| 例句 |
hard adj.
⇨ hard (hard work) ⇨ difficult 1 (hard to believe) ⇨ difficult 2 (a hard life) ⇨ final (hard evidence) ⇨ harsh (a hard winter) ⇨ ruthless (a hard man) ⇨ solid (a hard chair)hard adjective hard ♦︎ strenuous ♦︎ arduous ♦︎ gruelling ♦︎ punishingThese words all describe things that need a lot of physical strength or effort. 这些词均表示做某事是耗费体力的、辛苦的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆hard / strenuous / arduous / gruelling work◆a hard / a strenuous / an arduous climb◆a hard / an arduous / a gruelling journey◆a hard / gruelling / punishing schedule◆a hard / gruelling day■ hard needing a lot of physical strength or mental effort, especially over a period of time 耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的◆It's hard work shovelling snow.铲雪是个辛苦活儿。◆I've had a long hard day.我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。▸ hard adverb ◆They work hard at school.他们很用功读书。◆I trained as hard as I could.我全力苦练。◆You must try harder.你得更加努力。◆She tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。■ strenuous / /ˈstrenjuəs/ / needing a lot of physical effort and energy; showing great energy and determination 费力的；繁重的；奋力的◆Avoid tasks which require strenuous physical activity.避免从事繁重的体力活动。◆The ship went down although strenuous efforts were made to save it.尽管人们尽了巨大努力去营救这条船，船还是沉了。▸ strenuously adverb ◆He still works out strenuously every morning.他仍然每天早上勤加锻炼。◆The government strenuously denies the allegations.政府坚决否认那些说法。■ arduous / /ˈɑːdjuəs, ˈɑːdʒuəs; NAmE ˈɑːrdʒuəs/ involving a lot of physical or mental effort and energy, especially over a period of time 艰苦的；艰难的；（尤指）漫长艰巨的◆She was now faced with an arduous trek across the mountains.她当时正面对要翻越大山的艰苦行程。◆an arduous task / process艰巨任务；艰难过程NOTE 辨析 Strenuous or arduous? Strenuous activity may require more effort than arduous work, but it may take less time. * strenuous比arduous所表达的活动强度更大，但是持续的时间较短◆The exercise need not take long, but it should be fairly strenuous.做这项锻炼的时间不需要很长，但应达到一定强度。 ■ gruelling (especially BrE) (NAmE usually grueling) /ˈgruːəlɪŋ/ / very difficult and tiring, needing great physical or mental effort over a period of time 使人筋疲力尽的；折磨人的◆a gruelling work schedule累人的工作日程安排◆a sporting event that represents a gruelling test of endurance考验耐力的体育项目■ punishing (of planned activities) gruelling （活动计划）艰难持久的，令人疲惫不堪的◆a punishing exercise regime艰苦的训练规划◆The president has a punishing schedule for the next six months.总统今后六个月的工作日程十分繁忙。NOTE 辨析 Punishing or gruelling? Punishing is only used for planned activities and collocates only with schedule, programme and regime. * punishing只用于形容活动计划，仅与schedule、programme和regime等词搭配。 difficult1 adjective a difficult task 艰巨的任务make life difficult for sb 给某人找麻烦perversea difficult customerdifficult ♦︎ hard ♦︎ challenging ♦︎ demanding ♦︎ taxing ♦︎ testingThese words all describe sth that is not easy and requires a lot of effort or skill to do. 这些词均表示费力的、难做的、艰巨的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆difficult / hard / challenging / demanding / taxing for sb◆difficult / hard to do sth◆difficult / hard to believe / see / tell / say◆a difficult / hard / challenging / demanding / taxing / testing time / week / year◆difficult / hard / challenging / demanding / taxing work◆a difficult / hard / challenging / demanding / taxing job◆a difficult / hard / challenging / demanding task / target◆a difficult / hard / challenging / taxing / testing question◆very / quite difficult / hard / challenging / demanding / taxing / testing◆physically difficult / hard / challenging / demanding / taxing◆emotionally difficult / challenging / demanding / taxing◆technically difficult / challenging / demanding◆mentally / intellectually challenging / demanding / taxing■ difficult not easy; needing effort or skill to do or understand 困难的；费力的；难做的；难解的◆It's really difficult to read your writing.