| 例句 |
slump verb
⇨ slumpslump noun
⇨ recession (The economy is in a slump.) ⇨ reduction (a slump in sales)slump verb ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ fall 1 另见fall条第1义slump ♦︎ plunge ♦︎ tumble ♦︎ plummetThese are all words that can be used when the value or level of sth goes down suddenly. 这些词均表示价值或水平骤降、猛跌。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to slump / plunge / tumble / plummet by 100, 25%, a half, etc.◆to slump / plunge / tumble / plummet from 15 000 to 1 000◆to plunge / plummet in value◆prices / profits / sales slump / plunge / tumble / plummet◆rates plunge / tumble / plummet◆to slump / plunge dramatically / suddenly◆to plunge / tumble sharply■ slump [intransitive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) (business 商业) to fall in price, value or level, suddenly and by a large amount （价格、价值或水平）骤降，猛跌，锐减◆Profits slumped by over 50%.利润突降50%以上。OPP jump , surge ⇨ soar see also slump ⇨ reduction noun ■ plunge (especially business 尤用于商业) to fall in price, value or level, suddenly and by a large amount （价格、价值或水平）骤降，猛跌，锐减◆Stock markets plunged at the news of the coup.政变的消息一传来，股票市场应声暴跌。 OPP leap ⇨ soar ▸ plunge noun [singular] ◆a dramatic plunge in profits利润锐减■ tumble (especially business 尤用于商业) to fall rapidly in price, value or level （价格、价值或水平）暴跌，骤降◆The price of oil is still tumbling.油价仍在急遽下跌。 OPP soar ⇨ soar ▸ tumble noun [singular] ◆Share prices took a tumble following news of the merger.合并消息传出后，股价随即暴跌。■ plummet (especially business 尤用于商业) to fall suddenly and quickly in price, value or level, from a high level or position （价格、价值或水平从高位）暴跌，速降◆Share prices plummeted to an all-time low.股票价格暴跌到历史最低点。◆Her spirits plummeted at the thought of having to meet him again.一想到又得去见他，她的心便直往下沉。 OPP soar , rocket ⇨ soar NOTE 辨析 Which word?There is very little difference in meaning between these words in a business context. Prices slump because there is nothing to keep them up any more; they plunge because sth has pushed them down. When prices tumble they fall quickly several times, rather than making one big fall all at once, as they do if they slump (which is not used in the progressive tenses). 在商务语境中这些词含义差别很小。slump指价格因失去了支撑而下跌；plunge指某件事把价格给拉了下来；tumble指价格连续几次快速下跌，而不像slump（不用于进行时）那样一次性骤降◆The price of oil is still slumping. Plummet often suggests the biggest fall, though not the fastest, from the highest level to the lowest. * plummet常含价格从顶点跌入低谷之意，跌幅最大，但跌速并非最快。 recession noun recession ♦︎ depression ♦︎ slump ♦︎ slowdown ♦︎ troughThese are all words for a difficult period of time for business or the economy. 这些词均表示生意或经济不景气、萧条。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达不景气的程度| slowdown | ➔ | slump | ➔ | recession | ➔ | depression | | | trough | | | | |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in recession / a depression / a slump / a trough◆a major / serious / severe recession / depression / slump◆an economic recession / depression / slump / slowdown◆a worldwide recession / depression / slump / slowdown◆to cause a recession / slump / slowdown◆to go into recession / depression■ recession / /rɪˈseʃn/ / [countable, uncountable] a difficult time for the economy of a country, when there is less trade and industrial activity than usual and more people are unemployed 经济衰退；经济萎缩◆How do you assess the impact of the current recession on manufacturing?你如何评价时下经济萎缩对制造业的影响？◆We need active policies to pull the country out of recession.我们需要积极的政策来引导国家走出经济萎缩。◆These industries have been hit hard by the recession.这些行业受到经济衰退的严重冲击。■ depression / /dɪˈpreʃn/ / [countable, uncountable] a difficult time for a country when there is little economic activity and many people are unemployed and poor 萧条期；经济衰退；不景气◆The country was in the grip of (an) economic depression.当时国家正陷入经济萧条。◆He grew up during the Great Depression of the 1930s.他成长于20世纪30年代的经济大萧条时期。▸ depressed adjective ◆They have made little attempt to bring jobs to economically depressed areas.在为经济萧条地区创造就业机会方面他们几乎没有作过什么努力。■ slump [countable] (especially journalism 尤用于新闻 or business 商业) a period when a country's economy or a business is doing badly 萧条期；衰退◆Housing sales are finally coming out of a three-month slump.