reverse verb ⇨reverse (reverse a trend)⇨overturn (reverse a decision)⇨replace2 (reverse roles with sb)reverse adj. ⇨opposite
reverse
verb
reverse ♦︎ undoThese words both mean to change sth completely so that it is the opposite of what it was before.这两个词均表示颠倒、撤销。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to reverse / undo the effect / damage / reforms / years of hard work, neglect, etc.◆to completely reverse / undo sth■reverse [transitive] (ratherformal, especiallywritten) to change sth completely so that it is the opposite of what it was before颠倒；使逆转；使完全相反◆The government has failed to reverse the economic decline.政府未能扭转经济滑坡的趋势。◆It is sometimes possible to arrest or reverse the disease.有时可以阻止病情发展或使病情彻底好转。ⓘ Reverse is most often used in texts relating to business and economics, especially when talking about changing the direction of a process or development; collocates include decline, trend, direction, process and situation. * reverse最常用于与商业和经济有关的文字中，尤指改变进程或发展的方向，搭配词有decline、trend、direction、process和situation。 see also reversal ⇨ revolution2■undo / /ʌnˈduː/ / (undid, undone) [transitive] to cancel the good or bad effect of sth消除，取消，废止（某事好的或不良影响）◆He undid most of the good work of the previous manager.他把前任经理的大部分功绩都毁掉了。◆It's not too late to try and undo some of the damage.想办法补救部分损失还为时不晚。◆Just select 'Edit' and 'Undo' to cancel the previous action.只要选择“编辑”和“复原”便可撤销前一个动作。ⓘ Undo is used equally often to talk about cancelling the effect of good and of bad things. * undo既指毁掉成果，也指消除恶果，两者同样常用◆to undo the damage / harm / errors对损害／伤害／错误进行补救◆to undo the good work / years of endeavour / reforms毁掉了功绩／多年的努力／改革
overturn
verb
overturn ♦︎ reverse ♦︎ override ♦︎ overrule ♦︎ set sth aside ♦︎ quashThese words all mean to officially decide that a legal decision is not correct, and to make it no longer valid.这些词均表示推翻或撤销判决。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to overturn / reverse / override / overrule / set aside / quash a decision◆to overturn / reverse / override / quash a ban◆to overturn / reverse / set aside / quash a conviction / verdict◆to overturn / reverse / quash a ruling◆to overturn / override a / an veto / injunction◆to finally overturn / quash sth◆to completely overturn / reverse sth■overturn /ˌəʊvəˈtɜːn; NAmEˌoʊvərˈtɜːrn/ [transitive] (especially journalism尤用于新闻) to officially decide that a legal decision is not correct, and to make it no longer valid推翻，撤销（判决）◆His sentence was overturned by the appeal court.上诉法庭撤销了对他的判决。■reverse [transitive] (ratherformal) to change a previous decision, law or policy to the opposite one撤销，废除（决定、法律或政策）◆The policy is likely to be reversed if there is a change of government.如果政府改组，这项政策很可能被废除。■override /ˌəʊvəˈraɪd; NAmEˌoʊvərˈraɪd/ (overrode, overridden) [transitive] to use your authority to reject sb's decision or wishes（以权力）否决，推翻，不理会（某人的决定或意愿）◆The chairman overrode the committee's objections and signed the agreement.主席不顾委员会的反对，径行签署了协议。■overrule /ˌəʊvəˈruːl; NAmEˌoʊvərˈruːl/ [transitive, often passive] (ratherformal) to use your authority to reject sb's decision（以权力）否决，推翻，不理会（某人的决定）◆The verdict was overruled by the Supreme Court.最高法院驳回了那个裁决。NOTE辨析 Override or overrule?Override suggests that there are more important factors to consider than the decision or wishes of one person or group; overrule places more emphasis on the use of sb's authority to reject sth. * override意味着有比某个人或群体的决定或意愿更为重要的因素需要考虑，overrule则更强调某人运用权力否决某事。■ˌset sth aˈside
phrasal verb
