offspring ♦︎ baby ♦︎ young ♦︎ litter ♦︎ broodThese are all words for baby animals.这些词均表示动物幼崽。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to produce / rear / raise offspring / babies / young / a litter / brood◆to give birth to offspring / a baby / young / a litter■offspring / /ˈɒfsprɪŋ; NAmEˈɔːfsprɪŋ, ˈɑːfsprɪŋ/ (pluraloffspring) [countable, usually plural] young animals that are born to parent animals崽兽；幼崽◆Female badgers may give birth to as many as five offspring.雌貛一胎可产下多达五只幼崽。■baby [countable] a very young animal动物幼崽◆What do you call a baby kangaroo?你们把袋鼠幼崽叫什么？◆After some months, the baby learns to walk along branches by holding onto its mother's fur.几个月以后，幼崽学着抓紧母亲的皮毛在树枝上行走。■young [plural] young animals of a particular type or that belong to a particular mother（同一种类或同一母亲的）幼崽，幼兽，幼鸟◆It carries its young on its back.它把幼崽背在背上。NOTE辨析 Offspring, baby or young?Offspring and young are more scientific, factual words. Baby is used in everyday language by people who are not experts, and can suggest that the speaker finds the animal attractive or lovable. * offspring和young是较为科学的、描述事实的词语。baby是非专业的日常用语，意味着说话人觉得小动物讨人喜爱◆the lion's offspring / young狮子的幼崽◆a little baby lion一头小狮子The parent animal must be mentioned or understood when using offspring and young, but not with baby.用offspring和young时，幼崽的父母必须提及或从上下文中可清楚得知，但用baby时不必如此◆The females stay close to their offspring / young.雌兽待在它们的幼崽附近。◆Oh look! That one's just a baby!啊，快看！那还只是个幼崽呢！◆That one's just an offspring/a young!■litter [countable] a number of baby animals that a mother produces at one time（动物一胎所生的）一窝幼崽◆a litter of puppies / kittens一窝小狗／小猫■brood /bruːd/ / [countable + singular or plural verb] all the young birds or creatures that a mother produces at one time（一次孵或生的）一窝鸟，一窝动物◆A brood averages eight to ten ducklings.一窝小鸭子平均有八到十只。
waste
noun
waste ♦︎ garbage ♦︎ rubbish ♦︎ trash ♦︎ litter ♦︎ debris ♦︎ scrap ♦︎ refuseThese are all words for things that are no longer needed and are thrown away or left somewhere.这些词均表示废物、垃圾。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆organic waste / garbage / rubbish / debris◆household / domestic waste / garbage / rubbish / trash / refuse◆to dump waste / garbage / rubbish / trash / debris / refuse◆to produce waste / garbage / rubbish / trash / debris◆to take out the garbage / rubbish / trash◆waste / garbage / rubbish / trash / refuse disposal / collection◆a waste / garbage / rubbish / trash dump◆a garbage / rubbish / trash / scrap heap◆a waste / rubbish / trash / litter bin◆a garbage / trash can■waste [uncountable] ( technical术语wastes [plural]) materials that are no longer needed and are thrown away废料；废物；垃圾◆Around four million tons of industrial waste are disposed of each year.每年处理约400万吨工业废料。◆the disposal of toxic / radioactive wastes有毒废物／辐射废料的处理◆Waste water is pumped from the factory into a nearby river.废水从工厂排到附近的河里。■garbage [uncountable] (especially NAmE) waste, especially food and other wet material（尤指食物等湿的）垃圾，废物◆The garbage cans had just been emptied.垃圾箱刚刚清空。◆The canal is full of garbage and bits of wood.运河里尽是些垃圾和碎木头。■rubbish [uncountable] (especially BrE) waste, especially paper, cardboard and other dry material that is thrown away by individual people and households（尤指纸张、纸板等干的）垃圾，废弃物，生活垃圾◆The streets were littered with rubbish.街上到处是垃圾。◆Over a third of British household rubbish is packaging.英国人的生活垃圾超过三分之一来自于包装。 see also junk ⇨ thing3■trash [uncountable] (NAmE) waste, especially paper, cardboard and other dry material（尤指纸张、纸板等干的）垃圾，废物◆The subway entrance was blocked with trash.地铁入口处堆满了废物。◆What are these letters doing in the trash?这些信为什么会丢在垃圾里？◆Don't forget to take out the trash.别忘了把垃圾带走。■litter [uncountable] small pieces of rubbish/trash such as paper, cans and bottles, that people have left lying in a public place（丢弃在公共场所的）垃圾，杂物，废弃物（如纸张、罐、瓶等）◆There will be fines for people who drop litter.乱扔垃圾的人将处罚款。■debris / /ˈdebriː, ˈdeɪbriː; NAmEdəˈbriː/ [uncountable] (formal) pieces of material that are left somewhere where they are not wanted残渣；废弃物；垃圾◆Clear away leaves and other garden debris from the pond.把池塘里的树叶和其他庭园垃圾清除干净。■scrap [uncountable] things that are not wanted or cannot be used for their original purpose, but which have some value for the material they are made of（可加以利用的）废料，废品◆We sold the car for scrap(= so that any good parts could be used again).我们把车卖废品了。◆scrap metal / iron废金属；废铁 see also scrap ⇨ remove1■refuse /ˈrefjuːs/ / [uncountable] (formal) waste material that has been thrown away废弃物；垃圾◆Domestic refuse can be burnt to produce electricity.生活垃圾可以焚烧以发电。NOTE辨析 Waste, garbage, rubbish, trash or refuse?Rubbish is the usual word in British English for the things that you throw away because you no longer want or need them. Garbage and trash are both used in American English. Inside the home, garbage tends to mean waste food and other wet material; trash more often refers to paper, cardboard and dry material, although you can in fact use either word for either type of waste. Waste is used especially when it is considered in very large amounts, and is not often used in the context of the home. It is a general word which can also refer to the solids and liquids that the human body no longer needs.在英式英语中，表示垃圾或废物的常用词是rubbish。garbage和trash皆用于美式英语。在家居生活中，garbage常常指残羹剩饭等湿润的废弃物，trash常指纸张、纸板等干燥的废物，尽管两个词也可以通用。waste尤指大量的垃圾，不常用于家庭生活的语境。waste含义很广，还可指人体的排泄物◆There were no toilet facilities and no way to dispose of human waste in a sanitary manner.没有卫生间设备，因此无法卫生地处理排泄物。In British English you put your rubbish in a dustbin in the street to be collected by the dustmen. In American English your garbage and trash go in a garbage/trash can in the street and is collected by garbage men/collectors. Refuse is a formal word and is used in both British and American English. Refuse collector is the formal word for a dustman or garbage collector.在英式英语中，垃圾是rubbish，街上的垃圾箱是dustbin，清理垃圾的人是dustman。在美式英语中，垃圾是garbage或trash，街上的垃圾箱是garbage/trash can，清理垃圾的人是garbage man/collector。refuse一词用法正式，在英式英语和美式英语中均可使用，refuse collector与dustman或garbage collector同义，但用法正式。 see also junk ⇨ thing3