房屋销售终于走出了连续三个月的萧条期。◆The toy industry is in a slump.现在玩具业不景气。 OPP boom ⇨ do well see also slump ⇨ reduction ■ slowdown /ˈsləʊdaʊn; NAmE ˈsloʊdaʊn/ [countable] (especially business 尤用于商业) a reduction in speed or activity, especially in business or the economy （尤指企业或经济的发展）减速，减缓◆There has been a slowdown in economic growth in recent months.最近几个月经济增长减缓。■ trough /trɒf; NAmE trɔːf/ [countable] (especially business 尤用于商业) a period of time when the level of sth is low, especially a time when a business or the economy is not growing 低谷；（企业或经济的）低潮，萧条阶段◆There have been peaks and troughs in the long-term trend of unemployment.长期以来失业率一直时起时伏。 OPP peak ⇨ peak NOTE 辨析 Which word?A slowdown is the least serious of these and a depression is the most serious. A slowdown, slump or trough might affect the economy of a country generally, or just one particular business or industry; it usually lasts a period of months and is sometimes regarded as part of the normal business cycle. A recession affects a whole industry or a country's whole economy, and it can last for years. It is not usually regarded as part of the normal business cycle. However, a recession is still considered chiefly in terms of its effects on business and the economy; depression is used especially when you are considering the effect of recession on the lives of ordinary people, especially the difficult situation caused by poverty and unemployment when this affects a very large number of people. The Great Depression was the worldwide economic depression that followed the American stock market crash in 1929. 这些词中，slowdown的程度最轻，而depression最为严重。slowdown、slump或trough可能影响一个国家的整体经济状况，或仅影响某个企业或行业，通常会持续几个月的时间，有时被视为正常商业周期的一部分。recession影响的是整个行业或一国的整体经济，可持续数年，通常不被视为正常商业周期的一部分。不过，recession的影响仍被认为主要在商业和经济方面；depression的影响主要在百姓生活方面，尤指波及面很广，贫困和失业使得很多人生活艰难。the Great Depression指1929年美国股市暴跌后全球性的经济大萧条。 reduction noun reduction ♦︎ cut ♦︎ decline ♦︎ fall ♦︎ drop ♦︎ downturn ♦︎ decrease ♦︎ slump ♦︎ cutbackThese are all words for a situation when the amount, level, number or size of sth goes down. 这些词均表示减少、缩小、降低。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a reduction / cut / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease / slump / cutback in sth◆a reduction / cut / decline / fall / drop / decrease / cutback of 20%◆a 20% reduction / cut / decline / fall / drop / decrease in sth◆(a) sharp reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease / slump / cutbacks◆(a) large / significant reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease / cutbacks◆(a) big / huge / massive / major reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / slump / cutbacks◆(a) dramatic reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / slump◆(a) drastic reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / cutbacks◆a sudden reduction / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease / slump◆a slight reduction / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease◆to lead to / result in / cause a reduction / cut / decline / fall / drop / decrease◆to see a reduction / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease◆to make reductions / cuts / cutbacks■ reduction [countable, uncountable] an act of making sth less or smaller; the state of being made less or smaller 减少；缩小；降低◆This year has seen a 33% reduction in the number of hospital beds available.今年医院可用床位数量减少了33%。◆The report recommends further reductions in air and noise emissions.这份报告建议进一步降低有害气体和噪音排放量。◆There are reductions (= in the price) for children sharing a room with two adults.孩子和两个大人合住一间房可以打折。◆There has been some reduction in unemployment.失业人数有所减少。OPP increase ⇨ increase noun ■ cut [countable] a reduction that is made in the amount, size or supply of sth （数量、尺寸或供应的）削减，减少，缩减◆They had to take a 20% cut in pay.他们不得不接受减薪20%。◆The company has announced a new round of job cuts.公司宣布了新一轮工作岗位的削减。◆The proposed tax cuts will come into effect next May.减税提议将于明年5月生效。OPP increase ⇨ increase noun see also cut ⇨ cut verb 1 , lay-off ⇨ unemployment NOTE 辨析 Reduction or cut? Reduction can be used for things that become less or smaller by themselves, or things that are reduced deliberately by sb. A cut cannot happen by itself－it has to be made by sb. A cut is often (but not always) a negative thing. * reduction可指事物自行或被人为变少或变小。