| 例句 |
cut verb
⇨ cut 1 (cut taxes) ⇨ cut 2 (cut the bread) ⇨ cut 3 (have your hair cut) ⇨ cut 4 (cut your finger) ⇨ delete (cut and paste) ⇨ free 1 (cut the injured driver from the wreckage)cut noun
⇨ injury (a deep cut on his arm) ⇨ reduction (a cut in salary) ⇨ share (a cut of 5%)cut1 verb cut taxes 减税cut the bread 切面包have your hair cut 理发cut your finger 割破手指 ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ abolish, ⇨ reduce and ⇨ save 2 另见abolish条、reduce条和save条第2义cut ♦︎ slash ♦︎ cut sth back ♦︎ cut sth down ♦︎ scale sth back ♦︎ rationalize ♦︎ downsize ♦︎ scale sth downThese words all mean to reduce the amount or size of sth, especially of an amount of money or a business. 这些词均表示削减、缩减、裁减，尤指减少资金或企业规模。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to cut sth / cut sth back / cut sth down / downsize sth / scale sth down from $50 000 to $40 000◆to cut sth / cut sth back / cut sth down / scale sth down by $5 000 / 30%◆to cut back / cut down on sth◆to cut / slash / cut back on / cut down on / scale back / rationalize spending / production◆to cut / slash / cut back on jobs◆to cut / slash / downsize the workforce◆to cut / slash / rationalize the cost of sth◆to cut sth / slash sth / cut sth back / cut sth down / scale sth down drastically◆to cut sth / cut sth back / cut sth down considerably■ cut (cutting, cut, cut) [transitive] to reduce sth, especially an amount of money that is demanded, spent, earned, etc. or the size of a business 削减，缩减，裁减（尤指经费、开支、收入或企业规模）◆The President has promised to cut taxes significantly.总统承诺大幅减税。◆Could you cut your essay from 5 000 to 3 000 words?请把你的文章从5 000字删减到3 000字好吗？ see also cut ⇨ reduction noun ■ slash [transitive, often passive] (rather informal, journalism 新闻) to reduce sth by a large amount 大幅削减；大大降低◆The workforce has been slashed by half.职工人数裁减了一半。◆A slump in the retail trade has forced the company to slash prices.零售行业不景气迫使那家公司大幅降价。■ ˌcut sth ˈback ■ ˌcut ˈback on sth phrasal verb (cutting, cut, cut)to reduce sth, especially an amount of money or business 削减，缩减，裁减（尤指资金或业务量）◆If we don't sell more we'll have to cut back production.我们若不能多销，就得减产。◆The local authority is trying to cut back significantly on spending this year.地方当局今年试图大幅削减开支。 see also cutback ⇨ reduction ■ ˌcut sth ˈdown■ ˌcut ˈdown on sth phrasal verb (cutting, cut, cut)to reduce the size, amount or number of sth 削减，缩小（规模、数量或数目）◆The doctor told him to cut down on his drinking.医生劝他少喝酒。◆I won't have a cigarette, thanks－I'm trying to cut down (= smoke fewer).谢谢，我不抽。我现在尽量少抽烟。■ ˌscale sth ˈback phrasal verb (especially NAmE or business 商业) to reduce sth, especially an amount of money or business 削减，缩减，裁减（尤指资金或业务量）◆The IMF has scaled back its growth forecasts for the next decade.国际货币基金组织已经调低它对未来十年的增长预测。■ rationalize (BrE also rationalise) [transitive, intransitive] (BrE, business 商业) to make changes to a business or system, in order to make it more efficient, especially by spending less money 使合理化；进行合理化改革；使增加效益◆Twenty workers lost their jobs when the department was rationalized.在部门的合理化改革中有二十名工人失业。▸ rationalization (BrE also rationalisation) noun [uncountable, countable] ◆a need for rationalization of the industry对这一行业进行合理化改革的必要性■ downsize / /ˈdaʊnsaɪz/ / [intransitive, transitive] (business 商业) to make a company or organization smaller by reducing the number of jobs in it, in order to reduce costs （公司或机构）裁员，精减◆The worsening situation forced the company to downsize from 39 employees to 7.日益恶化的状况迫使那家公司将员工人数从39个裁减到7个。◆The larger companies are all planning to downsize their US operations.较大的公司都正计划精减在美国的运营。ⓘ Downsize is often used by people who want to avoid saying more obvious words like 'fire', 'dismiss', 'lay sb off' or 'make sb redundant' because they sound too negative. 用downsize常是为了避免说fire、dismiss、lay sb off或make sb redundant等更直白的词，因为这些词听起来过于负面。■ ˌscale sth ˈdown phrasal verb to reduce the number, size or extent of sth 减少（数量）；缩小（规模或范围）◆We are thinking of scaling down our training programmes next year.