你的笔迹真是难以辨认。◆It can be difficult for young people to find jobs around here.年轻人要在这附近找到工作可能有困难。◆We didn't realize how difficult it was going to be.我们当时并没有意识到这将会有多难。◆Senior lawyers handle the most difficult cases.资深律师负责处理最棘手的案子。OPP easy , simple ⇨ easy 1 see also difficulty ⇨ problem ■ hard difficult 困难的；费力的；难做的；难解的◆I always found languages quite hard at school.上学时我总觉得语言很难学。◆It was one of the hardest things I ever did.这是我做过的最难的事情之一。◆It must be hard for her, bringing up four children on her own.她一人抚养四个孩子一定很困难。◆It's hard to believe she's only nine years old.很难相信她只有九岁。◆'When will the job be finished?' 'It's hard to say.'“这活儿什么时候能干完？”“难说。”◆I find his attitude quite hard to take (= difficult to accept).他的态度让我难以接受。OPP easy ⇨ easy 1 NOTE 辨析 Difficult or hard? Hard is slightly less formal than difficult. It is used particularly in the structure hard to believe/say/find/take/come by, etc., although difficult can also be used in any of these examples. 与difficult相比，hard略为不正式，尤用于hard to believe/say/find/take/come by等结构。当然，difficult也可用于这些结构。■ challenging (approving) difficult in an interesting way that tests your ability 挑战性的；考验能力的◆I have had a challenging and rewarding career as a teacher.我从事过富有挑战性且非常有意义的教师职业。◆We have changed the programme to make it more academically challenging.我们已经修改了这个课程，使其更具学术挑战性。 see also challenge ⇨ problem ■ demanding difficult to do or deal with and needing a lot of effort, skill or patience 费力的；需要技能（或耐性）的◆It is a technically demanding piece of music to play.演奏这段音乐需要有高超的技艺。◆This event is considered one of the most demanding in the sporting calendar.这项比赛是全年体育赛事中最具挑战性的项目之一。OPP undemanding ⇨ easy 1 ■ taxing (often used in negative statements 常用于否定陈述) difficult to do and needing a lot of mental or physical effort 费力的；伤脑筋的；繁重的◆This shouldn't be too taxing for you.这对于你来说不至于太费劲。◆There was nothing intellectually taxing about the excercise.这项练习很简单，根本不用费脑筋。■ testing difficult to deal with and needing particular strength or abilities 棘手的；繁重的；伤脑筋的◆This has been a testing time for us all.对我们大家来说，这是一段难熬的时间。NOTE 辨析 Demanding, taxing or testing? Demanding is the strongest of these words and describes tasks and experiences. It is often used with more or most or an adverb such as physically, mentally or emotionally that says in what way the activity is difficult. Taxing is used especially in negative statements and to talk about problems or tasks that need (or do not need) mental effort. Testing describes experiences but not tasks and is used particularly with time, week or year. 这三个词中demanding语气最强，指任务或经历艰难，常与more、most或physically、mentally、emotionally等副词连用，表示某方面有困难。taxing尤用于否定陈述，表示问题或任务需要（或不需要）费脑筋。testing用于形容经历而非任务，尤与time、week或year连用。 difficult2 adjective a difficult task 艰巨的任务make life difficult for sb 给某人找麻烦perversea difficult customerdifficult ♦︎ tough ♦︎ bad ♦︎ hard ♦︎ adverse ♦︎ rough ♦︎ unfavourable ♦︎ disadvantageousThese words all describe sth that is full of problems or causes a lot of problems. 这些词均表示问题成堆的、麻烦的、不利的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆difficult / tough / bad / hard / unfavourable / disadvantageous for sb◆tough / hard / rough on sb◆unfavourable / disadvantageous to sb◆a difficult / a bad / a hard / an adverse / an unfavourable / a disadvantageous position◆a difficult / a tough / a bad / a hard / a rough / an unfavourable situation◆difficult / tough / bad / hard / adverse / rough / unfavourable conditions◆difficult / tough / adverse / unfavourable circumstances◆a difficult / tough / bad / hard / rough time / day / week / year◆a difficult / tough / hard / rough life / childhood◆a bad / an adverse / an unfavourable / a disadvantageous effect■ difficult involving or causing a lot of problems 问题很多的；造成麻烦的◆The next few months were quite difficult.