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association noun
⇨ association (historical associations) ⇨ relation (an association between smoking and cancer) ⇨ relationship 1 (in association with sb) ⇨ union (trade associations) association noun association ♦︎ connotation ♦︎ overtone ♦︎ nuance ♦︎ undercurrentThese are all words for an idea or feeling which is not expressed directly but is suggested or felt. 这些词均表示潜藏的联系、联想。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆associations / connotations / overtones / a nuance / an undercurrent of sth◆(a) strong associations / connotations / overtones / undercurrent◆negative / unpleasant / pejorative associations / connotations / overtones◆(a) racial connotation / overtones / undercurrent◆(a) social connotation / overtones / nuance / undercurrent◆(a) political connotation / overtones / undercurrent◆to have associations / connotations / overtones◆to take on associations / connotations / overtones■ association [countable, usually plural] an idea, feeling or memory that is suggested by sb/sth; a mental connection between ideas 联想；联系◆The seaside had all sorts of pleasant associations with my childhood.海滨使我联想起童年的各种愉快情景。◆Tourists visit the city for its historical associations.游客来到这个城市是为了了解它的历史渊源。◆The cat soon made the association between human beings and food.这只猫很快就把人类与食物联系起来。 see also associate ⇨ relate ■ connotation /ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃn; NAmE ˌkɑːnəˈteɪʃn/ [countable] (rather formal) an idea or attitude suggested by a word in addition to its main meaning 深义；隐含意义◆The word 'professional' has connotations of skill and excellence.professional这个词隐含着技艺和专长的意思。■ overtone /ˈəʊvətəʊn; NAmE ˈoʊvərtoʊn/ [countable, usually plural] an attitude or feeling that is suggested but is not expressed in a direct way 言外之意；暗示◆There were political overtones to the point he was making.他的论点有政治寓义。■ nuance /ˈnjuːɑːns; NAmE ˈnuːɑːns/ [countable, uncountable] a very slight difference in meaning, sound, colour or sb's feelings that is not usually very obvious （意义、声音、颜色或感觉上的）细微差别◆He watched her face intently to catch every nuance of expression.他认真注视她的脸，捕捉每一丝细微的表情变化。◆You need to be able to convey the subtle nuances of meaning of each word.你得要表达出每个词意义上的细微差别。◆Her singing has both warmth of sound and delicacy of nuance.她的演唱既热情豪放，又不失细致温柔。■ undercurrent /ˈʌndəkʌrənt; NAmE ˈʌndərkɜːrənt/ [countable] a feeling, especially a negative one such as anger, fear or sadness, that is hidden but whose effects are felt （尤指负面的）潜在情绪◆I sensed an undercurrent of resentment among the other girls.我觉察到在其他女孩中有种不满情绪。NOTE 辨析 Connotation, overtone or undercurrent? Connotation and overtone often refer to an idea, attitude or feeling which sb intends when they say or write sth, but which they do not express directly. The idea or attitude may be expressed by carefully choosing the words which are used. An undercurrent is usually a feeling or attitude which is felt very strongly and so can be sensed even when sb tries to hide it. * connotation和overtone常指想表达却没有直接表达出来的想法、态度或感觉，这种想法或态度也许通过谨慎措辞暗示出来。undercurrent通常是一种可以明显感受到的情绪或态度，就算极力隐藏他人也仍能感受得到。 relation noun relation ♦︎ connection ♦︎ relationship ♦︎ correlation ♦︎ link ♦︎ association ♦︎ interdependenceThese are all words for sth that connects similar things, or the way in which they are connected. 这些词均表示关系、关联、联系。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the relation / connection / relationship / correlation / link / association / interdependence between A and B◆a connection / a relationship / a correlation / a link / an association with sb / sth◆a connection / link to sth◆the relation / relationship of sth to sth◆in connection / association with sb / sth◆a close / significant relation / connection / relationship / correlation / link / association◆a direct / clear / strong / definite / possible relation / connection / relationship / correlation / link / association◆a complex relation / connection / relationship / association / interdependence◆a simple relation / connection / relationship / correlation◆a causal connection / relationship / link / association◆a positive relation / connection / relationship / correlation / link◆a negative relation / relationship / correlation / link◆to have a relation / a connection / a relationship / a correlation / a link / an association◆to show / examine the relation / connection / relationship / correlation / link / association◆to find a relation / a connection / a relationship / a correlation / a link / an association◆to prove the relation / connection / relationship / link / association◆to see the connection / relationship / correlation / link■ relation [uncountable, countable] (rather formal) the way in which two or more things are connected （事物之间的）关系，关联，联系◆The fee they are offering bears no relation to the amount of work involved.他们支付的酬金和所涉及的工作量无关。◆Its brain is small in relation to (= compared with) its body.与其身体相比，它的大脑很小。◆ (formal) I have some comments to make in relation to (= concerning) this matter.关于这件事我有几点看法。◆The study shows a close relation between poverty and ill health.该研究显示了贫穷和疾病之间的密切关系。■ connection [countable] something that connects two or more people or things 联系；关联◆Scientists have established a connection between cholesterol levels and heart disease.科学家已证实胆固醇含量与心脏病之间有关联。◆The union did not have a direct connection with any political party.那个工会与任何政党都没有直接联系。◆How did you make the connection (= realize that there was a connection between two facts that did not seem to be related)?你怎么看出有这种关系的？ see also connect ⇨ link 1 ■ relationship [countable, uncountable] the way in which two or more things are connected （事物之间的）关系，关联，联系◆the relationship between mental and physical health精神健康和身体健康之间的关系◆ (rather formal) People alter their voices in relationship to background noise.人们根据环境噪音的大小调节自己的声音。◆ (rather formal) There is an inverse relationship between disability and social contact (= the greater sb's disability, the less social contact they have).残疾程度与社会接触程度呈反比关系。NOTE 辨析 Relation or relationship? Relation is most often used in expressions such as in relation to sth and to bear no/little relation to sth. When people talk about the relation/relationship between two or more things, they often use relation in more technical contexts. * relation最常用于in relation to sth和bear no/little relation to sth等短语中。可用the relation/relationship between表达两个或更多事物之间的关系，relation常用于更专业的语境。■ correlation /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn; NAmE ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃn, ˌkɑːrəˈleɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable] (rather formal) a connection between two things in which one thing changes as the other does 相互关系；相关；关联◆There is a direct correlation between exposure to sun and skin cancer.暴晒与皮肤癌直接相关。◆the correlation of social power with wealth社会权力与财富的相关性 see also correlate ⇨ match 1 ■ link [countable] a connection between two or more people or things 联系；关联◆Police suspect there may be a link between the two murders.警方怀疑那两宗凶杀案可能有关联。◆The report failed to prove a causal link between violence on screen and in real life.该报告未能证实屏幕上和现实生活中的暴力行为之间存在因果关系。 see also link ⇨ link verb 1 NOTE 辨析 Connection or link?There is no real difference in meaning between these words. Only connection is used in the collocation make the connection. 这两个词在含义上没有实质差别。只有connection有make the connection这种搭配用法◆How did you make the link? Link can be slightly more informal than connection and is often used in newspapers. * link比connection稍非正式，常用于报纸报道。 ■ association [countable] (rather formal) a connection between things in which one is caused by the other 因果关系◆Is there a proven association between passive smoking and cancer?被动吸烟与癌症之间已被证实存在因果关系吗？■ interdependence /ˌɪntədɪˈpendəns; NAmE ˌɪntərdɪˈpendəns/ [uncountable, countable] (formal) a state in which people or things depend on each other, or consist of parts that depend on each other 互相依赖；互相依存；部分互相影响◆The report stresses the interdependence of teaching and research in universities.这份报告强调大学的教学和研究是相互依存的。 