(setting, set, set)to officially state that a decision made by a court is not legally valid宣布（法庭的裁决）无效；撤销（判决）◆The verdict was set aside by the Appeal Court.上诉法庭驳回了那个裁决。■quash /kwɒʃ; NAmEkwɑːʃ/ [transitive] (written) to officially state that a decision made by a court is not legally valid宣布（法庭的裁决）无效；撤销（判决）◆His conviction was later quashed by the Court of Appeal.后来，上诉法院撤销了对他的有罪判决。
replace2
verb
Teachers will never be replaced by computers.电脑永远取代不了老师。replace the old carpets更换旧地毯replace ♦︎ switch ♦︎ change ♦︎ exchange ♦︎ substitute ♦︎ swap ♦︎ trade ♦︎ reverse ♦︎ barterThese words all mean to remove sb/sth and put another person or thing in their place.这些词均表示替换、更换。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to switch / change / exchange / substitute / swap / trade / barter A for B◆to replace / substitute / switch B with A◆to switch / exchange / swap / reverse A and B◆to replace / change a battery / bulb / fuse / tyre / wheel◆to switch / exchange / swap / reverse roles◆to change / exchange / swap / trade places◆to change / swap seats / clothes◆to exchange / swap / trade stories / jokes◆to exchange / swap experiences / news / phone numbers◆to exchange / trade insults◆to simply replace / switch / change / exchange / substitute / reverse sth◆to easily replace / switch / change / substitute / swap sth■replace [transitive] (ratherformal) to remove sb/sth and put a different or better person or thing in their place替换；接替；更换◆He will be difficult to replace when he leaves.他离职时，他的位置很难有人接替。◆All the old carpets need replacing.所有的旧地毯均要更换。◆She had an operation to replace both hips.她做了一次手术，替换掉两个髋关节。 see also replacement ⇨ exchange■switch [transitive] (ratherinformal) to put one thing in the place of another, and put the second thing in the place of the first交换；掉换；对调◆The dates of the last two exams have been switched.最后两门考试的日期掉换了。◆Do you think she'll notice if I switch my glass with hers?要是把我的杯子跟她的换了，你认为她看得出来吗？◆I see you've switched the furniture around(= changed its position).我看出来你把家具重摆了。■change [transitive] to replace one thing, person or service with sth new or different; to take sb else's position or place while they take yours替换，更换（东西、人或服务）；互换，交换（位置或座位）◆Marie changed her name when she got married.玛丽结婚后改了姓。◆That back tyre needs changing.那个后轮胎需要更换。◆At half-time the teams change ends.球队在半场时交换场地。◆Can I change seats with you?我可以和你换座位吗？◆I want to change my doctor.我想另找一位医生看病。ⓘ The usual word in American English used to talk about giving sth back for a better thing of the same kind, is exchange; this sounds rather formal in British English.在美式英语中， 表示换上更好的同类东西用exchange，这在英式英语中听起来相当正式◆ (BrE) We changed the car for a bigger one.我们换了辆更大的汽车。◆ (NAmE) We exchanged the car for a bigger one.我们换了辆更大的汽车。■exchange [transitive] to give sth to sb and at the same time receive the same type of thing from them; to give or return sth that you have and get sth different or better instead交换；交流；兑换；更换◆We use the forum to exchange ideas.我们利用这个论坛交流思想。◆I shook hands and exchanged a few words with the manager.我与经理握手，交谈了几句。◆Juliet and David exchanged glances(= they looked at each other).朱丽叶和戴维相互看了看对方。◆The two men exchanged blows(= hit each other).两个男人互殴起来。◆You can exchange your currency for dollars in the hotel.你可以在旅馆将钱兑换成美元。◆If it doesn't fit, take it back and the store will exchange it.如果不合适就把它拿回去，商店会给你换一个。 see also exchange ⇨ exchangenoun, exchange ⇨ discussionnoun■substitute [transitive] to use sb/sth instead of sb/sth else（用⋯）代替，取代◆Margarine can be substituted for butter in this recipe.做这道菜可以用人造黄油代替黄油。◆Butter can be substituted with margarine in this recipe.做这道菜可以用人造黄油代替黄油。◆Gerrard was substituted in the second half after a knee injury(= sb else played instead of Gerrard in the second half).下半场杰拉德膝盖受伤被换下。