| 例句 |
firm adj.
⇨ firm (a firm base) ⇨ final (firm beliefs) ⇨ solid (firm ground) ⇨ strict (firm discipline) ⇨ tight (a firm grip)firm noun
⇨ companyfirm adjective firm ♦︎ secure ♦︎ steady ♦︎ stableThese words all describe sth that is strongly fixed in place and not likely to move. 这些词均表示牢固的、稳固的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a firm / secure / steady / stable foundation◆a firm / secure / stable base■ firm strongly fixed in place, especially on sth heavy or strong that is not likely to move or change 牢固的；稳固的◆Stand the fish tank on a firm base.把鱼缸放在牢固的基座上。◆No building can stand without firm foundations, and neither can a marriage.没有稳固的基础，建筑就不牢靠，婚姻也是如此。 see also firm ⇨ solid , firm ⇨ tight ▸ firmly adverb ◆Make sure the cover is firmly fixed in place.一定要把罩子牢牢地固定在适当的地方。■ secure / /sɪˈkjʊə(r); NAmE səˈkjʊr/ fixed firmly and correctly and therefore not likely to move, fall or break 牢固的；稳固的；坚固的◆The aerial doesn't look very secure to me.我看这天线不太牢固。◆It was difficult to maintain a secure foothold on the ice.在冰上不容易站稳脚。■ steady firmly fixed, supported or balanced; not shaking or likely to fall 稳的；平稳的；稳固的◆He held the boat steady as she got in.他把船稳住，让她上了船。◆Such fine work requires a good eye and a steady hand.做这样精细的工作，眼要尖、手要稳。◆She's not very steady on her feet these days.她如今站不太稳了。OPP unsteady ⓘ Unsteady describes a person who is not completely in control of their movements and might fall, or a part of the body that is shaking or moving in a way that is not controlled. * unsteady表示人站不稳的、摇晃的或身体部位颤抖的、抖动的◆She is still a little unsteady on her feet after the operation.手术后她还有点站不稳。◆With unsteady hands he opened the door and peered out.他用颤抖的双手打开门，向外窥视。 see also steady ⇨ lean verb 2 , steady ⇨ steady adj. ■ stable /ˈsteɪbl/ / not likely to fall over 稳固的；牢固的◆This ladder doesn't seem very stable.这架梯子好像不太稳。 OPP unstable see also stable ⇨ steady final adjective final ♦︎ firm ♦︎ concrete ♦︎ proven ♦︎ definitive ♦︎ hard ♦︎ absolute ♦︎ positive ♦︎ categoricalThese words all describe information or a decision that is certain and cannot be changed. 这些词均表示确定的、不可更改的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆firm / concrete / definitive / hard / absolute / positive evidence◆final / firm / concrete / definitive / absolute / positive proof◆a final / firm / definitive decision / conclusion / diagnosis / agreement / answer◆a final / firm offer◆concrete / proven / hard facts◆a final / definitive judgement / ruling■ final that cannot be argued with or changed 决定性的；不可改变的；最终的◆The judge's decision is final.法官的判决是最终判决。◆Who has the final say around here?这里谁有最后决定权？◆I'll give you $500 for it, and that's my final offer!我出价500元，不再加价了！◆ (spoken) I'm not coming, and that's final!(= I will not change my mind) 我不来，就这么定了！▸ finally adverb ◆The matter was not finally settled until much later.这事很久以后才得到彻底解决。■ firm not likely to change 坚定的；确定的；坚决的◆At the age of 87 he is still a firm believer in socialism.他在87岁高龄依然坚信社会主义。◆No firm date has yet been set for the launch.发行的日期尚未确定。◆She is a firm favourite with the children.孩子们着实喜欢她。◆They remained firm friends.他们依然友情甚笃。▸ firmly adverb ◆It is now firmly established as one of the leading brands in the country.现在它已稳居该国主要品牌之列。■ concrete / /ˈkɒŋkriːt; NAmE ˈkɑːŋkriːt/ based on facts, not on ideas or guesses 确实的，具体的（而非想象或猜测的）◆By the end of the meeting some fairly concrete proposals had been put forward.