a ruling / an inference / a deduction about sth◆a judgment / ruling / verdict against / in favour of / on sb / sth◆the conclusion / finding / judgment / ruling / verdict / inference / deduction that...◆a / the general conclusion / finding / verdict / inference / deduction◆a / the correct / wrong conclusion / verdict / inference◆a logical / reasonable / valid conclusion / inference / deduction◆the final conclusion / judgment / ruling / verdict◆reach a conclusion / judgment / verdict◆make a judgment / a finding / a ruling / an inference / a deduction◆to give judgment / a ruling / a verdict◆to challenge sb's findings / a ruling / a verdict◆to base your conclusion / findings / judgment / ruling / verdict on sth■conclusion / /kənˈkluːʒn/ / [countable] something that you decide is true after you have considered all the facts relating to a particular situation结论；推论◆We can safely draw some conclusions from our discussion.从讨论中我们可以有把握地得出一些结论。◆I've come to the conclusion that he's not the right person for the job.我断定他不适合做这项工作。◆Don't jump to conclusions(= do not decide that sth is true without knowing the facts).别匆忙下结论。■finding [countable, usually plural] information that is discovered as the result of research into sth调查发现；调研结果◆These findings suggest that there is no direct link between unemployment and crime.这些调研结果表明失业和犯罪之间没有直接联系。◆The findings are based on interviews with more than 2 000 people.调查结果是基于对2 000多人的访谈得出的。ⓘ In formal or legal English a finding is also a decision made by the judge or jury in court.在正式或法律用语中，finding还指法官或陪审团的裁决◆The facts of this case do not justify a finding of negligence.本案的事实不足以得出犯有过失的裁决。 see also find ⇨ find1■judgment ( judgement) [countable, uncountable] the decision of a court or judge判决；裁决◆They are hoping for a judgment in their favour from the European Court of Justice.他们期待着欧洲法院作出有利他们的裁决。◆The court has yet to pass judgment(= to say what its decision is) in this case.此案还有待法庭判决。ⓘ The usual spelling of this word in most of its meanings is judgement in British English and judgment in American English. However, in legal contexts judgment is preferred in both British and American English.该词大多数义项的拼法在英式英语中通常为judgement，在美式英语中通常为judgment。不过，在法律用语中，英式和美式英语均倾向拼写作judgment。 see also judge ⇨ judgeverb2■ruling [countable] an official decision made by sb in a position of authority, especially a judge（尤指法官作出的）裁决，裁定，判决◆The court will make its ruling on the case next week.法庭下周将对本案作出裁决。 see also rule ⇨ ruleverb2■verdict [countable] a decision that is made by a jury in court, stating if sb is considered guilty of a crime or not; a decision that you make or an opinion that you give about sth, after you have tested it or considered it carefully（陪审团的）裁定，裁决；（经检验或认真考虑后的）决定，结论，意见◆The jury returned a verdict(= gave a verdict) of not guilty.陪审团作出了无罪裁决。◆The coroner recorded a verdict of accidental death.验尸官得出了意外死亡的结论。◆The panel will give their verdict on the latest video releases.专家组将就最近发行的录像提出他们的意见。NOTE辨析 Finding, judgment, ruling or verdict?These are all words that can be used for a decision made in court. Finding is the most formal and is usually used in the phrase a finding of negligence/murder/unfair dismissal, etc., when a court has decided the nature of a crime or offence that has been committed; finding is much more frequent in its non-legal sense of research findings. Judgment and ruling are more general words, used especially to talk about decisions made when a complaint or dispute has been taken to court for a decision. Judgment emphasizes that the decision is made by a court, whether by a judge or jury; ruling emphasizes that the decision is made by a person in authority, often (but not always) a judge, but not by a jury.这些词均可指法庭作出的裁决。