随后几个月出现了很多问题。◆My boss is making life very difficult for me.老板总是给我找很多麻烦。◆What's the most difficult personal situation you've ever been in?你所经历过的最麻烦的个人困境是什么？◆There was a great deal of difficult terrain to be covered.要穿越许多难以通过的地带。 see also difficulty ⇨ problem ■ tough / /tʌf/ / involving or causing a lot of problems, especially personal problems （尤指个人的问题）艰难的，棘手的◆She's been having a tough time of it.她最近的日子一直很难熬。◆This will be the toughest test of his leadership yet.这对他的领导工作将是最严峻的考验。◆It's tough out there in the real world.外面的现实世界有很多不如意。ⓘ Tough is a less general word than difficult and is used to talk about personal problems, not physical conditions. * tough不如difficult含义广，用于修饰个人问题而非自然环境◆tough terrain/weather conditions ■ bad full of problems; likely to cause problems in a particular situation 问题成堆的；可能引起麻烦的；不适当的◆Things were bad enough without her interfering.事情本来就够糟糕了，偏偏她又来管闲事。◆The situation couldn't get any worse.形势糟糕透了。◆It was the worst time of my life.那是我人生中最倒霉的一段时间。◆I think it was probably a bad time to ask him.我认为在那个时候问他可能不合适。◆He realized it had been a bad decision.他意识到那是个错误的决定。■ hard full of problems, especially because of bad conditions or a lack of money 艰难的；困苦的；困顿的◆My grandmother had a hard life.我祖母一生艰难。◆Times were hard at the end of the war.战争结束时生活很艰苦。◆Conditions were extremely hard in the camps.营地的生活条件极其恶劣。 see also hardship ⇨ trouble 2 ■ adverse / /ˈædvɜːs, ədˈvɜːs; NAmE ədˈvɜːrs/ [usually before noun] (rather formal) negative and unpleasant; having a negative effect on what you are trying to do 不利的；有害的；负面的◆Lack of money will have an adverse effect on the research programme.缺少资金将给这个研究方案带来不利影响。◆Adverse weather conditions meant the rescue had to be abandoned.恶劣天气意味着救援工作只能放弃。◆They have attracted strong adverse criticism.他们已招致强烈的非难。▸ adversely adverb ◆This move could adversely affect the UK's position in the market.此举可能会损害英国的市场地位。■ rough difficult and unpleasant 艰苦的；困顿的◆He's had a really rough time recently.他最近真是困难重重。◆Life was rough on the streets.流浪街头的生活很艰难。◆They set sail in rough conditions.他们冒着风浪的危险起航了。ⓘ Life or times can be rough if they are full of personal problems or violence; conditions are rough if they are physically difficult. 用rough形容生活或时代，指充满个人问题或暴力；用rough形容环境，指自然环境恶劣。■ unfavourable (BrE) (NAmE unfavorable) /ʌnˈfeɪvərəbl/ / (formal) (of conditions or situations) not good and likely to cause problems or make sth more difficult （条件或形势）不利的，有害的◆The conditions were unfavourable for increased crop production.这些条件不利于农作物增产。◆The country's geographical position is highly unfavourable.这个国家的地理位置十分不利。 OPP favourable ⇨ valuable 2 ■ disadvantageous / /ˌdɪsædvænˈteɪdʒəs/ / (formal) causing sb to be in a worse situation than other people; likely to cause problems 不利的；产生负面影响的◆The deal would not be disadvantageous to your company.这笔交易不会对你公司不利。◆Growing conditions here are disadvantageous.这里的生长条件很不利。OPP advantageous ⇨ valuable 2 see also disadvantage ⇨ disadvantage final adjective final ♦︎ firm ♦︎ concrete ♦︎ proven ♦︎ definitive ♦︎ hard ♦︎ absolute ♦︎ positive ♦︎ categoricalThese words all describe information or a decision that is certain and cannot be changed. 这些词均表示确定的、不可更改的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆firm / concrete / definitive / hard / absolute / positive evidence◆final / firm / concrete / definitive / absolute / positive proof◆a final / firm / definitive decision / conclusion / diagnosis / agreement / answer◆a final / firm offer◆concrete / proven / hard facts◆a final / definitive judgement / ruling■ final that cannot be argued with or changed 决定性的；不可改变的；最终的◆The judge's decision is final.