discussion noun ⇨discussion (discussions between the two leaders)⇨research (further discussion of these issues in the next chapter)
discussion
noun
discussion ♦︎ conversation ♦︎ dialogue ♦︎ talk ♦︎ debate ♦︎ consultation ♦︎ chat ♦︎ gossip ♦︎ chatter ♦︎ exchangeThese are all words for an occasion when people talk about sth.这些词均表示谈论、讨论。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a discussion / a conversation / a dialogue / a talk / a debate / a consultation / a chat / a gossip / chatter / an exchange about sth◆a discussion / conversation / dialogue / debate / consultation on sth◆a discussion / a conversation / a dialogue / a talk / a debate / a consultation / a chat / a gossip / an exchange with sb◆a discussion / a conversation / a dialogue / a debate / a consultation / an exchange between two people / groups◆in (close) discussion / conversation / dialogue / debate / consultation with sb◆to have a discussion / a conversation / a dialogue / a talk / a debate / a consultation / a chat / a gossip / an exchange◆to hold a discussion / conversation / debate / consultation◆to be involved in / join in / participate in / take part in / engage in (a) discussion / conversation / dialogue / debate◆to get into (a) discussion / conversation with sb◆to conclude / end / continue a discussion / conversation / debate◆to break off a discussion / conversation■discussion [countable, uncountable] an occasion when people talk in detail about sth that is considered to be important; the process of talking with sb about sth important讨论；商讨◆Discussions are still taking place between the two leaders.两位领导人仍在进行讨论。◆We will choose a different topic for discussion each week.我们将每周选一个不同的题目进行讨论。◆After considerable discussion, they decided to accept our offer.经反复商讨后，他们决定接受我们的报价。◆The plans have been under discussion(= being talked about) for a year now.这些计划至今已经讨论一年了。◆We can use the draft document as a basis for discussion.我们可以用这份文件草案作为讨论的基点。 see also discuss ⇨ talk■conversation [countable, uncountable] an occasion when two people or a small group talk about sth, especially in a private or informal way; the activity of talking in this way（私下或非正式的）交谈，谈话◆a telephone conversation电话交谈◆He struggled to keep the conversation going.他竭力使谈话继续进行。◆The conversation turned to gardening.话题转到了园艺上。◆The main topic of conversation was the likely outcome of the election.谈话的主题是选举可能出现的结果。◆Don was deep in conversation with the girl on his right.唐与他右边的女孩在专心交谈。◆I tried to make polite conversation(= to speak in order to appear polite).我设法说些应酬话。◆ (BrE) I got into conversation with a man on the bus.我在公共汽车上跟一个男人攀谈起来。◆ (NAmE) I got into a conversation with a man on the bus.我在公共汽车上跟一个男人攀谈起来。■dialogue (NAmE alsodialog) /ˈdaɪəlɒg; NAmEˈdaɪəlɔːg, ˈdaɪəlɑːg/ [uncountable, countable] conversations in a book, play or film; a formal discussion between two groups, especially when they are trying to solve a problem or end a dispute（书、戏剧或电影中的）对话，对白；（尤指为解决问题或结束争端而进行的）对话◆The novel has long descriptions and not much dialogue.这部小说中描述多，对话少。◆Learners are asked to listen to three short dialogues.要求学习者听三段简短对话。◆The President told waiting reporters there had been a constructive dialogue.总统告诉等候的记者，刚刚进行了一次建设性的对话。■talk [countable] a conversation or discussion, often one about a problem or sth important for the people involved交谈；谈话；讨论◆I had a long talk with my boss about my career prospects.我就自己的事业前景跟老板作了一次长谈。◆She looked worried so we had a talk.她看上去忧心忡忡，于是我们谈了谈。 see also talk ⇨ talkverb■debate [countable, uncountable] a formal discussion of an issue at a public meeting or in a parliament. In a debate two or more speakers express opposing views and then there is often a vote on the issue（在公共集会上或议会里就某议题进行的、常以表决结束的）辩论◆a debate on prison reform关于监狱改革的辩论◆The prime minister opened the debate(= was the first to speak).首相在辩论中率先发言。◆After a long debate, Congress approved the proposal.经过长时间的辩论，国会通过了这项提案。◆The motion under debate(= being discussed) was put to a vote.辩论中的动议已经付诸表决。 see also debate ⇨ talkverb■consultation /ˌkɒnslˈteɪʃn; NAmEˌkɑːnslˈteɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable] a formal discussion between groups of people before a decision is made about sth; the act of discussing sth in this way（决策前各团体对有关事项的）协商，磋商◆There have been extensive consultations between the two countries.两国之间进行了广泛的磋商。◆The decision was taken after close consultation with local residents.这项决定是在与当地居民仔细磋商后作出的。◆A consultation period will be required.将需要一段磋商时间。 see also consult ⇨ talkverb■chat [uncountable, countable] informal talking; a friendly informal conversation闲谈；聊天◆ (especially BrE) I just called in for a chat about the kids.我打电话来只是想随便聊聊孩子的事情。◆That's enough chat from me－on with the music!我不多说了，继续听音乐吧！ⓘ The countable use of chat is especially British English. * chat作可数名词时尤用于英式英语。 see also chat ⇨ chatverb■gossip [countable, usually singular] a conversation about other people and their private lives说长道短；闲聊◆We had a good gossip about the boss.我们讲了一会儿老板的闲话。 see also gossip ⇨ chatverb, gossip ⇨ speakernoun1■chatter [uncountable] continuous rapid informal talk about things that are not important唠叨的话；喋喋不休的话◆Jane's constant chatter was beginning to annoy him.简没完没了的唠叨开始让他心烦。 see also chatter ⇨ chatverb■exchange [countable] a short conversation or an angry argument（简短的）交谈，对话；争论◆There was only time for a brief exchange.只有简短交谈的时间。◆There was a heated exchange between the parents and the school managers.家长与校方发生了激烈的争论。 see also exchange ⇨ replaceverb2