finding最正式，用于法院已经确定所犯罪行或违法行为的性质，通常用于短语a finding of negligence/murder/unfair dismissal（过失／谋杀／无理解雇的裁决）等；finding更常用于非法律用语中，如research findings。judgment和ruling含义更广，尤指投诉或纠纷提交法庭后所得的裁定。judgment强调决定是由法庭作出，不管是法官或陪审团；ruling强调决定是有职权的人作出的，常为（但不总是）法官，而非由陪审团作出◆The judgment of the jury cannot be overturned.陪审团的裁决不可推翻。◆the ruling of the juryA verdict is the decision made by a jury in criminal cases about whether the person accused of the crime is guilty or not guilty. Verdict is also used to talk about the decision of a coroner at an inquest(= an official investigation to find out the cause of sb's death). * verdict是陪审团对刑事案件中被指控犯罪的人是否有罪的判决，亦指验尸官的验尸结果。■inference / /ˈɪnfərəns/ / [countable, uncountable] something that you can find out indirectly from what you already know; the act or process of forming an opinion based on what you already know推断的结果；结论；推断；推理◆What inferences can we draw from this data?我们从这个数据中能推断出什么？◆If he is guilty then, by inference, so is his partner(= it is logical to think so, from the same evidence).如果他有罪，那么由此可以推断他的合伙人也同样有罪。■deduction / /dɪˈdʌkʃn/ / [uncountable, countable] the process of using the information that you have in order to understand a particular situation or to find the answer to a problem演绎；推论；推理◆He arrived at the solution by a simple process of deduction.他通过一番简单的推理得出了解决问题的方法。◆If my deductions are correct, I can tell you who the murderer is.如果我的推论正确，我可以告诉你谁是凶手。NOTE辨析 Inference or deduction?An inference is slightly more uncertain than a deduction: it is sth that is probably true, given what you already know. A deduction is sth that, logically, has to be true, if the facts you have are correct. Making an inference is usually more complicated than making a deduction. * inference的确定性比deduction略低，指由已知情况推断某事可能为真。deduction指如果掌握的事实无误的话，从逻辑上推断某事必然如此。inference的推理过程通常比deduction更复杂◆He arrived at the solution by a simple process of inference.
end
noun
end ♦︎ close ♦︎ conclusion ♦︎ finish ♦︎ ending ♦︎ termination ♦︎ finale ♦︎ cessationThese are all words for the final part of a period of time, an event, activity or story.这些词均表示时间、事件、活动或故事的终结、结尾。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a / an (...) end / finish / ending / finale to sth◆at the end / close / conclusion / finish / finale◆an abrupt end / conclusion / finish / ending / termination◆a dramatic end / conclusion / finish / ending / finale◆a fitting end / conclusion / finale◆to have a / an (...) end / conclusion / ending / finale◆to provide a / an (...) conclusion / finish / ending / finale◆to bring sth to an end / a close / a conclusion◆to come / draw to an end / a close◆to reach the end / finale■end [countable] the final part of a period of time, an event, activity or story; a situation in which sth does not exist any more（时间、事件、活动或故事的）终止，结尾；结束◆I hope to finish this by the end of the week.我希望周末前能完成这项工作。◆They finally get named at the end of the book.他们终于在书的结尾部分被提到姓名。◆There'll be a chance to ask questions at the end.最后将有提问的机会。◆We had to hear about the whole journey from beginning to end.我们只好从头到尾把整个旅行情况听完。◆It's the end of an era.这是一个时代的终结。◆It was the end of all his dreams.他所有的梦想都破灭了。◆The war was finally at an end.战争终于结束了。◆Let's put an end to(= stop) these rumours once and for all.让我们对这些流言飞语作一了结吧。OPPbeginning ⇨ startnoun■close / /kləʊz; NAmEkloʊz/ [singular] (formal, especially business尤用于商业) the final part of a period of time, an event or activity（时间、事件或活动的）终止，结尾◆Can we bring this meeting to a close?我们可以结束这次会议了吗？◆By the close of London trading, Wall Street was up 9.78 points.伦敦交易结束时，华尔街股市上扬了9.78个点。ⓘ Close is most often used in business contexts or in sport, especially cricket or baseball. * close最常用于商务或体育语境，尤用于曲棍球或棒球运动◆At the close of play, the scores were almost level.比赛结束时，比分几乎持平。