establishment noun ⇨authorities (kicking against the establishment)⇨introduction1 (the establishment of a new college)
theauthorities
noun
the authorities ♦︎ bureaucracy ♦︎ the establishment ♦︎ the system ♦︎ the top brass ♦︎ officialdomThese words all refer to the people who have power to make decisions in an organization, country or area of activity, or the system they are part of, especially when the system seems unfair because you cannot change or influence it.这些词均表示当权者、当局、统治制度，尤含贬义。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆within the bureaucracy / establishment / system◆the military authorities / bureaucracy / establishment / top brass◆the medical / political authorities / bureaucracy / establishment◆the local / federal / government / state authorities / bureaucracy◆to rebel against / fight the establishment / system■the authorities [plural] the people who have the power to make decisions or who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region当权者；当局◆The health authorities are investigating the problem.卫生部门正在调查这个问题。◆Someone reported him to the immigration authorities.有人向移民当局举报了他。■bureaucracy / /bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi; NAmEbjʊˈrɑːkrəsi/ [uncountable, countable] a system of government in which there are a large number of state officials who are not elected; a country with this system官僚体制；实行官僚体制的国家◆Many people believed that the state bureaucracy was corrupt.许多人认为国家官僚体制很腐败。◆We are living in a modern bureaucracy.我们生活在现代官僚体制中。 see also bureaucracy ⇨ bureaucracy, bureaucrat ⇨ officialnoun■the establishment ( the Establishment) [singular + singular or plural verb] (oftendisapproving) the people in a society or profession who have influence and who do not usually support change（通常反对变革的）当权派，权势集团◆As a young designer she soon became known for kicking against the Establishment.作为一名年轻设计师，她很快因反对权威而闻名。◆His ideas have not been widely accepted within the academic establishment.在学术界，他的论点还没有得到广泛认可。■the systemthe rules or people that control a country or organization, especially when they seem unfair because you cannot change them（尤指不公正的统治或管理）制度，体系，集团◆You should know you can't beat the system(= you must accept the way things are done).你该知道，你斗不过现行的体制。◆Graham knew how to work the system(= make it work to his own advantage).格雷厄姆知道如何使制度对他有利。■the ˌtop ˈbrass (BrE) (NAmEthe brass) [singular + singular or plural verb] (informal) the people who are in the most important positions in an organization or area of activity（机构或领域的）最高负责人，要员，头目◆There will be a meeting of the sport's top brass in Paris this week.本周将在巴黎召开一次体育巨头会议。■officialdom /əˈfɪʃldəm/ / [uncountable] (disapproving) state officials, or people who are in important positions in large organizations, when they seem to be more interested in following rules than being helpful（只懂按本子办事而不便民的）官僚，当官的人◆The report is critical of attempts by officialdom to deal with the problem of homelessness.报告对处理无家可归者问题上的官僚作风提出批评。
introduction1
noun
the introduction of modern farming methods现代耕作方法的采用the introduction to a book一本书的序言basicsAn Introduction to Astronomydebutmy first introduction to modern jazzintroduction ♦︎ formation ♦︎ establishment ♦︎ foundationThese are all words for the act of bringing sth into use or existence for the first time.这些词均表示初次投入使用、引进、推行。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the early / gradual / rapid / recent introduction / formation / establishment of sth◆the formal introduction / establishment of sth◆to lead to / result in / see the introduction / formation / establishment / foundation of sth◆to call for / support / allow (for) / enable / provide for / announce the introduction / formation / establishment of sth■introduction [uncountable] the act of bringing sth into use or existence for the first time, or of bringing sth to a place for the first time初次投入使用；引进；推行◆The need for a large army resulted in the introduction of compulsory military service.对庞大军队的需要导致了义务兵役制的实行。◆the gradual introduction of modern farming methods into traditional societies现代耕作方法在传统社会的逐步采用◆They celebrated the 1 000th anniversary of the introduction of Christianity to Russia.他们庆祝基督教传入俄罗斯1 000周年。■formation /fɔːˈmeɪʃn; NAmEfɔːrˈmeɪʃn/ [uncountable] the act of creating sth; the process of being created创建；形成；组成◆An agreement on the formation of a new government was reached on June 6.6月6日达成了一项关于组建新政府的协议。◆They've found evidence of recent star formation in the galaxy.他们发现了银河系新恒星形成的证据。 see also form ⇨ establishverb■establishment [uncountable] (ratherformal) the act of starting or creating sth that is meant to last for a long time建立；创立；确立◆The speaker announced the establishment of a new college.发言人宣布了新学院的成立。◆His visit facilitated the establishment of diplomatic relations between the countries.他的出访促进了国家间外交关系的建立。ⓘ Establishment can be used to talk about a service, a belief or a project, as well as an organization. * establishment可指公共服务事业、项目以及组织的建立或信仰的确立。 see also establish ⇨ establish■foundation [uncountable] (ratherformal) the act of creating a new institution or organization（机构或组织的）创建，创办◆The organization has grown enormously since its foundation in 1955.该组织自1955年创建以来已发展壮大了起来。◆She used the money to go towards the foundation of a special research group.她把那笔钱花在了创建一个特别研究小组上。 see also found ⇨ establish