cut不指自行减少，只指人为减少。cut经常是（但并非总是）负面的◆job / salary / pay cuts裁员；减薪A cut cannot happen over time. A reduction can. * cut不指持续递减，而reduction可以◆a gradual reduction逐渐的减少◆a gradual cut ■ decline [countable, usually singular, uncountable] a continuous reduction that happens in the number, value or quality of sth; the process of a place, tradition or institution gradually becoming less important or coming to an end （数量、价值或质量的）减少，下降；（地方、传统或机构的）衰落，衰退◆These measures have failed to reverse the country's economic decline.这些措施未能扭转该国的经济衰退。◆His book charts the decline and fall of a great civilization.他在书中记载了一个伟大文明的衰亡。◆The town fell into (a) decline (= started to be less busy, important, etc.) after the mine closed.这个镇在矿井关闭后开始萧条。◆Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s.英国工业自20世纪70年代以来一直在走下坡路。OPP rise ⇨ increase noun see also decline ⇨ fall verb 1 , decline ⇨ worsen verb ■ fall [countable] (especially business 尤用于商业) a reduction that happens in the size, number, rate or level of sth （尺寸）减小；（数量）减少；（比率或水平）降低◆Share prices suffered a slight fall yesterday.股票价格昨日微幅下挫。◆This figure represents a fall of 23% on the same period last year.这一数据与去年同期相比下降了23%。OPP rise ⇨ increase noun see also fall ⇨ fall verb 1 ■ drop [countable, usually singular] (especially journalism 尤用于新闻) a reduction that happens in the size, number, rate or level of sth （尺寸）减小；（数量）减少；（比率或水平）降低◆If you want the job, you must be prepared to take a drop in salary.如果你想干这份工作，就必须对薪水减少做好思想准备。◆The restaurant has suffered a 10% drop in trade.餐厅的生意下降了10%。OPP rise ⇨ increase noun see also drop ⇨ fall verb 1 NOTE 辨析 Decline, fall or drop?These words all describe a process that happens, rather than a deliberate action by sb. Decline tends to emphasize the process, whether this is fast or slow. 这些词均指自然发生的情况，而不是某人有意所为。decline往往强调衰落的过程，不论快慢◆a steady / sharp decline in profits利润稳步／急剧下降◆a civilization in terminal decline处于衰亡期的文明 Fall and drop tend to emphasize the result of the process. * fall和drop往往强调这一过程的结果◆a fall / drop of 30%30%的下降A fall, like a decline, can happen over time, but a drop cannot. * fall和decline一样可指持续递减，但drop不能◆a gradual decline / fall逐步下降◆a gradual drop ■ downturn / /ˈdaʊntɜːn; NAmE ˈdaʊntɜːrn/ [countable, usually singular] a fall in the amount of business that is done; a time when the economy becomes weaker （生意或经济的）衰退，下降；衰退期◆The building industry is experiencing a severe downturn in its workload.建筑业正经历工程量的严重滑坡。OPP upturn ⇨ increase noun ■ decrease /ˈdiːkriːs/ / [countable, uncountable] a reduction that happens in the amount, level or number of sth （数量）减少；（水平）降低◆There has been a decrease of nearly 6% in the number of visitors to the museum.参观该博物馆的人数下降了近6%。◆Marriage is still on the decrease.结婚率仍在下降。OPP increase ⇨ increase noun see also decrease ⇨ fall verb 1 ⓘ Decrease looks like the most direct opposite of increase, but it is not nearly as frequent as increase. For deliberate reductions, use reduction or cut. For reductions that happen, fall or drop are often preferred, especially in business contexts. * decrease看起来像是increase最直接的反义词，但它远不如increase常用。表示人为的降低用reduction或cut；表示自然发生的降低往往用fall或drop，特别是在商务语境中。■ slump [countable] a sudden fall in sales, prices or the value of sth （销售量、价格或价值的）骤降，猛跌，锐减◆The recession led to a slump in consumer spending.经济衰退导致消费开支急剧下滑。◆The present slump has hit manufacturing hard.目前的金融危机严重打击了制造业。 see also slump ⇨ recession noun , slump ⇨ slump verb NOTE 辨析 Downturn or slump?Both words can be used in the context of business or the economy. 这两个词均可用于商务或经济语境◆a downturn / slump in demand / trade / business / profits需求／贸易额／生意／利润下滑／骤降However, a slump is a bigger and more sudden fall, usually seen from the point of view of the business that is losing money. 不过，slump是更严重、更突然的下降，一般是从亏损企业的角度看。 ■ cutback / /ˈkʌtbæk/ / [countable, usually plural] a reduction that is made in sth, especially money spent, people employed or benefits （尤指支出、雇员人数或福利的）削减，缩减，减少◆Many theatres are having to make major cutbacks.许多剧场不得不大幅削减开支。 see also cut sth back ⇨ cut 1 |