我们在考虑缩小明年的培训规模。◆He was using scaled-down versions of his father's tools.他使用的那些工具比他父亲的尺寸小。NOTE 辨析 Cut, cut sth back, cut sth down, scale sth back or scale sth down? Cut is the most general of these words. Cut sth back and scale sth back are both used especially to talk about money or business. Cut sth down and scale sth down are both more general, but are used more for talking about things other than money or business. * cut在这些词中含义最广。cut sth back和scale sth back尤用于谈论金钱或生意。cut sth down和scale sth down使用范围较广，但多用于谈论金钱和生意以外的事物。 cut2 verb cut taxes 减税cut the bread 切面包have your hair cut 理发cut your finger 割破手指cut ♦︎ chop ♦︎ slice ♦︎ carve ♦︎ diceThese words all mean to make smaller pieces of sth by using sth sharp such as a knife. 这些词均表示切、割。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to cut / chop / slice / carve sth into sth◆to cut / chop / slice sth off sth◆to cut / slice sth in half / two◆to cut / chop / slice sth up◆to cut / chop / slice / carve / dice meat◆to cut / slice bread / cake◆to chop / slice an onion◆to cut / chop / slice / dice sth finely◆to cut / slice sth thinly■ cut (cutting, cut, cut) [transitive] to remove sth or a part of sth, or divide sth into two or more pieces with a knife, etc.; to make or form sth by removing material with a knife, etc. （用刀等从某物上）切下，割下；（用刀等将某物）切成，割成◆He cut four slices from the loaf.他从一条面包上切下四片。◆He cut the loaf into thick slices.他把那条面包切成了厚片。◆Shall I cut you a piece of cake?要我给你切块蛋糕吗？◆Don't cut the string; untie the knot.不要割断绳子，把结解开。◆The climbers cut steps in the ice.登山者在冰上凿出踏脚处。■ chop (-pp-) [transitive] to make smaller pieces of sth using sth sharp such as a knife 切碎；剁碎；砍；劈◆He was chopping logs for firewood.他在把原木劈成柴火。◆Roughly chop the herbs.把香草稍微切一下。■ slice [transitive, intransitive] to cut sth into slices; to cut sth easily with or as if with a sharp blade 把⋯切成片；切；割；划◆Slice the cucumber thinly.把黄瓜切成薄片。◆a sliced loaf切片面包◆a loaf of sliced bread一条切片面包◆He accidentally sliced through his finger.他不小心把指头割破了。 see also slice ⇨ piece ■ carve [transitive, intransitive] to cut a large piece of cooked meat into smaller pieces for eating 把（熟肉）切成块◆She taught me how to carve a leg of lamb.她教我如何切羊腿。◆Lunch is ready. Who's going to carve?午饭好了，谁来把肉切开？■ dice [transitive] to cut meat, vegetables, etc. into small square pieces 把（肉、菜等）切成丁◆diced carrots / lamb胡萝卜丁；羊肉丁 cut3 verb cut taxes 减税cut the bread 切面包have your hair cut 理发cut your finger 割破手指cut ♦︎ trim ♦︎ shave ♦︎ mow ♦︎ lop ♦︎ shear ♦︎ snip ♦︎ crop ♦︎ clipThese words all mean to make sth shorter or neater by removing part of it with a sharp tool. 这些词均表示剪短或修剪。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to cut / trim / shave / lop / snip / clip sth off sth◆to cut / trim / shave / lop / shear / snip / clip sth off◆to cut / shave / lop / shear / snip / clip sth from sth◆to cut / trim / shave / shear / snip / crop / clip hair◆to cut / trim / clip a hedge◆to cut / clip your / sb's nails◆to cut / mow the grass / lawn◆to cut / trim / clip sth neatly■ cut (cutting, cut, cut) [transitive] to make sth shorter by cutting; to remove sth from sth larger by cutting 剪短；修剪；割下；切掉◆I'm going to get / have my hair cut really short.我要把头发理得很短。◆He had his finger cut off in an accident at work.他在工作时出了意外，切掉了一根手指。▸ cut noun [countable] ◆Using sharp scissors, make a small cut in the material.用锋利的剪刀在这块布料上剪一个小口。◆to have a haircut理发■ trim (-mm-) [transitive] to make sth neater, smaller or better by cutting parts from it; to cut away unnecessary parts from sth 修剪；割掉，剪下（不必要的部分）◆Trim the edges with a sharp knife.用锋利的刀修修边。◆His beard was neatly trimmed.他的胡子修剪得很整齐。◆Trim some of the fat off the meat.把多余的肥膘从肉上切掉。▸ trim noun [countable, usually singular] ◆The hedge needs a trim.树篱需要修剪了。■ shave [transitive, intransitive] to cut hair from the skin, especially the face, using a razor (= a special instrument that cuts close to the skin) 剃（须发）；（尤指）刮脸◆He has completely shaved his head.