到会议结束时已经提出了一些相当具体的建议。◆'It's only a suspicion,' she said, 'nothing concrete.'“那只是怀疑，”她说，“没有任何确实的依据。”OPP abstract ⇨ intellectual 1 ■ proven /ˈpruːvn, ˈprəʊvn; NAmE ˈproʊvn/ [only before noun] (rather formal) tested and shown to be true 被证明的；已证实的◆The award will be presented to a student of proven ability.这一奖项将颁给才华得到认可的学生。◆The candidate should have a proven track record of handling large projects.申请人要有可靠的经办大型项目的实际经验。OPP unproven ⓘ Something that is unproven has not been proved or not been tested. * unproven指未验证的、未经检验的◆unproven theories未证实的理论 see also prove ⇨ show verb 1 ■ definitive /dɪˈfɪnətɪv/ / (rather formal) final; that cannot or need not be changed or added to 最后的；决定性的；不可更改的◆The definitive version of the text is ready to be published.文本的定稿已备妥，可以发表了。▸ definitively adverb ◆The question has never been definitively resolved.这个问题从未得到明确解决。■ hard [only before noun] definitely true and based on information that can be proved 确凿的；可证实的；可靠的◆Is there any hard evidence either way?正反双方都有什么确凿证据吗？◆The newspaper story is based on hard facts.报纸的这篇报道有可靠的事实根据。■ absolute / /ˈæbsəluːt/ / definitely true or existing and not dependent on anything else 肯定的；无疑的；绝对的◆There was no absolute proof.没有确凿的证据。◆He taught us that the laws of physics were absolute.他教导我们说，物理定律是真实存在的。◆The divorce became absolute last week.离婚在上周成为定局。■ positive giving clear and definite proof or information 证据确凿的；明确的◆We have no positive evidence that she was involved.我们没有确凿证据证明她参与了其事。▸ positively adverb ◆Her attacker has now been positively identified by police.袭击她的人现在已被警方确认。■ categorical / /ˌkætəˈgɒrɪkl; NAmE ˌkætəˈgɔːrɪkl/ [usually before noun] (formal) expressed clearly and in a way that shows that you are very sure about what you are saying （言辞）明确的，绝对的◆The government has yet to make a categorical statement on the issue.政府尚未就此事发表明确声明。▸ categorically /ˌkætəˈgɔːrɪkli/ / adverb ◆He categorically rejected our offer.他断然拒绝了我们的提议。 solid adjective solid ♦︎ stiff ♦︎ rigid ♦︎ firm ♦︎ hardThese words all describe things that are not soft to touch or are difficult to bend, break or move. 这些词均表示坚硬的、结实的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆solid / stiff / rigid material◆a solid / firm / hard surface◆firm / hard ground◆to go stiff / hard■ solid not in the form of a liquid or gas; not soft; difficult to bend, break or move 固体的；坚硬的；结实的；牢固的◆It was so cold that the stream had frozen solid.天气特别冷，小河冻得严严实实的。◆The boiler uses solid fuel (= not oil or gas).这种锅炉使用固体燃料。◆She had refused all solid food (= would not eat, only drink).所有固体食物她都不肯吃。◆The door was solid as rock.那扇门坚如磐石。OPP liquid ⇨ material see also solid ⇨ pure adj. 1 , solid ⇨ material noun ■ stiff not easy to fold or change in shape 不易折叠（或变形）的；硬的；挺的◆a sheet of stiff black cardboard一张黑色硬纸板◆Scrub away any residue with a stiff brush.用硬刷子把残留物擦洗掉。ⓘ People or parts of the body can be stiff if their muscles hurt when they move them, often because of cold. * stiff可指人的全身或身体某一部位因寒冷等而僵硬，活动时肌肉会疼痛◆I felt stiff all over.我觉得浑身酸痛。◆I've got a stiff neck from sleeping in a draught.我睡觉时受了风，脖子发僵。◆My fingers had gone stiff with cold.我的手指已经冻僵了。 see also stiff ⇨ tight ■ rigid / /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ / difficult to bend or press out of shape 坚硬的；不易弯曲的；僵直的◆Sandwiches are best packed in a rigid container.