法官的判决是最终判决。◆Who has the final say around here?这里谁有最后决定权？◆I'll give you $500 for it, and that's my final offer!我出价500元，不再加价了！◆ (spoken) I'm not coming, and that's final!(= I will not change my mind) 我不来，就这么定了！▸ finally adverb ◆The matter was not finally settled until much later.这事很久以后才得到彻底解决。■ firm not likely to change 坚定的；确定的；坚决的◆At the age of 87 he is still a firm believer in socialism.他在87岁高龄依然坚信社会主义。◆No firm date has yet been set for the launch.发行的日期尚未确定。◆She is a firm favourite with the children.孩子们着实喜欢她。◆They remained firm friends.他们依然友情甚笃。▸ firmly adverb ◆It is now firmly established as one of the leading brands in the country.现在它已稳居该国主要品牌之列。■ concrete / /ˈkɒŋkriːt; NAmE ˈkɑːŋkriːt/ based on facts, not on ideas or guesses 确实的，具体的（而非想象或猜测的）◆By the end of the meeting some fairly concrete proposals had been put forward.到会议结束时已经提出了一些相当具体的建议。◆'It's only a suspicion,' she said, 'nothing concrete.'“那只是怀疑，”她说，“没有任何确实的依据。”OPP abstract ⇨ intellectual 1 ■ proven /ˈpruːvn, ˈprəʊvn; NAmE ˈproʊvn/ [only before noun] (rather formal) tested and shown to be true 被证明的；已证实的◆The award will be presented to a student of proven ability.这一奖项将颁给才华得到认可的学生。◆The candidate should have a proven track record of handling large projects.申请人要有可靠的经办大型项目的实际经验。OPP unproven ⓘ Something that is unproven has not been proved or not been tested. * unproven指未验证的、未经检验的◆unproven theories未证实的理论 see also prove ⇨ show verb 1 ■ definitive /dɪˈfɪnətɪv/ / (rather formal) final; that cannot or need not be changed or added to 最后的；决定性的；不可更改的◆The definitive version of the text is ready to be published.文本的定稿已备妥，可以发表了。▸ definitively adverb ◆The question has never been definitively resolved.这个问题从未得到明确解决。■ hard [only before noun] definitely true and based on information that can be proved 确凿的；可证实的；可靠的◆Is there any hard evidence either way?正反双方都有什么确凿证据吗？◆The newspaper story is based on hard facts.报纸的这篇报道有可靠的事实根据。■ absolute / /ˈæbsəluːt/ / definitely true or existing and not dependent on anything else 肯定的；无疑的；绝对的◆There was no absolute proof.没有确凿的证据。◆He taught us that the laws of physics were absolute.他教导我们说，物理定律是真实存在的。◆The divorce became absolute last week.离婚在上周成为定局。■ positive giving clear and definite proof or information 证据确凿的；明确的◆We have no positive evidence that she was involved.我们没有确凿证据证明她参与了其事。▸ positively adverb ◆Her attacker has now been positively identified by police.袭击她的人现在已被警方确认。■ categorical / /ˌkætəˈgɒrɪkl; NAmE ˌkætəˈgɔːrɪkl/ [usually before noun] (formal) expressed clearly and in a way that shows that you are very sure about what you are saying （言辞）明确的，绝对的◆The government has yet to make a categorical statement on the issue.政府尚未就此事发表明确声明。▸ categorically /ˌkætəˈgɔːrɪkli/ / adverb ◆He categorically rejected our offer.他断然拒绝了我们的提议。 harsh adjective harsh ♦︎ severe ♦︎ hard ♦︎ bleakThese words all describe weather conditions which are not pleasant or are difficult to live in. 这些词均表示天气恶劣的、严酷的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a harsh / severe / hard / bleak winter◆harsh / severe weather / conditions◆a harsh / severe climate◆a severe / hard frost■ harsh (of weather or living conditions) very difficult and unpleasant to live in （天气或生活条件）恶劣的，艰苦的◆These plants will not grow in this harsh climate.这些植物不能在这样恶劣的气候条件下生长。◆He stood outside, blinking in the harsh sunlight.他站在外面，在刺眼的阳光下直眨眼睛。◆Life expectancy is extremely low due to the harsh conditions.因条件恶劣预期寿命极短。OPP mild ⇨ sunny ■ severe (of weather) very unpleasant and/or dangerous （天气）极为恶劣的，危险的◆Severe weather conditions can lead to an increase in the demand for electricity.恶劣的天气状况可能导致用电需求增加。◆A severe storm blew the ship off course.强风暴致使船偏离了航道。