他剃了一个光头。◆I cut myself (= made myself bleed) when I was shaving.我刮胡子时把脸划破了。▸ shave noun [countable, usually singular] ◆I need a shave.我需要刮胡子了。■ mow /məʊ; NAmE moʊ/ (mowed, mown or mowed, mowed) [transitive] to cut grass, etc. using a machine or tool that has a special blade or blades 刈；割，修剪（草等）◆The lawn needs mowing every week in summer.夏天每周都要修剪草坪。■ lop (-pp-) [transitive] to remove part of sth by cutting it, especially to remove branches from a tree 砍掉；剪掉；（尤指）修剪（树枝）◆The men began lopping branches from a row of beech trees.那些人开始修剪一排山毛榉的树枝。■ shear /ʃɪə(r); NAmE ʃɪr/ (sheared, shorn or sheared, sheared) [transitive] to cut the wool off a sheep; to cut off sb's hair 剪（羊毛或头发）◆It was time for the sheep to be shorn.是剪羊毛的时节了。◆ (formal) The prisoners' hair was shorn.那些囚犯的头发被剪掉了。■ snip (-pp-) [transitive] to cut sth with scissors using short, quick strokes （用剪刀快速）剪，剪断，剪开◆Snip a tiny hole in the paper.在纸上剪一个小孔。◆She snipped at the stitching.她把针脚剪掉。◆Snip off the end of the tube.把管子末端剪掉。▸ snip noun [countable] ◆Make a series of snips along the edge of the fabric.顺着布边细碎地剪。■ crop (-pp-) [transitive] to cut sb's hair very short 将（头发）剪得很短◆His hair was closely cropped.他的头发剪得很短。■ clip (-pp-) [transitive] to cut sth with scissors, etc. in order to make it shorter or neater; to remove sth by cutting it off 剪（掉）；修剪◆The trees had been clipped into formal shapes.那些树已经修剪成整齐的形状了。◆He clipped off a piece of wire with the pliers.他用钳子剪掉了一段电线。 cut4 verb cut taxes 减税cut the bread 切面包have your hair cut 理发cut your finger 割破手指cut ♦︎ slash ♦︎ slit ♦︎ split ♦︎ nick ♦︎ gashThese words all mean to make an opening or wound in sth with sth sharp. 这些词均表示切开、划破。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to cut / slash / slit sb's throat / your wrists◆to cut / split your head / lip◆to cut / nick yourself◆to cut / slit / split sth open■ cut (cutting, cut, cut) [transitive] to make an opening or a wound in sth, especially with a sharp tool such as a knife or scissors （尤指用刀、剪等利器）切，割，割破，划破◆She cut her finger on a piece of glass.一块玻璃划破了她的手指。◆He cut himself (= his face) shaving.他刮胡子把脸刮破了。◆Workmen cut a hole in the pipe.工人在管道里凿了一个孔。◆You need a powerful saw to cut through metal.切割金属须用强劲的锯。 see also cut ⇨ injury ■ slash [transitive] to make a long cut with a sharp object, especially in a violent way （用利器）砍，劈◆Someone had slashed the tyres on my car.有人割破了我汽车的轮胎。◆She tried to kill herself by slashing her wrists.她试图割腕自杀。◆We had to slash our way through the undergrowth with sticks.我们挥舞着木棍一路劈砍，才在灌木丛中开出一条路前行。◆He slashed at his opponent with his sword.他挥剑砍向对手。■ slit (slitting, slit, slit) [transitive] to make a long narrow cut or opening in sth 在⋯上开狭长口子；切开；划破◆Slit the roll with a sharp knife.用锋利的刀在面包卷上划开一道口子。◆The victim's throat had been slit.受害者的喉咙被割开了。◆He slit open the envelope and took out the letter.他拆开信封，抽出信来。■ split (splitting, split, split) [transitive] to accidentally cut your skin and make it bleed （意外）划破，割破，碰破（皮肤）◆She fell downstairs and split her head open.她摔下楼梯，把头碰破了。◆How did you split your lip?你怎么把嘴唇划破了？■ nick [transitive] to make a small cut in the surface or edge of sth, especially sb's skin （在⋯表面或边上）划刻痕，使有缺口；使（皮肤）破损◆He nicked himself while shaving.他刮脸时刮了个口子。◆I nicked my finger opening the tin.我开罐头时划破了手指。■ gash [transitive] to make a long deep cut in sth, especially sb's skin 划伤，割伤（皮肤）◆He gashed his hand on a sharp piece of rock.他的手在一块尖石头上划了一个大口子。 see also gash ⇨ injury delete verb delete ♦︎ erase ♦︎ cut ♦︎ cross sth out ♦︎ wipe ♦︎ strike sth out ♦︎ rub sth out ♦︎ cross sb/sth offThese words all mean to take away a piece of information, especially written information. 这些词均表示删除信息，尤指书面信息。