三明治最好用硬盒包装。◆The material is rigid and brittle.这种材料质地坚硬而且易碎。ⓘ People can go rigid with fear, anger or some other emotion. * rigid可指人因害怕、生气或其他情感而身体僵直◆His body suddenly went rigid with fear.他吓得突然浑身发僵。 OPP flexible ⇨ flexible 2 ■ firm (approving) not soft; not easy to press into another shape 坚固的；坚硬的；结实的◆It was good to feel the firm ground underfoot.脚下踩着坚硬的土地，那种感觉真好。◆four large tomatoes, ripe but firm四个大西红柿，熟了却还很硬◆Bake the cakes until they are firm to the touch.把糕饼烤到摸来有硬感为止。OPP soft ⇨ soft see also firm ⇨ firm , firm ⇨ tight ■ hard not soft; impossible to press into another shape 坚硬的；坚固的；不易变形的◆Wait for the concrete to go hard.等待混凝土凝结。◆a hard bench / chair硬板凳；硬椅子◆The ground is still rock-hard.地面仍然极其坚硬。 OPP soft ⇨ soft NOTE 辨析 Firm or hard? Hard things are harder than firm things. Hard can mean 'very hard' * hard比firm的硬度大。hard可表示非常硬◆Diamonds are the hardest known mineral.钻石是已知最坚硬的矿物。or 'too hard'. 或表示太硬◆a hard mattress一张硬梆梆的床垫 Firm is always a positive word: a hard mattress is a bad thing, but a firm mattress is good. * firm总是含有肯定意义：hard mattress是不好的，而firm mattress则是好的。 strict adjective strict ♦︎ tough ♦︎ harsh ♦︎ rigid ♦︎ stringent ♦︎ punitive ♦︎ firm ♦︎ severeThese words all describe a person or a set of rules that must be obeyed. 这些词均表示人或规则是严格的、严厉的。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达严格的程度| firm | ➔ | strict | ➔ | harsh | | | tough | | punitive | | | stringent | | severe |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆strict / tough / harsh / firm / severe with sb / sth◆strict / tough / harsh / severe on sb / sth◆strict / tough / harsh / rigid / firm / severe discipline◆a tough / harsh / severe penalty / sentence◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent / firm controls◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent / severe restrictions◆strict / rigid / stringent / severe limits◆strict / tough / rigid / stringent rules / standards◆strict / tough / harsh / stringent conditions / legislation◆a strict / harsh / punitive regime◆tough / harsh / stringent / punitive / firm measures◆tough / punitive / firm action◆harsh / stringent / severe criticism◆increasingly strict / tough / harsh / stringent / punitive / severe◆extremely strict / tough / harsh / rigid / severe◆excessively / unnecessarily strict / harsh / rigid■ strict (of rules or instructions) that must be obeyed exactly; (of a person) demanding that rules, especially about behaviour, should be obeyed （规则或指示）严格的；（人）要求严格的，严厉的◆She left strict instructions that she must not be disturbed.她下了严格的指示，不准打扰她。◆She's on a very strict diet.她正严格节食。◆They were always very strict with their children.他们对子女一向十分严格。◆She's very strict about things like homework.她对作业之类的事要求非常严格。◆I had a very strict upbringing.我小时候家教很严。OPP lenient ⇨ lenient ▸ strictly adverb ◆The industry is strictly regulated.这个行业管理得很严格。◆She was brought up very strictly.她从小家教很严。■ tough / /tʌf/ / (rather informal) demanding that particular rules be obeyed and not showing sympathy for any problems or suffering that this may cause 严厉的；强硬的◆Don't be too tough on him－he was only trying to help.不要对他太严厉－他只是想帮忙而已。◆The government has promised to get tough on crime.政府已经承诺要严厉打击犯罪。◆The school takes a tough line on (= punishes severely) cheating.学校对作弊行为的惩罚很严厉。