■ hard [usually before noun](of weather) very cold and severe （天气）严寒的，凛冽的◆There was a hard frost that night.那天晚上寒冷有霜。■ bleak / /bliːk/ / (of weather) very cold and unpleasant （天气）阴冷的◆She left on a bleak November day.她在11月份一个阴冷的日子离开了。NOTE 辨析 Which word? Harsh weather or conditions make living physically difficult; harsh is used especially when these conditions exist all the time in a place or last for a long time. Severe weather may last only a short time, but can cause immediate danger, not just difficulty over a longer period. Hard typically describes a winter (= harsh) or a frost (= making the ground very hard). Bleak describes a time, such as a day or a winter, that makes you feel depressed, whether or not life is physically difficult. * harsh修饰天气或状况时指生活条件艰苦，尤指某地终年或长期生活条件恶劣；severe修饰天气时，不仅指由于天气长期恶劣而不便，也指会在短时间内造成直接危害；hard常描述winter，指严冬，或描述frost，指霜冻。bleak与day或winter等表示一段时期的词搭配，指使人感到情绪低落，与生活条件艰苦与否无关。 ruthless adjective ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ cruel and ⇨ stern 另见cruel条和stern条ruthless ♦︎ hard ♦︎ callous ♦︎ unmoved ♦︎ heartless ♦︎ merciless ♦︎ cold-blooded ♦︎ brutalThese words all describe sb who shows no kindness, pity or sympathy for other people. 这些词均表示无情的、冷酷的。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达冷漠的程度| unmoved | ➔ | hard | ➔ | ruthless | | | callous | | cold-blooded | | | heartless | | | | | merciless | | | | | brutal | | |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a ruthless / hard / callous / heartless man / woman◆a ruthless / merciless / cold-blooded attack◆a ruthless / hard / brutal side◆ruthless / brutal honesty◆a callous / cold-blooded murder◆totally ruthless / callous / unmoved■ ruthless / /ˈruːθləs/ / (usually disapproving) cruel and showing no sympathy; determined to get what you want and not caring if you hurt other people 残酷无情的；不择手段的；冷酷的◆He's a violent, ruthless man who will stop at nothing.他是个冷酷无情的残暴之徒，行事不择手段。◆He has a ruthless determination to succeed.他一心追求成功，不达目的誓不休。◆Like all great survivors, she has a ruthless streak.像所有经历坎坷而坚强挺过来的人一样，她性格中有几分冷酷无情。ⓘ Although being ruthless is generally considered very bad, the word is sometimes used with apparent approval of the determination that sb needs to get what they want. 尽管ruthless一般被视为非常不好，但有时该词用于明显的褒义，谈论人们要达成目标必须要有的坚定决心◆We'll have to be ruthless if we want to make this company more efficient.如果想提高这家公司的工作效率，我们就必须不留情面。 ▸ ruthlessly adverb ◆The regime ruthlessly crushed all opposition.这个政权残酷镇压所有反对者。■ hard (usually disapproving) showing no sympathy or affection 冷酷无情的；硬心肠的；苛刻的◆My father was a hard man.我父亲是个不讲情面的人。◆She gave me a hard stare.她狠狠地看了我一眼。◆He said some very hard things to me.他对我说了些很不近人情的话。OPP soft ⇨ sensitive 1 ■ callous / /ˈkæləs/ / (disapproving) acting as you like without caring about other people's feelings or suffering 冷酷无情的；无同情心的；冷漠的◆The troops showed a callous disregard for life and property.那支部队对生命和财产表现得麻木不仁。■ unmoved [not before noun] not feeling pity or sympathy in reaction to sth, especially in a situation where it would be normal to do so （尤指在应表示同情时）冷漠的，无同情心的，无动于衷的◆Alice seemed totally unmoved by the whole experience.艾丽斯似乎对整个经历都很冷漠。 see also move ⇨ impress ■ heartless (disapproving) showing no pity or sympathy for other people in what you say or do （言辞或行为）无情的，狠心的◆How can you be so heartless!你怎么能这么狠心！◆The decision does seem a little heartless.这个决定的确有点不近人情。■ merciless / /ˈmɜːsɪləs; NAmE ˈmɜːrsɪləs/ (rather formal, especially written) showing no kindness or pity 毫不怜悯的；无情的；残忍的◆He was left reeling after a merciless attack by the opposition.反对者无情的攻击让他晕头转向。◆It brought relief from the merciless summer heat.它可以让人们摆脱夏日的酷热。 OPP merciful ⇨ lenient ■ ˌcold-ˈblooded (disapproving) showing no feelings or pity for other people while doing terrible things 冷酷的；无情的；残酷的◆a cold-blooded killer冷酷无情的杀手◆There was something very cold-blooded about the way he used his father's death.