ⓘ You can substitute A for B or substitute B with A: in both cases you use A instead of B. You can also just say that you substitute sth: in this case the context needs to make clear whether the 'sth' is being used instead of sth, or is replacing sth else.可以说substitute A for B或substitute B with A，这两种说法均指用A代替B。还可以只说substitute sth，但这时必须能从上下文确定替换者和被替换者。 see also substitution ⇨ exchange■swap ( swop) /swɒp; NAmEswɑːp/ (-pp-) [intransitive, transitive] to exchange sth with sb交换；互换◆I've finished this magazine. Can I swap with you?这本杂志我看完了，我能跟你交换一下吗？◆I swapped my red scarf for her blue one.我用我的红围巾换了她的蓝围巾。◆We spent the evening in the bar swapping stories(= telling each other stories) about our travels.我们一晚上坐在酒吧里互聊各自的旅途经历。◆ (especially BrE) Can we swap places? I can't see the screen.咱俩换一下座位好吗？我看不见屏幕。ⓘ Especially in British English, swap can also mean to give or return sth that you have and get sth different or better instead.尤其在英式英语中，swap亦可指改换成别的东西◆I think I'll swap this sweater for one in another colour.我想把这件毛衣换成别的颜色。 see also swap ⇨ exchangenoun■trade [transitive] (especially NAmEorjournalism新闻) to exchange sth with sb交换；互换◆She traded her posters for his CD.她以海报换取他的CD。◆I wouldn't mind trading places with her for a day.我不介意和她掉换一天位置。◆Cabinet colleagues traded insults over the future of the pound.内阁同僚为英镑的未来互相谩骂。NOTE辨析 Switch, exchange, swap or trade?Switch is often used when one thing is exchanged for another without sb else being asked or even knowing about it. * switch常指未征询他人意见或在他人甚至不知情的情况下掉换◆The two babies had been switched at birth.两个婴儿在出生时已被掉换。◆The two babies had been exchanged/swapped/traded at birth.Exchange is more formal than swap or trade and is often used in fixed phrases when people look at or talk to each other. * exchange比swap和trade正式，常用于与相视或交谈有关的固定词组◆to exchange glances / a few words交换眼神；交谈几句◆to swap/trade glances/a few wordsYou can also exchange information/ideas. Swap is used more for physical things, although you can swap stories/jokes; trade is used for things and places, stories, jokes and insults in American English; in British English it is mostly used just for stories, jokes and insults, not physical things. In British English you change/swap places.还可以说exchange information/ideas（交流信息／思想）。swap多指交换实体的东西，但也可以说swap stories/jokes（互相讲故事／笑话）；trade在美式英语中的宾语为物品或places、stories、jokes及insults；在英式英语中的宾语主要是stories、jokes和insults，而非实体的东西。在英式英语中可以说change/swap places（换座位）。■reverse [transitive] to exchange the positions or functions of two people or things交换（位置或功能）◆It felt as if we had reversed our roles of parent and child.我们之间家长与孩子的关系好像倒过来了。◆She used to work for me, but our situations are now reversed.过去她为我工作，而现在我们的地位对调了。ⓘ In this meaning, reverse collocates with roles, situations and positions.表达此义时，reverse与roles、situations和positions搭配。 see also reversal ⇨ exchangenoun■barter [transitive, intransitive] to exchange goods, property or services for other goods, etc. without using money交换（货品、财产或服务）；以物易物◆The local people bartered wheat for farm machinery.当地人用小麦换取农机。◆The prisoners tried to barter with the guards for items like writing paper and books.囚犯试着从看守那里换得稿纸和书之类的东西。 see also barter ⇨ exchangenoun
opposite
adjective
opposite ♦︎ reverse ♦︎ contrary ♦︎ inverse ♦︎ opposedThese words all describe sth that is as different as possible from sth else.这些词均表示完全相反的、截然不同的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the opposite / reverse direction / side◆the opposite / reverse order / effect◆an opposite / a contrary view / opinion◆Their views / opinions are opposed.◆completely / directly / entirely / quite contrary / opposed■opposite [usually before noun] completely different in nature or direction（在性质或方向上）完全相反的，截然不同的◆She tried calming him down but it seemed to be having the opposite effect.