■conclusion /kənˈkluːʒn/ / [countable, usually singular] (ratherformal) the final part of sth such as a speech or piece of writing（演讲或文章的）结束，结尾◆The conclusion of the book was disappointing.这本书的结尾令人失望。◆If we took this argument to its logical conclusion...假如我们把这段论证归结成一个合乎其逻辑的结论⋯◆In conclusion,(= finally) I would like to thank...最后，我想感谢⋯■finish [countable, usually singular] the final part of sth, especially a race（尤指速度比赛的）最后，结局◆It was a close finish, as they had predicted.正如他们所料，比赛结果难分高下。◆He led the race from start to finish.他自始至终都在领跑。◆I want to see the job right through to the finish.我要跟进这项工作，直到完成为止。ⓘ Finish is mainly used to talk about sports events, especially races, or other activities where the time that sb takes is considered to be important. * finish主要用于体育赛事，尤指速度比赛或其他需要计时的活动。OPPstart ⇨ startnoun■ending [countable] the last part of a story, film, etc.; the act of finishing sth; the final part of sth（故事、影片等的）结局；结束；结尾◆His stories usually have a happy ending.他的故事通常有一个美满的结局。◆Today is the anniversary of the ending of the Pacific War.今天是太平洋战争结束纪念日。◆It was the perfect ending to the perfect day.美好的一天就此圆满地结束了。OPPopening,beginning ⇨ startnoun■termination / /ˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃn; NAmEˌtɜːrmɪˈneɪʃn/ [uncountable] (formal, especially business尤用于商业) the act of ending sth; the end of sth结束；终止；末端◆Failure to comply with these conditions will result in termination of the contract.不遵守这些条件将导致合同终止。■finale /fɪˈnɑːli; NAmEfɪˈnæli/ [countable] the last part of a show or piece of music（演出的）终场；（音乐的）终曲◆the rousing finale of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony贝多芬第九交响曲激动人心的末章◆The festival ended with a grand finale of fireworks and music.节日活动的最后是烟火盛放、音乐齐鸣的盛大场面。ⓘ Finale can also be used after an adjective to mean 'an ending to sth of the type mentioned'. * finale也可用于形容词之后，意为“以⋯方式结束”◆It was a fitting finale to the day's events.当天的活动至此顺利结束。■cessation /seˈseɪʃn/ / [singular] (formal, especially journalism尤用于新闻) the stopping of sth; a pause in sth停止；终止；暂停◆Mexico called for an immediate cessation of hostilities.墨西哥呼吁立即停止敌对行动。
certainty
noun
certainty ♦︎ inevitability ♦︎ necessity ♦︎ a foregone conclusion ♦︎ a sure thingThese are all words for sth that you believe will definitely happen.这些词均表示据信必定发生之事。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a certainty / an inevitability about sth◆an absolute certainty / necessity◆the one / only certainty / necessity■certainty [countable] an event that will definitely happen; a fact or situation that is not doubted by anybody必然的事；确实的事（或情况）◆Her return to the team now seems a certainty.她的归队现在似乎已经确定了。◆The end of the Cold War marked the collapse of many old political certainties.冷战结束标志着许多旧的政治环境下必然发生的事从此消亡。OPPuncertainty ⇨ doubtnoun2■inevitability / /ɪnˌevɪtəˈbɪləti/ / [uncountable, countable, usually singular] the fact that sth will definitely happen and cannot be avoided or prevented, especially sth bad or unpleasant; an event that will definitely happen（尤指坏事的）不可避免；必然发生的事◆We must all, sooner or later, confront the inevitability of death.或早或晚，我们都必须面对必然到来的死亡。◆World war has ceased to be an inevitability.世界大战再不是无可避免的了。 see also inevitable ⇨ inevitable■necessity / /nəˈsesəti/ / [countable, usually singular] a situation that must happen and that cannot be avoided, especially in order to do or achieve sth else必然的状况，不可避免的情况（尤指为了做或实现另一事情）◆Living in London he felt, was an unfortunate necessity.他觉得在伦敦生活是迫于无奈。■a ˌforegone conˈclusion
idiom
a result that is certain to happen预料中的必然结局◆The outcome of the vote is a foregone conclusion.选举结果一如所料。■a ˌsure ˈthing
idiom
(especially NAmE, ratherinformal, especially business尤用于商业) something that is certain to happen必定发生的事情◆An increase in crude oil prices now looks like a sure thing.现在看来，原油价格一定会上涨。