relationship1 noun The brothers had a close relationship. 兄弟几个关系密切。a sexual relationship 性关系 ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ bond 另见bond条relationship ♦︎ relations ♦︎ partnership ♦︎ tie ♦︎ link ♦︎ association ♦︎ contact ♦︎ affiliationThese are all words for a connection between two people, groups or countries. 这些词均表示人际或国际间的关系、联系。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a relationship / relations / a partnership / ties / a link / an association / contacts / an affiliation with sb / sth◆a relationship / relations / a partnership / ties / links / an association / an affiliation between A and B◆(a) close relationship / relations / partnership / ties / links / association / contacts◆(a) strong relationship / partnership / ties / links◆economic / diplomatic / family relations / ties / links◆trade relations / links / contacts◆(a) business / professional relationship / relations / partnership / ties / links / association / contacts◆(a) political relationship / relations / partnership / ties / links / association / contacts / affiliation◆(a) personal relationship / relations / ties / links / association / contacts / affiliation◆international relations / partnership / ties / links / contacts◆to have a relationship / relations / a partnership / ties / a link / an association / contacts / an affiliation◆to build / establish / foster a relationship / relations / a partnership / ties / links / contacts◆to develop a relationship / relations / a partnership / ties / links / an association / contacts◆to improve / strengthen a relationship / relations / a partnership / ties / links◆to sever / break off relations / ties / links■ relationship [countable, uncountable] the way in which two people, groups or countries behave towards each other or deal with each other; the way in which a person is related to sb else in a family （人、团体、国家之间的）关系，联系；血缘关系；姻亲关系◆The relationship between the police and the local community has improved.警察和当地民众之间的关系已经得到改善。◆I have established a good working relationship with my boss.我和老板已经建立起良好的工作关系。◆She has a love-hate relationship with her job (= her feelings for her job are a mixture of love and hatred).她对她的工作又爱又恨。◆a father-son / mother-daughter relationship父子／母女关系◆I'm not sure of the exact relationship between them－I think they're cousins.我不太清楚他们之间的确切关系，我觉得他们是表亲。■ relations [plural] the way in which two people, groups or countries behave towards each other or deal with each other （人、团体、国家之间的）关系，联系，交往◆Sino-US relations中美关系◆Relations with neighbouring countries are under strain at present.目前，与邻国的关系正处于紧张状态。◆The change of government led to improved industrial relations (= relations between employers and employees).政府的变革使劳资关系得到改善。NOTE 辨析 Relationship or relations?The word relations is often used to talk about how good or bad the relationship between people, groups or countries is. * relations常用于谈论关系的好坏◆strained / difficult relations紧张／不融洽的关系◆cordial / harmonious / improved relations亲切友好／和谐／改善的关系 Relationships are often more personal than relations. * relationships往往比relations更多涉及个人生活◆international / race / cultural relations国际／种族／文化关系◆interpersonal / one-to-one / parent-child relationships人际／一对一的／亲子关系 ■ partnership [countable, uncountable] a relationship between two people, organizations, etc. in which the two work together for a result that is good for both of them; the state of having this relationship 合作关系；伙伴关系◆Marriage should be an equal partnership.婚姻应当是平等的伴侣关系。◆the school's partnership with parents学校与家长的合作◆a partnership between the United States and Europe美国与欧洲的伙伴关系 see also partner ⇨ partner 1 ■ tie [countable, usually plural] a strong relationship between people or organizations 联系；关系；纽带◆The firm has close ties with an American corporation.这家商行与一家美国公司关系密切。◆The community was bound by family ties and a strong church.家族关系和强大的教会影响使那个社区凝聚在一起。◆Although he was raised as a Roman Catholic, he has cut his ties with the Church.虽然从小受到天主教的熏陶，但他已经切断与教会的关系。