◆There will be tough new controls on car emissions.对汽车尾气的排放量将有新的严格控制。◆Courts are imposing tougher penalties for street crime.法院正在对街头犯罪实行更严厉的惩治。ⓘ Tough can describe the people who make or enforce the rules, the rules themselves, or the punishment for not obeying the rules. * tough可描述制订或实施规则的人、规则本身或者对违反规则的惩罚。 OPP soft ⇨ lenient ■ harsh (usually disapproving) (of a judgement, punishment or situation) extreme and cruel or unkind, especially more extreme than is appropriate for the situation （评价、惩罚或局势）残酷的，严酷的，严厉的◆It may seem a bit harsh to criticize him after his death.在他去世后对他进行批评可能会显得有点残酷。◆He later regretted his harsh words.过后他对自己的刻薄言辞感到后悔。◆He accused her of being unduly harsh.他指责她过分严厉。◆We had to face up to the harsh realities of life sooner or later.我们迟早都得正视严酷的生活现实。OPP lenient ⇨ lenient ▸ harshly adverb ◆Don't judge him too harshly.不要过分苛刻地评判他。■ rigid / /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ / (often disapproving) (of rules or methods) that must be obeyed or followed exactly and are difficult to change （规则或方法）死板的，僵化的◆His rigid adherence to the rules made him unpopular.他对规则的刻板坚持使得他不受欢迎。◆The warriors were governed by a rigid code of ethics.武士受制于一套严格死板的道德规范。▸ rigidly adverb ◆The speed limit must be rigidly enforced.必须严格执行限速规定。■ stringent / /ˈstrɪndʒənt/ / (formal) (of rules or procedures) that must be obeyed or followed exactly （规则或程序）严格的，严厉的◆There are stringent quality control procedures.有一些严格的质量控制程序。◆Safety standards were less stringent in those days.那时的安全标准没那么严格。■ punitive / /ˈpjuːnətɪv/ / [usually before noun] (formal) intended as a punishment; (of taxes or charges) very high and that people find very difficult to pay 惩罚性的；处罚的；（征税或收费）苛刻的◆Punitive action will be taken against the hooligans.那些小流氓将会受到惩治。◆ (NAmE) They could impose punitive tariffs of up to 100% on imports.他们可以向进口商品征收100%的惩罚性关税。ⓘ Punitive taxes, tariffs, charges, damages or sanctions are or seem to be designed to punish sb or to put them at a disadvantage. For example, a government might impose punitive tariffs on goods from a particular country as part of a trade dispute. * punitive taxes/tariffs/charges/damages/sanctions（惩罚性征税／关税／收费／损害赔偿金／制裁）都是（或似乎是）用来惩罚某人或者使其处于不利地位，例如，在贸易争端中，一国的政府可能会对来自特定国家的货物征收惩罚性关税。■ firm (often approving) (of sb's behaviour) strong and in control （行为）牢牢控制的，严格的◆People are looking towards him for firm leadership.人们都盼望他是个强悍的领导。◆Parents must be firm with their children.父母对子女必须严格。▸ firmly adverb ◆'I can manage,' she said firmly.“我应付得了。”她坚定地说。■ severe punishing sb in an extreme way when they break a particular set of rules （惩罚）严厉的，重的◆He received a severe reprimand for his behaviour.他因为自己的行为而受到严厉的斥责。◆The courts are becoming more severe on young offenders.法庭对青少年犯罪者的处罚趋于严厉。▸ severely adverb ◆Anyone breaking the law will be severely punished.违法者将受到严惩。 tight adjective tight ♦︎ firm ♦︎ stiff ♦︎ tautThese words all describe sth that is held or fixed strongly in position or stretched as far as it will go. 这些词均表示牢固的、紧的。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达牢固的程度PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a tight / firm grip / hold◆a rope / wire is tight / taut■ tight held or fixed strongly in position; difficult to move or undo; stretched or pulled so that it cannot stretch much further 牢固的；紧的；绷紧的◆He kept a tight grip on her arm.他紧紧握住她的胳膊。