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to delete / erase / cut / wipe sth from sth◆to delete / erase / cross out / strike out / rub out a word◆to delete / cut / cross out a sentence◆to delete / cut / cross out / strike out a paragraph◆to delete sth from / cross sb / sth off a list◆to delete / erase / wipe a file (on a computer)◆to delete / erase / wipe sth accidentally◆to erase / wipe sth completely■ delete / /dɪˈliːt/ / [transitive] (rather formal or computing 计算机) to remove sth that has been written or printed, or that has been stored on a computer 删去，删除（书写、印刷或存入计算机的内容）◆Your name has been deleted from the list.你的名字已从名单上删掉。◆This command deletes files from the directory.该指令把文档从目录中删除。◆I deleted your last email by mistake－could you send it again?我无意中把你的上一封电子邮件给删除了。请再发一次好吗？▸ deletion / /dɪˈliːʃn/ / noun [countable, uncountable] ◆He made several deletions to the manuscript.他在原稿上删去了好几处。■ erase /ɪˈreɪz; NAmE ɪˈreɪs/ [transitive] to remove sth completely from your mind; to make a mark or sth you have written disappear, for example by rubbing it, especially in order to correct it; to remove a recording from a tape or information from a computer's memory 忘却（某事）；擦掉（笔迹）；清洗（磁带录音）；删除（计算机信息）◆She tried to erase the memory of that evening.她试图忘却那天晚上的事。◆All doubts were suddenly erased from his mind.他心中所有疑虑一下子烟消云散了。◆All the phone numbers had been erased.所有电话号码都被删除了。◆Parts of the recording have been erased.部分录音已被抹掉。■ cut (cutting, cut, cut) [transitive, intransitive] to remove part of a piece of writing, a sound recording or film; to delete part of a text on a computer screen in order to place it somewhere else 删剪，删节（文字、录音或电影胶片）；（在计算机上）剪切◆This scene was cut from the final version of the movie.这场戏在电影的最终版本中被删剪了。◆You can cut out this whole paragraph without losing any of the impact.你可把这一整段都删掉，丝毫不会影响效果。◆You can cut and paste between different programs.你可在不同程序间进行剪贴。▸ cut noun [countable] ◆The director objected to the cuts ordered by the film censor.导演反对按电影审查员的指令作删节。■ ˌcross sth ˈout phrasal verb to draw a line through a word, usually because it is wrong 画掉，删掉（错字）◆She crossed out 'Miss' and wrote 'Ms'.她删去了Miss，写上Ms。◆He's crossing the days out on the calendar until the start of the World Cup.他每天把日历上的日子画掉一个，直到世界杯开幕为止。■ wipe [transitive] to remove information, sound or images from a computer, tape or video 删除，抹掉（计算机、磁带或录像带上的信息、音像等）◆You must have wiped off that show I recorded.你一定是把我录下来的节目给抹掉了。◆Somebody had wiped all the tapes.有人把所有磁带上的内容都删掉了。 see also wipe ⇨ forget ■ ˌstrike sth ˈout phrasal verb (struck, struck)to remove sth by drawing a line through it 画掉；删去◆The editor struck out the whole paragraph.编辑把整个段落都给删掉了。■ ˌrub sth ˈout phrasal verb (-bb-) (BrE) to remove the marks made by sth, for example a pencil or chalk 擦掉（字迹等）◆She reached up and rubbed out the words on the board.她伸手擦掉了黑板上的字。◆Use a pencil so you can rub it out if you make a mistake.用铅笔写吧，写错了可以擦掉。ⓘ In American English use erase. 在美式英语中用erase。■ ˌcross sb/sth ˈoff■ ˌcross sb/sth ˈoff sth phrasal verb to draw a line through a person's name or an item on a list because they are/it is no longer required or involved （从名单或清单上）画掉，删掉◆We can cross his name off the list－he's not coming.他不来了，我们可以把他的名字画掉了。 free1 verb free the passengers from the wreckage 把乘客从残骸中救出free the body of tension 使紧张的身体放松free ♦︎ let (sb/sth) go ♦︎ cut ♦︎ release ♦︎ disengage ♦︎ disentangleThese words all mean to stop holding sb/sth or to move them out of a place or position in which they have been trapped or held. 这些词均表示使不再受困、使摆脱。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to free / cut / release / disengage / disentangle sb / sth from sth◆to free / release / disengage / disentangle yourself from sth◆to free / release a passenger◆to free / let go of / release / disengage / disentangle your / sb's arm / hand◆to let go of / release a strap■ free [transitive] to manage to move sb/sth that is trapped or fixed somewhere 释放；使摆脱◆Three people were freed from the wreckage.有三人从残骸中被救出。◆He managed to free his arms from their bonds.他设法将双臂从捆绑中挣脱出来。◆A good kick finally freed the door.使劲一踢，门终于开了。◆ (figurative) Counselling may help you to free yourself from the past.接受心理辅导也许会帮助你走出过去的阴影。 