◆the ties of friendship / kinship友谊的纽带；亲属关系■ link [countable] a connection or relationship between two or more people, countries or organizations 联系；关系；纽带◆They were keen to establish trade links with Asia.他们渴望与亚洲建立贸易关系。◆Social customs provide a vital link between generations.社会风俗是一代人与另一代人之间的重要纽带。NOTE 辨析 Tie or link? Ties are stronger than links and suggest that people or groups are closely connected or are dependent on each other in some way. The word ties is more frequent than links to refer to connections that are more emotional. * tie指比link更强的联系，意味着人或团体有密切联系，或在某种程度上相互依赖。表示感情色彩较强的联系时，tie比link更常用◆trade / business ties / links贸易／商务关系but 但要说◆family ties家族关系◆the ties of friendship友谊的纽带◆family links ◆the links of friendship ■ association / /əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn, əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃn; NAmE əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃn/ [countable, uncountable] (rather formal) a connection or relationship between people or organizations, especially a business one 联系；联合；（尤指）商业关系◆He was questioned about his alleged association with terrorist groups.他被指称与恐怖组织有关联，并受到了讯问。◆The book was published in association with (= together with) British Heritage.这本书是与《英国传统》杂志社联合出版的。 see also associate ⇨ partner noun 1 ■ contact [countable, usually plural] (especially business 尤用于商业) an occasion on which you meet or communicate with sb; a relationship with sb 联系；交往；关系◆We have good contacts with the local community.我们与当地社区关系不错。◆The company has maintained trade contacts with India.这家公司和印度一直保持着贸易往来。■ affiliation /əˌfɪliˈeɪʃn/ / [uncountable, countable] (formal) one group or organization's official connection with another, especially a political or religious one （尤指政治或宗教关系的）隶属，从属◆Trade unions have a long history of affiliation to the Labour Party.工会隶属工党由来已久。◆the diverse religious affiliations of Ghanaian Americans加纳裔美国人不同的宗教背景 union noun ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ organization 另见organization条union ♦︎ club ♦︎ association ♦︎ society ♦︎ alliance ♦︎ league ♦︎ coalition ♦︎ federation ♦︎ guildThese are all words for groups of people, workers, political parties or other organizations who share an interest or purpose. 这些词均表示社团、工会、联盟、协会。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a national union / club / association / society / league / coalition / federation◆a local union / club / association / society / coalition / federation◆an international union / club / association / league / coalition / federation◆a strong union / alliance / coalition / guild◆a loose association / alliance / coalition / federation◆a trade union / association / federation / guild◆a political club / association / society / alliance / coalition◆a professional union / club / association / society◆to form a union / a club / an association / a society / an alliance / a league / a coalition / a federation◆to set up a union / a club / an association / a society / a league / a federation◆to join a union / a club / an association / a society / an alliance / a league / a coalition / a federation◆to belong to a union / a club / an association / a society / an alliance / a federation◆a union / a club / an association / a society meets◆a member of a union / a club / an association / a society / an alliance / a league / a coalition / a federation / a guild■ union [countable] an organization of workers, especially from the same industry; a group of people or organizations with the same interests 工会；协会；联合会◆The union represents 40% of all hospital workers.该工会代表医院40%员工的利益。◆He has been appointed head of the Welsh Rugby Union (= sports organization).他已被任命为威尔士橄榄球协会主席。ⓘ A workers' union is also called a trade union or trades union in British English, or a labor union in American English. Trade unions exist to protect the interests of workers and to improve their conditions of work. 工会在英式英语中亦称作trade union或trades union，在美式英语中亦称作labor union。trade union的存在是为了保护工人的利益和改善他们的工作条件。■ club [countable + singular or plural verb] (especially in compounds 尤用于构成复合词) a group of people who meet together regularly for a particular activity or sport 俱乐部；社团；会◆She plays at the local tennis club.