◆She twisted her hair into a tight knot.她把头发紧紧地挽了个发髻。◆The screw was so tight that it wouldn't move.螺丝钉太紧，拧不开。◆The rope was stretched tight.这绳子拉得很紧。 OPP loose ⓘ Sth that is loose is not fixed where it should be. * loose指未固定牢的◆a loose button / tooth松动的纽扣／牙齿◆Check that the plug has not come loose.检查一下别让插头松脱了。 ▸ tight adverb ◆Hold tight!抓紧了！◆His fists were clenched tight.他紧握双拳。▸ tightly adverb ◆Her eyes were tightly closed.她的双眼紧闭着。◆He held on tightly to her arm.他紧紧抓住她的手臂。■ firm (often approving) (of sb's hand movements) strong and steady （手势）强有力的，坚决的◆Her handshake was cool and firm.她握手镇定而有力。◆Close the hatches with a firm push on the lever.用力推一下操纵杆来关上舱门。 see also firm ⇨ firm , firm ⇨ solid ▸ firmly adverb ◆He held her firmly but gently.他坚定而温柔地拥着她。■ stiff (often disapproving) difficult to move 不易活动的◆The windows were stiff and she couldn't get them open.窗户太紧，她打不开。ⓘ In this meaning stiff is used to talk about things that are supposed to open or bend, such as windows, doors, lids or sb's knees, legs, etc. 表达此义时，stiff用于修饰本应可以打开或弯曲的东西，如窗户、门、盖子或某人的膝盖、腿等。 see also stiff ⇨ solid ■ taut / /tɔːt/ / stretched tightly 拉紧的；绷紧的◆Keep the rope taut.始终将绳子绷紧。 OPP slack ⓘ Sth that is slack is not stretched tightly. * slack指不紧的、松弛的◆The rope suddenly went slack.绳子突然松了。 company noun ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ business 2 and ⇨ group 3 另见business条第2义和group条第3义company ♦︎ firm ♦︎ business ♦︎ operation ♦︎ corporation ♦︎ enterprise ♦︎ practice ♦︎ houseThese are all words for an organization that makes money by producing or selling goods or services. 这些词均表示公司、企业、商号。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a multinational company / firm / business / operation / corporation / enterprise◆a state-owned company / firm / business / corporation / enterprise◆a private company / firm / business / operation / corporation / enterprise / practice / ... house◆a family company / firm / business / operation / enterprise / practice / ... house◆a commercial company / firm / business / operation / corporation / enterprise / ... house◆a business company / firm / operation / corporation / enterprise◆to manage / run / have / own a company / a firm / a business / an operation / a corporation / an enterprise / a ... house◆to buy / acquire / take over a company / firm / business / an operation / an enterprise◆to set up a company / firm / business / an operation / a corporation / an enterprise / a practice / a ... house◆to found a company / firm / business / practice / ... house◆to work for / join / leave / resign from a company / firm / business / corporation / practice / ... house◆a company / a firm / a business / a corporation / an enterprise / a ... house fails■ company [countable + singular or plural verb] a business organization that makes money by producing or selling goods or services 公司；商号；商行◆During the 1980s it was one of the largest computer companies in the world.在20世纪80年代，它是全球最大的计算机公司之一。◆Mike gets a company car with his new job.迈克因新的职位配备了一辆公司用车。■ firm [countable] a company 公司；商号；商行◆He got a job with a London engineering firm.他得到了伦敦一家工程公司的工作。◆the city's oldest and most prestigious law firm该市历史最久、最负盛名的律师事务所◆I'm working for a firm of accountants.我在一家会计师事务所工作。