她试着让他平静下来，却似乎适得其反。◆I'm trying to teach students at opposite ends of the ability range.我在设法教能力处于两个极端的学生。◆Clothes are often used as a way of attracting the opposite sex.人们常常通过衣着来吸引异性。■reverse [only before noun] (ratherformal) completely different in direction（在方向上）完全相反的；反面的◆The winners were announced in reverse order(= the person in the lowest place was announced first).获胜者是按逆序宣布的。◆ (formal) Iron the garment on the reverse side(= on the back or inside).这件衣服要从反面熨。NOTE辨析 Opposite or reverse?Reverse is mostly used in more formal contexts than opposite and has a narrower range of collocates. Opposite can describe both the nature of sth or its direction, in either a physical or abstract sense. Reverse only describes the direction of sth, usually in a physical sense. When two people or things travel in opposite directions they can either start from the same place and move away from each other, or start from different places and travel towards each other. If you travel in the reverse direction you usually travel over the same ground, but start from the other end.与opposite相比，reverse主要用于较正式的语境，搭配词的范围较窄。opposite既可描述事物的性质，也可描述方向，表示实际或抽象的意义均可。reverse只描述事物的方向，通常表示实际意义。travel in opposite directions既可指两个人或物体从同一地点背向而行，也可指从不同地点相向而行。travel in the reverse direction通常指走同一条路，但从另一端出发◆I watched them leave and then drove off in the opposite direction.我目送他们离开，然后开车向相反的方向驶去。◆He hit a truck travelling in the opposite direction.他撞上了一辆迎面驶来的卡车。◆One year later she made the same journey in the reverse direction.一年以后她从相反的方向出发重游了那条路线。People or things on opposite sides of an area or object usually face each other; reverse sides of an object are back to back, facing away from each other. * opposite side通常指对面；reverse side指背面、反面◆He waved at me from the opposite side of the road.他在马路对面向我招手。◆On the reverse side of the medal is a coat of arms.奖牌的背面是盾徽。■contrary /ˈkɒntrəri; NAmEˈkɑːntreri/ [only before noun] (ratherformal) completely different in nature（在性质上）完全相反的，截然不同的◆Despite all the contrary evidence, they still believed that the Earth was flat.尽管有那么多反面证据，他们依然认为地球是平的。◆The contrary view is that prison provides an excellent education－in crime.截然不同的看法是，监狱提供了极好的教育－犯罪教育。NOTE辨析 Opposite or contrary?Contrary is a more formal word than opposite and has a narrower range of collocates. Opposite can describe both physical things such as the sides of a object or area and abstract things such as opinions. Collocates of opposite include direction, side, end, corner, extreme, effect and sex. Contrary only describes abstract things and its collocates include opinion, view, intention, argument and evidence.与opposite相比，contrary较正式，搭配词的范围较窄。opposite既可描述实物，如物体的侧面或场地的边侧，也可描述意见等抽象的事物。opposite的搭配词有direction、side、end、corner、extreme、effect和sex。contrary只描述抽象的事物，搭配词有opinion、view、intention、argument和evidence。■inverse /ˌɪnˈvɜːs; NAmEˌɪnˈvɜːrs/ [only before noun] (ratherformal) opposite in amount or position to sth else（数量或位置）相反的，反向的ⓘ Inverse usually describes a relationship between two things in which, as one element increases, the other decreases. * inverse通常描述两个事物之间此消彼长的关系◆A person's wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness(= the more money they have, the less happy they are).一个人的财富常常与他的幸福成反比。◆There is often an inverse relationship between the power of the tool and how easy it is to use.工具的功能与操作的难易程度往往成相反关系。▸inversely
adverb
◆Can we assume that the demand for bank lending is inversely related to the rate of interest charged?我们能否认为，对银行贷款的需求与所支付的利率成相反关系？■opposed [not usually before noun] (ratherformal) (of ideas or opinions) very different from sth（看法或意见）截然不同◆Our views are diametrically opposed on this issue.在这个问题上，我们的观点大相径庭。