她在当地的网球俱乐部打球。◆She gives talks at local schools and youth clubs.她到当地的学校和青年俱乐部演讲。◆Fan club members can get concert tickets at a discount.歌迷会成员购买音乐会门票有优惠。ⓘ In British English a club is also a professional sports organization that includes the players, managers, owners and members. 在英式英语中，club亦可指包括运动员、主教练、老板和会员在内的职业运动俱乐部。 see also club ⇨ team 2 ■ association [countable + singular or plural verb] an official group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose 协会；社团；联盟◆The Football Association has launched an investigation into the incident.足球协会已对此事展开调查。◆Local councils have begun to work closely with housing associations.地方政务委员会已开始与房屋协会密切合作。◆Do you belong to any professional or trade associations?你是否加入了任何专业学会或行业协会？■ society [countable] (especially in names 尤用于名称) a group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose 社团；协会；学会◆the American Society of Newspaper Editors美国报纸主编协会◆the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds皇家鸟类保护协会◆He made few friends and joined few clubs or societies.他没交几个朋友，也没怎么加入俱乐部和协会。NOTE 辨析 Club, association or society?Groups of people who have a shared interest or purpose use all of these words as part of the name of their group, often for historical reasons. A club tends to be involved with a leisure interest, such as a sport or hobby and can be quite informal. A drama club, for example, might be more informal than a more traditional dramatic society. An association is usually an official group representing or concerned with a professional area or a social issue. 拥有共同兴趣或目的的一群人所组成的团体，其名称可以用这些词中的任何一个，至于是哪一个常常是由历史原因决定的。club往往跟业余活动有关，如某项运动或爱好，有时不是很正式。比如，drama club可能比传统的dramatic society更非正式。association通常指代表某一专业领域或与某一社会问题相关的官方团体◆a trade / professional / residents' / housing association行业协会；专业学会；居民联合会；房屋协会A society often has an academic interest. Most British universities have a number of societies which students with a particular interest, such as history, politics or music can join. Society is also often used in the names of charities. * society往往跟学术兴趣有关，英国大多数大学都有一些society，有某方面爱好，比如喜欢历史、政治或音乐的学生可以加入。society亦常用于慈善机构的名称。 ■ alliance / /əˈlaɪəns/ / [countable] a group formed by several different people or groups, especially political parties, who work together for a particular purpose （尤指政党的）结盟团体，联盟◆The Movement for Multiparty Democracy was a loose alliance of opposition parties.多党制民主运动是各反对党的一个松散的联盟。■ league / /liːg/ / [countable] (often used in the names of organizations 常用于组织的名称) a group of people or countries that have combined for a particular purpose 联盟；同盟◆the League of Nations国际联盟◆a meeting of the Women's League for Peace妇女和平联盟会议■ coalition / /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn; NAmE ˌkoʊəˈlɪʃn/ [countable] a group formed of several different groups, especially political parties, who agree to work together for a particular purpose （尤指政党的）联合体，联盟◆The network is a global coalition of environmental and consumer groups.这个圈子网罗了全球的环境保护团体和消费者团体。NOTE 辨析 Alliance or coalition?An alliance can be formed by different people or groups coming together; a coalition can only be formed by two or more groups that already exist. * alliance可由不同的人或群体联合而成，coalition只可由已经存在的两个或多个团体联合而成。■ federation /ˌfedəˈreɪʃn/ / [countable] a group of clubs, trade unions, etc. that have joined together to form a large organization （俱乐部、工会等的）联合会◆He proposed a loose federation of small, local groups.他提议小型的地方性团体组成一个松散的联合会。◆the British Athletics Federation英国田径运动联合会■ guild / /gɪld/ / [countable + singular or plural verb] an organization of people who do the same job or who have the same interests or aims; an association of skilled workers in the Middle Ages （行业）协会；（中世纪的）行会，同业公会◆He is an active member of the Screen Actors' Guild.他是电影演员协会的活跃成员。◆The building originally belonged to the guild of clockmakers.这座建筑最初归钟表匠行会所有。ⓘ Professional groups that have guild as part of their name often started as guilds of craftsmen in the past. 名称中含guild的专业协会，其前身常为昔日的工匠行会。 |