NOTE 辨析 Company or firm? Firm is often used to talk about a small, fairly specialized organization, especially one that sells professional advice or services. * firm常指小型、专业性强的机构，尤指提供专业咨询或服务的公司◆a / an engineering / law / consulting / insurance / security firm工程公司；律师事务所；顾问／保险／保安公司◆a firm of accountants / consultants / lawyers / solicitors会计师事务所；顾问公司；律师事务所 Firm is also often used to talk about companies run by members of a family, or companies that have been operating for a long time. * firm亦常指家族企业或老字号◆a / the family firm家族企业◆his father's firm他父亲的公司◆a / an old / long-established / old-fashioned / reputable / renowned firm老字号；历史悠久的／老式的／信誉好的／有名的公司 Company is much wider in range, and can be used to talk about any type of organization that makes money by producing or selling goods or services. * company使用范围更广，可指任何制造或销售产品或服务的组织。 ■ business [countable] a commercial organization such as a company, shop or factory 商业机构；企业；公司；商店；工厂◆I've decided to start my own business.我决定自己开公司。◆They've got a small catering business.他们做餐饮小生意。◆This legislation will hurt small businesses.这项法规将损害小企业。ⓘ Business is a general term for commercial organizations of any type or size. * business是任何类型或规模的商业机构的统称◆Almost all businesses will be closed on Christmas Day (= shops, factories, offices, etc.).几乎所有的商家在圣诞节那天都关门。It is also used especially to talk about small organizations, including those run by a single person or family, without any employees. (A company or firm always has employees.) Business is often used when people start up or set up in business for the first time. You can also have a big business but big business is used even more often as an uncountable noun to mean 'large companies as a group'. * business尤指小生意，包括个人或家庭经营、没有雇员的小企业。（company和firm则一定有雇员。）business常与start up或set up连用，表示初次创业。big business可以是可数名词，指一家大公司，但更多时候是不可数名词，指视为一个整体的各大公司。 see also business ⇨ industry , business ⇨ trade ■ operation [countable] a company or business involving many parts; one part of a large company or business （包括许多部分的）企业，公司；（大企业的）一部分，分部◆It's a huge multinational operation.那是一家庞大的跨国公司。◆Network Computing Inc. plans to open a UK operation in Britain next year.网络计算公司计划下一年度在英国开设分支机构。■ corporation (abbreviation Corp. ) [countable] a large business company （大）公司◆They provide banking facilities to multinational corporations.他们为跨国公司提供银行设施。ⓘ Corporation is often used to talk about very large American business companies. * corporation常指超大型美国商业公司。■ enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz; NAmE ˈentərpraɪz/ [countable] (business 商业, journalism 新闻) a company or business 公司；企业单位；事业单位◆They plan to privatize over 100 state-owned enterprises.他们计划将100多家国有企业私有化。ⓘ Enterprise is often used in government texts and business journalism. * enterprise常用于政府文件和商业新闻。■ practice [countable] a business or place that offers professional advice or treatment, especially in law and medicine （提供专业咨询或治疗的）业务活动，工作地点（尤指律师事务所和诊所）◆She runs a successful law practice.她经营一家成功的律师事务所。 see also practice ⇨ work noun 2 , surgery ⇨ surgery ■ house [countable] (used in compounds 用于复合词) a company involved in a particular type of business （从事某种业务的）公司，机构◆The publishing house made its name by encouraging first-time writers.该出版社扶持新人作家，闯出了名号。ⓘ House is used in compounds such as a/an fashion/publishing/software/investment/auction house. * house用于复合词，如a/an fashion/publishing/software/investment/auction house（时装公司；出版社；软件／投资／拍卖公司）。 |