see also free ⇨ release verb ■ ˌlet ˈgo■ ˌlet sb/sth ˈgo idiom (letting, let, let) (often used in orders 常用于命令) (especially spoken) to stop holding sb/sth and allow them to fall or move freely 放开；松手◆Don't let go of the rope.别松开绳子。◆Let go! You're hurting me!放手！你弄疼我了！◆Let me go!放开我！ see also let sb go ⇨ release verb ■ cut (cutting, cut, cut) [transitive] to free sb from somewhere by cutting the rope, object, etc. that is holding them （割断绳子、物品等）让（某人）挣脱束缚，释放◆The injured driver had to be cut from the wreckage.受伤的司机得靠切开汽车残骸才获救。◆Two survivors were cut free after being trapped for twenty minutes.两名幸存者受困二十分钟后被解救出来。■ release [transitive] (rather formal) to manage to move sb/sth that is trapped somewhere; to stop holding sth or stop it from being held so that it can move, fly or fall freely 释放；放开；松开；使自由移动（或飞翔、降落）◆Firefighters took two hours to release the driver from the wreckage.消防队员花了两个小时才将司机从汽车残骸中救出来。◆He refused to release her arm.他不肯放开她的胳膊。◆10 000 balloons were released at the ceremony.典礼上放飞了1万个气球。◆ (figurative) Death released him from his suffering.死亡使他从痛苦中解脱了。 see also release ⇨ release verb ■ disengage / /ˌdɪsɪnˈgeɪdʒ/ / [transitive, intransitive] (formal) to free sb/sth from the person or thing that is holding them/it; to become free 使脱离；松开；解脱◆She gently disengaged herself from her sleeping son.她轻轻地放下怀中熟睡的儿子。◆We saw the booster rockets disengage and fall into the sea.我们看到火箭助推器脱落后坠入大海。◆ (figurative) They wished to disengage themselves from these policies.他们希望摆脱这些政策的束缚。ⓘ People often disengage themselves gently from a situation, without a lot of noise or activity. * disengage常与gently搭配，指人轻柔地从某境况中脱身，没有太大的声音或动作。■ disentangle / /ˌdɪsɪnˈtæŋgl/ / [transitive] to free sb/sth from sth that has become wrapped or twisted around them 使解开，使摆脱（包覆或缠绕）◆He tried to disentangle his fingers from her hair.他竭力将手指从她缠绕的头发中挣脱出来。 injury noun injury ♦︎ wound ♦︎ cut ♦︎ bruise ♦︎ scratch ♦︎ gash ♦︎ grazeThese are all words for harm to sb's body, usually when the skin is broken. 这些词均表示对身体的伤害、损伤，通常伴有皮肤破损。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an injury / a wound / cuts / a bruise / a gash to a part of the body◆(a) severe injuries / wound / bruise◆a deep wound / cut / scratch / gash◆minor injuries / wounds / cuts / bruises◆to suffer an injury / a wound / cuts / bruises / scratches / a gash◆to sustain an injury / a wound / cuts / bruises◆to clean a wound / cut◆a wound / cut / bruise heals◆cuts and bruises / scratches / grazes■ injury [countable, uncountable] harm done to a person's or animal's body, for example in an accident （对躯体的）伤害，损伤◆As a result of the accident, several passengers sustained serious head injuries.几名乘客因这起事故头部受了重伤。◆She escaped with only minor injuries.她幸免于难，只受了几处轻伤。◆Two players are out of the team because of injury.两名队员因伤离队。ⓘ The other words in this group generally refer to skin, but an injury can affect bones, muscles, or other parts of the body. 本组词中injury可指骨骼、肌肉或身体其他部位的伤，其他词一般指皮肤上的伤。 ■ wound [countable] an injury to part of the body, especially one in which a hole is made in the skin using a weapon （身体上的）伤，伤口；（武器造成的）伤◆She survived, despite receiving severe stab wounds.她尽管被严重刺伤，还是活了下来。◆He proudly showed us his war wounds.他骄傲地向我们展示了他的战伤。ⓘ Wound often collocates with the name of the weapon that caused it. * wound常与造成伤害的武器的名字搭配◆a bullet / gunshot / knife / shrapnel wound枪伤；刀伤；弹片伤 ■ cut [countable] a place where a sharp object has made a hole in sb's skin. 伤口；划口◆He came home covered in cuts and bruises.他遍体鳞伤地回到家。◆Blood poured from the deep cut on his arm.鲜血从他手臂上深深的伤口中涌出。 see also cut ⇨ cut verb 4 ■ bruise / /bruːz/ / [countable] a blue, brown or purple mark on the skin after sb has fallen or been hit 青肿；瘀伤；碰伤◆He had a huge bruise over his eye.他眼睛上有一大块瘀伤。◆ (BrE) His legs were covered in bruises.他腿上布满了瘀伤。◆ (especially NAmE) covered with bruises浑身青肿◆She was treated for minor cuts and bruises.她因轻微划伤和瘀伤而接受治疗。■ scratch [countable] a thin cut which produces very little or no blood （出血很少或不出血的）小伤口，划口◆Her hands were covered in scratches from the brambles.