research
noun
research ♦︎ analysis ♦︎ exploration ♦︎ scrutiny ♦︎ examination ♦︎ study ♦︎ discussion ♦︎ enquiryThese are all words for the process of examining and finding out more about sth, or the result of this process.这些词均表示调查、研究或研究结果。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆research / enquiry into sth◆detailed research / analysis / exploration / scrutiny / examination / study / discussion / enquiry◆close analysis / scrutiny / examination / study◆scientific research / analysis / exploration / scrutiny / examination / study / enquiry◆historical research / analysis / exploration / examination / study / enquiry◆to carry out / conduct / undertake research / analysis / exploration / an examination / a study◆to do research / analysis / a study◆research / analysis / exploration / scrutiny / examination / the study reveals sth◆research / analysis / examination / the study shows / suggests sth■research [uncountable] ( researches [plural]) the process of studying a subject in detail, especially in order to discover new information about it（尤指为了发掘更多信息的）研究，调查，探索◆He's done a lot of research into renewable energy sources.他已经对可再生能源做了大量研究。◆I've done some research to find out the cheapest way of travelling there.为了找到去那里最省钱的方式，我做了一些研究。◆Recent research on deaf children has yielded some interesting results.对失聪儿童的最新研究已经取得了一些有意义的结果。◆We're trying to raise money for cancer research.我们正在努力为癌症研究筹集资金。◆This is a piece of research that should be taken very seriously.这是一项应该严肃认真对待的研究。◆James is a 24-year-old research student from Iowa.詹姆斯是一个来自艾奥瓦州的24岁研究生。◆They pour millions of dollars into research and development(= researching and creating new products).他们投入数百万元进行研发。◆I work for a market research organization(= an organization that finds out what people buy and why).我在一家市场调查机构供职。◆In the course of my researches, I came across some of my grandfather's old letters.在我的研究过程中，我偶然接触到一些祖父的旧信。 see also research ⇨ investigateverb■analysis / /əˈnæləsɪs/ / [uncountable, countable] the process of studying sth in detail in order to understand more about it; the result of this study（对事物的）分析，分析结果◆Most of the information we have so far is based on statistical analysis.迄今为止我们的信息大多基于统计分析得来。◆The book is an analysis of poverty and its causes.这本书分析了贫困及其根源。 see also analyse ⇨ examineNOTE辨析 Research or analysis?When you do research you try to find out new information; when you do analysis you look in more detail at the information you already have, in order to understand it better. * research指试图找到新的信息，analysis指深入了解已有信息。■exploration / /ˌekspləˈreɪʃn/ / [uncountable, countable] the act of travelling through a place in order to find out about it or look for sth; the act of looking at sth or considering it in detail in order to find out more about it勘探；勘查；探索；探究◆The film is a chronicle of man's exploration of space.这部电影讲述了人类太空探索的历史。◆Extensive oil exploration was carried out using the latest drilling technology.应用最新的钻井技术进行了大规模的石油勘探。◆This was the time of Humboldt's explorations in South America.这就是洪堡在南美探索的时期。 see also explore ⇨ investigateverb■scrutiny / /ˈskruːtəni/ / [uncountable] (formal) the act of considering sth in great detail, especially in order to see or decide if it is good enough仔细探究（尤指为了解或评判是否合格）◆Her argument doesn't really stand up to scrutiny.她的论点经不起认真推敲。◆The documents should be available for public scrutiny.这些文件应公诸于世，交由公众审议。◆Foreign policy has come under close scrutiny recently.近来，政府的外交政策受到了认真彻底的审查。 see also scrutinize ⇨ study■examination [uncountable, countable] the act of considering sth in detail, in order to understand more about it or to make a decision or judgement about it（为了更好地理解某事物或对之作决定或判断的）审查，调查，考查◆Your proposals are still under examination.你的几份提案仍在审查之中。◆On closer examination, her story did not seem to stand up.仔细推究起來，她的说法显得站不住脚。◆The chapter concludes with a brief examination of what causes family break-up.本章结束时简要考查了引起家庭破裂的因素。 see also examine ⇨ examine■study [uncountable, countable] the process of considering sth in detail, in order to understand or find out more about it细致考虑；仔细检查；审视◆The scientific study of American dialects began in 1889.对美国方言的科学研究始于1889年。◆A detailed study of the area was carried out.对该地区进行了详细研究。 see also study ⇨ reportnoun1, study ⇨ examineverbNOTE辨析 Examination or study?Examination has a broader range of meaning than study in this meaning. Study is usually more academic, in order to find out more about a subject; examination may be more practical, in order to make a decision about sth.表达此义时，examination含义比study更宽泛。study通常多与学术相关，目的是对某学科有更多了解；examination可能更多出于实际的需要，是为了对某事作出决定。■discussion [countable, uncountable] a speech or piece of writing that discusses many different aspects of a subject详述；论述◆Her article is a discussion of the methods used in research.她这篇文章论述了研究中运用的方法。◆There will be further discussion of these issues in the next chapter.这些问题将在下一章进一步讨论。 see also discuss ⇨ examine■enquiry ( inquiry) [uncountable] the act of asking questions or collecting information about sb/sth查询；探究；探索◆Some regimes have tried to stifle scientific enquiry.有些政权试图扼杀科学探索。◆We are following several lines of enquiry.我们正沿着几条线索进行调查。 see also enquire into sth ⇨ investigateverb