他拿自己父亲去世做文章，实在太冷酷无情了。NOTE 辨析 Which word? Unmoved is the weakest of these words because it describes sb not reacting to sb else's distress or anger, not sb who actively causes sb else's distress. Hard, callous and heartless can describe sb reacting without sympathy to sb's distress, or sb actively doing things that hurt people without caring about the effects on those people. Ruthless and cold-blooded are stronger still: a ruthless person will do anything to get what they want; a cold-blooded person not only feels no sympathy, but feels no emotions at all (such as anger) that might explain their cruel behaviour. * unmoved在这些词中表达的冷漠程度最弱，因为它指的是某人对他人的痛苦或愤怒未作出反应，而非某人做了某事使得别人痛苦。hard、callous和heartless可形容某人对别人痛苦没有同情心，或实际上做伤害他人、不顾及他人感受的事。ruthless和cold-blooded表达的冷漠程度更高：ruthless意味着为达目的会不择手段，cold-blooded意味着不但没有同情心，而且根本就没有感情（比如愤怒），其冷酷行为在情感上无法解释。■ brutal /ˈbruːtl/ / (usually disapproving) direct and clear about sth unpleasant; not thinking of people's feelings 直截了当的；冷酷的◆With brutal honesty she told him she did not love him.她冷酷地直接告诉他，她不爱他。 see also brutal ⇨ cruel ▸ brutally adverb ◆Let me be brutally frank about this.让我把这件事无情地挑明吧。 solid adjective solid ♦︎ stiff ♦︎ rigid ♦︎ firm ♦︎ hardThese words all describe things that are not soft to touch or are difficult to bend, break or move. 这些词均表示坚硬的、结实的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆solid / stiff / rigid material◆a solid / firm / hard surface◆firm / hard ground◆to go stiff / hard■ solid not in the form of a liquid or gas; not soft; difficult to bend, break or move 固体的；坚硬的；结实的；牢固的◆It was so cold that the stream had frozen solid.天气特别冷，小河冻得严严实实的。◆The boiler uses solid fuel (= not oil or gas).这种锅炉使用固体燃料。◆She had refused all solid food (= would not eat, only drink).所有固体食物她都不肯吃。◆The door was solid as rock.那扇门坚如磐石。OPP liquid ⇨ material see also solid ⇨ pure adj. 1 , solid ⇨ material noun ■ stiff not easy to fold or change in shape 不易折叠（或变形）的；硬的；挺的◆a sheet of stiff black cardboard一张黑色硬纸板◆Scrub away any residue with a stiff brush.用硬刷子把残留物擦洗掉。ⓘ People or parts of the body can be stiff if their muscles hurt when they move them, often because of cold. * stiff可指人的全身或身体某一部位因寒冷等而僵硬，活动时肌肉会疼痛◆I felt stiff all over.我觉得浑身酸痛。◆I've got a stiff neck from sleeping in a draught.我睡觉时受了风，脖子发僵。◆My fingers had gone stiff with cold.我的手指已经冻僵了。 see also stiff ⇨ tight ■ rigid / /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ / difficult to bend or press out of shape 坚硬的；不易弯曲的；僵直的◆Sandwiches are best packed in a rigid container.三明治最好用硬盒包装。◆The material is rigid and brittle.这种材料质地坚硬而且易碎。ⓘ People can go rigid with fear, anger or some other emotion. * rigid可指人因害怕、生气或其他情感而身体僵直◆His body suddenly went rigid with fear.他吓得突然浑身发僵。 OPP flexible ⇨ flexible 2 ■ firm (approving) not soft; not easy to press into another shape 坚固的；坚硬的；结实的◆It was good to feel the firm ground underfoot.脚下踩着坚硬的土地，那种感觉真好。◆four large tomatoes, ripe but firm四个大西红柿，熟了却还很硬◆Bake the cakes until they are firm to the touch.把糕饼烤到摸来有硬感为止。OPP soft ⇨ soft see also firm ⇨ firm , firm ⇨ tight ■ hard not soft; impossible to press into another shape 坚硬的；坚固的；不易变形的◆Wait for the concrete to go hard.等待混凝土凝结。◆a hard bench / chair硬板凳；硬椅子◆The ground is still rock-hard.地面仍然极其坚硬。 OPP soft ⇨ soft NOTE 辨析 Firm or hard? Hard things are harder than firm things. Hard can mean 'very hard' * hard比firm的硬度大。hard可表示非常硬◆Diamonds are the hardest known mineral.钻石是已知最坚硬的矿物。or 'too hard'. 或表示太硬◆a hard mattress一张硬梆梆的床垫 Firm is always a positive word: a hard mattress is a bad thing, but a firm mattress is good. * firm总是含有肯定意义：hard mattress是不好的，而firm mattress则是好的。 |