她双手布满了黑莓荆棘划的口子。 see also scratch ⇨ scratch verb 1 ■ gash [countable] a long, deep cut in the skin 深长的切口◆He had a nasty gash across his chest.他的胸部有一道又深又长的伤口。 see also gash ⇨ cut verb 4 ■ graze [countable] a small injury where the skin has been slightly broken by rubbing against sth （表皮）擦伤◆Paul had a graze on his knee from where he had fallen over on the concrete.保罗摔倒在水泥地上，擦伤了膝盖。 see also graze ⇨ scratch verb 1 reduction noun reduction ♦︎ cut ♦︎ decline ♦︎ fall ♦︎ drop ♦︎ downturn ♦︎ decrease ♦︎ slump ♦︎ cutbackThese are all words for a situation when the amount, level, number or size of sth goes down. 这些词均表示减少、缩小、降低。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a reduction / cut / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease / slump / cutback in sth◆a reduction / cut / decline / fall / drop / decrease / cutback of 20%◆a 20% reduction / cut / decline / fall / drop / decrease in sth◆(a) sharp reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease / slump / cutbacks◆(a) large / significant reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease / cutbacks◆(a) big / huge / massive / major reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / slump / cutbacks◆(a) dramatic reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / slump◆(a) drastic reduction / cuts / decline / fall / drop / downturn / cutbacks◆a sudden reduction / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease / slump◆a slight reduction / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease◆to lead to / result in / cause a reduction / cut / decline / fall / drop / decrease◆to see a reduction / decline / fall / drop / downturn / decrease◆to make reductions / cuts / cutbacks■ reduction [countable, uncountable] an act of making sth less or smaller; the state of being made less or smaller 减少；缩小；降低◆This year has seen a 33% reduction in the number of hospital beds available.今年医院可用床位数量减少了33%。◆The report recommends further reductions in air and noise emissions.这份报告建议进一步降低有害气体和噪音排放量。◆There are reductions (= in the price) for children sharing a room with two adults.孩子和两个大人合住一间房可以打折。◆There has been some reduction in unemployment.失业人数有所减少。OPP increase ⇨ increase noun ■ cut [countable] a reduction that is made in the amount, size or supply of sth （数量、尺寸或供应的）削减，减少，缩减◆They had to take a 20% cut in pay.他们不得不接受减薪20%。◆The company has announced a new round of job cuts.公司宣布了新一轮工作岗位的削减。◆The proposed tax cuts will come into effect next May.减税提议将于明年5月生效。OPP increase ⇨ increase noun see also cut ⇨ cut verb 1 , lay-off ⇨ unemployment NOTE 辨析 Reduction or cut? Reduction can be used for things that become less or smaller by themselves, or things that are reduced deliberately by sb. A cut cannot happen by itself－it has to be made by sb. A cut is often (but not always) a negative thing. * reduction可指事物自行或被人为变少或变小。cut不指自行减少，只指人为减少。cut经常是（但并非总是）负面的◆job / salary / pay cuts裁员；减薪A cut cannot happen over time. A reduction can. * cut不指持续递减，而reduction可以◆a gradual reduction逐渐的减少◆a gradual cut ■ decline [countable, usually singular, uncountable] a continuous reduction that happens in the number, value or quality of sth; the process of a place, tradition or institution gradually becoming less important or coming to an end （数量、价值或质量的）减少，下降；（地方、传统或机构的）衰落，衰退◆These measures have failed to reverse the country's economic decline.这些措施未能扭转该国的经济衰退。◆His book charts the decline and fall of a great civilization.他在书中记载了一个伟大文明的衰亡。◆The town fell into (a) decline (= started to be less busy, important, etc.) after the mine closed.这个镇在矿井关闭后开始萧条。◆Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s.英国工业自20世纪70年代以来一直在走下坡路。OPP rise ⇨ increase noun see also decline ⇨ fall verb 1 , decline ⇨ worsen verb ■ fall [countable] (especially business 尤用于商业) a reduction that happens in the size, number, rate or level of sth （尺寸）减小；（数量）减少；（比率或水平）降低◆Share prices suffered a slight fall yesterday.股票价格昨日微幅下挫。◆This figure represents a fall of 23% on the same period last year.这一数据与去年同期相比下降了23%。OPP rise ⇨ increase noun see also fall ⇨ fall verb 1 ■ drop [countable, usually singular] (especially journalism 尤用于新闻) a reduction that happens in the size, number, rate or level of sth （尺寸）减小；（数量）减少；（比率或水平）降低◆If you want the job, you must be prepared to take a drop in salary.如果你想干这份工作，就必须对薪水减少做好思想准备。◆The restaurant has suffered a 10% drop in trade.餐厅的生意下降了10%。OPP rise ⇨ increase noun see also drop ⇨ fall verb 1 NOTE 辨析 Decline, fall or drop?These words all describe a process that happens, rather than a deliberate action by sb. Decline tends to emphasize the process, whether this is fast or slow. 这些词均指自然发生的情况，而不是某人有意所为。decline往往强调衰落的过程，不论快慢◆a steady / sharp decline in profits利润稳步／急剧下降◆a civilization in terminal decline处于衰亡期的文明 Fall and drop tend to emphasize the result of the process. * fall和drop往往强调这一过程的结果◆a fall / drop of 30%30%的下降A fall, like a decline, can happen over time, but a drop cannot. * fall和decline一样可指持续递减，但drop不能◆a gradual decline / fall逐步下降◆a gradual drop ■ downturn / /ˈdaʊntɜːn; NAmE ˈdaʊntɜːrn/ [countable, usually singular] a fall in the amount of business that is done; a time when the economy becomes weaker （生意或经济的）衰退，下降；衰退期◆The building industry is experiencing a severe downturn in its workload.建筑业正经历工程量的严重滑坡。OPP upturn ⇨ increase noun ■ decrease /ˈdiːkriːs/ / [countable, uncountable] a reduction that happens in the amount, level or number of sth （数量）减少；（水平）降低◆There has been a decrease of nearly 6% in the number of visitors to the museum.参观该博物馆的人数下降了近6%。◆Marriage is still on the decrease.结婚率仍在下降。OPP increase ⇨ increase noun see also decrease ⇨ fall verb 1 ⓘ Decrease looks like the most direct opposite of increase, but it is not nearly as frequent as increase. For deliberate reductions, use reduction or cut. For reductions that happen, fall or drop are often preferred, especially in business contexts. * decrease看起来像是increase最直接的反义词，但它远不如increase常用。表示人为的降低用reduction或cut；表示自然发生的降低往往用fall或drop，特别是在商务语境中。■ slump [countable] a sudden fall in sales, prices or the value of sth （销售量、价格或价值的）骤降，猛跌，锐减◆The recession led to a slump in consumer spending.经济衰退导致消费开支急剧下滑。◆The present slump has hit manufacturing hard.目前的金融危机严重打击了制造业。 see also slump ⇨ recession noun , slump ⇨ slump verb NOTE 辨析 Downturn or slump?Both words can be used in the context of business or the economy. 这两个词均可用于商务或经济语境◆a downturn / slump in demand / trade / business / profits需求／贸易额／生意／利润下滑／骤降However, a slump is a bigger and more sudden fall, usually seen from the point of view of the business that is losing money. 不过，slump是更严重、更突然的下降，一般是从亏损企业的角度看。 ■ cutback / /ˈkʌtbæk/ / [countable, usually plural] a reduction that is made in sth, especially money spent, people employed or benefits （尤指支出、雇员人数或福利的）削减，缩减，减少◆Many theatres are having to make major cutbacks.许多剧场不得不大幅削减开支。 see also cut sth back ⇨ cut 1 share noun share ♦︎ quota ♦︎ allocation ♦︎ commission ♦︎ allowance ♦︎ ration ♦︎ cut ♦︎ percentageThese are all words for an amount of sth which is given to sb/sth. 这些词均表示份额、定额、限额。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a share / quota / allocation / allowance / ration / cut / percentage of sth◆a full share / quota / allocation / commission / allowance / ration◆a large share / quota / allocation / commission◆a small share / quota / allocation / commission / percentage◆an annual quota / allocation / allowance◆a fixed share / quota / commission / percentage◆to get your share / your quota / an allocation / a commission / a cut / a percentage◆to receive a share / an allocation / a commission / a percentage◆to take a share / commission / cut / percentage◆to have your share / quota / ration◆to be entitled to a share / an allocation / a commission■ share [countable, usually singular] one part of sth that is divided between two or more people; a part that sb has in a particular activity that involves several people; an amount of sth that is thought to be normal or acceptable for one person （分得的或活动中所占的）一份；正常的一份；可接受的一份◆How much was your share of the winnings?在赢得的钱里你那份有多少？◆Next year we hope to have a bigger share of the market.明年我们希望获得更大的市场份额。◆I'm hoping for a share in the profits.我希望利润中有我一份。◆We all did our share of the work.这项工作我们都尽了一份力。◆Everyone must accept their share of the blame.每个人都必须为自己的过错负起那一份责任。 see also share ⇨ join ■ quota / /ˈkwəʊtə; NAmE ˈkwoʊtə/ [countable] the limited number of people or things that is officially allowed; an amount of sth that sb expects or needs to have or achieve 定额；限额；配额；指标◆They are bringing in a quota system for accepting refugees.他们将推行一种接收难民的限额制度。◆The show is good fun and yields its full quota of laughs.表演很有趣，博得预期中的阵阵笑声。■ allocation /ˌæləˈkeɪʃn/ / [countable] an amount of sth, especially money, that is given to sb for a particular purpose 分配的东西；（尤指）划拨的款项◆We have spent our entire allocation for the year.我们已经把今年拨给我们的经费全都花光了。 see also allocate ⇨ allocate ■ commission / /kəˈmɪʃn/ / [uncountable, countable] an amount of money that is paid to sb for selling goods, which increases with the value of goods that are sold; an amount of money that is charged, for example by a bank, for providing a particular service 佣金；回扣；（银行等的）手续费◆In this job you work on commission (= are paid according to the amount you sell).你做这份工作按销售额提成。◆You get a 10% commission on everything you sell.你可从你售出的每件商品中获得10%的佣金。◆One per cent commission is charged for cashing traveller's cheques.兑现旅行支票收取1%的手续费。■ allowance / /əˈlaʊəns/ / [countable] the amount of sth that is allowed in a particular situation 限额；定量◆There is a maximum baggage allowance of 20 kilos.行李限重20公斤。■ ration / /ˈræʃn/ / [countable] a fixed amount of sth, especially food, that you are officially allowed to have when there is not enough for everyone to have as much as they want, for example during a war （食品等短缺时的）配给量，定量◆I gave him my butter ration at breakfast one morning.有一天早餐时我把我那份黄油给了他。◆a ration book / card / coupon (= allowing you to claim a ration of sth) 定量供给簿；定量供应卡；配给券ⓘ A ration [singular] is also an amount of sth that is thought to be normal or acceptable for one person. * ration也可表示一个人的正常或合理的量◆As part of the diet, allow yourself a small daily ration of sugar.作为饮食的一部分，你每天要摄取少量的糖。 see also rations ⇨ supplies ▸ ration verb [transitive, often passive] ◆Eggs were rationed during the war.战争期间鸡蛋限量供应。◆The villagers are rationed to two litres of water a day.村民每天的用水量限定为2升。NOTE 辨析 Share, quota or ration?These words can all be used to mean 'an amount of sth that is thought to be normal or acceptable for one person'. Share and quota can both be used to talk about pleasant or unpleasant things such as luck, laughs, work or blame. Share is much more frequent; quota is only used in this meaning in more formal or written language. Ration is used to talk about food, or about sth nice that you must not have or expect too much of. 这三个词都可表示一个人的正常或合理的量。share 和quota都可用于愉快或不愉快的事物，如luck、laugh、work或blame。share要常用得多，quota表达此义时仅作较正式用语或书面语。ration用于食物，或用于不应有太多或不能期盼太多的好东西。■ cut [countable, usually singular] (rather informal) a share in sth, especially the profits of sth （尤指利润的）份，份额◆They were rewarded with a cut of 5% from the profits.他们得到占利润5%份额的报酬。◆There wasn't much left after his agents took their cut.代理商抽走份额后他的利润所剩无几。■ percentage /pəˈsentɪdʒ; NAmE pərˈsentɪdʒ/ [countable, usually singular] a share of the profits of sth 利润的分成；提成◆He gets a percentage for every car sold.他每售出一辆汽车便可得到一份提成。NOTE 辨析 Cut or percentage? Percentage is used especially in a situation where money is paid to sb for doing a job, for example to an employee. Cut is used more often if people divide a total sum of money among themselves. If the percentage figure is given, the word cut is used. * percentage尤用于支付酬劳的场合，例如付给雇员工资；cut更常用于分割总金额的场合。如果提到了明确的分配额度，则用cut◆Our manager gets a cut of 10%.我们经理得到10%的份额。◆Our manager gets a percentage of 10%. |