change verb ⇨change1 (change your habits)⇨change2 (changing attitudes towards education)⇨cash (Can you change a £20 note?)⇨replace2 (change your doctor)⇨turn2 (Caterpillars change into butterflies.)⇨wear (change into your swimsuit)change noun ⇨change1 (a change in the weather)⇨change2 (make changes to sth)⇨money2 (change for the ticket machine)⇨a change of heart⇨revolution2
change1
verb
change your habits改变习惯changing attitudes towards education不断变化的对教育的看法replacechange your doctorturn2Caterpillars change into butterflies.➡ See also the entry for ⇨ adjust另见adjust条change ♦︎ alter ♦︎ adapt ♦︎ shift ♦︎ tailor ♦︎ varyThese words all mean to make sb/sth different.这些词均表示改变。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to change / alter / adapt / tailor sth for sb / sth◆to change / alter / adapt a plan / story◆to change / alter / shift / vary the emphasis◆to change / alter / shift the balance / perspective◆to change / alter / adapt your behaviour◆to change / adapt / vary your routine◆to change / alter / shift your / sb's attitude / opinion◆to change / alter / adapt / tailor sth accordingly◆to change / adapt / tailor sth specially / carefully■change [transitive] to make sb/sth different改变；使变化◆Information technology has changed the way people work.信息技术改变了人的工作方式。◆This incident changed the whole course of events.这件事改变了整个事态的发展。◆What made you change your mind(= change your opinion)?什么使你改变了想法？◆The fruit changes colour as it ripens.这种水果成熟时会变色。◆Don't keep changing the subject.不要总是改变话题。■alter / /ˈɔːltə(r)/ / [transitive] to make sb/sth different改变；更改；改动◆This development will alter the character of the town.这项开发将改变城区的风貌。◆Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame.错在我们，这是无法改变的事实。NOTE辨析 Change or alter?Sometimes you can use either word.这两个词有时可通用◆Fame hasn't really changed / altered him.名声并没有使他有丝毫改变。However, change often suggests a complete change, whereas alter can suggest a smaller change.不过，change常指彻底的改变，而alter可指小的改变◆This law needs to be altered(= changed slightly in order to improve it).这项法律需要修改。◆This law needs to be changed(= changed completely or got rid of).这项法律需要更改。Alter is often used when sth does not change * alter常用否定陈述◆It doesn't alter the way I feel.这改变不了我的感觉。or to talk about making changes to particular aspects of sth.或指改变事物的某些方面◆They can alter the programme until success is achieved.他们可以改变程序直至成功为止。Change can also be used in all of these cases, but its range of uses is much wider, including particular collocations such as change your mind, change your name, change colour, change tack and change the subject. * change可用于以上所有情况，且其使用范围更广，固定搭配有change your mind，change your name，change colour，change tack和change the subject。■adapt [transitive] to change sth in order to make it suitable for a new use or situation使适应，使适合（新用途或新情况）◆Most of these tools have been specially adapted for use by disabled people.这些工具多数已经过特别改装，供残疾人使用。◆These styles can be adapted to suit individual tastes.这些样式可以修改，以适应个人不同喜好。 see also modify ⇨ adjust, adaptable ⇨ flexible1■shift [transitive] to change the way that people think about sth改变（观点）◆They are trying to shift public attitudes about the nature of old age.他们试图改变公众对老龄本质的看法。◆We need to shift the focus of this debate.我们需要转换一下辩论焦点。ⓘ Typical collocates of shift are attitudes, opinions, balance, emphasis, focus and perspective. * shift的常见搭配词有attitudes、opinions、balance、emphasis、focus和perspective。■tailor / /ˈteɪlə(r)/ / [transitive] to make or adapt sth for a particular purpose or person专门制作；订做◆Special programmes of study are tailored to the needs of specific groups.为满足特定群体的需要，特制了专门的课程。◆Most travel agents are prepared to tailor travel arrangements to meet individual requirements.为满足个别需要，大多数旅行社都愿意作出专门的旅游安排。■vary [transitive] to make changes to sth to make it slightly different（略为）变更，改变◆The job enables me to vary the hours I work.这项工作使我能够调整工作时间。◆The aerobics instructor varies the routine each week.健美操教练每周都改变动作套路。ⓘ Vary is used especially to talk about making slight changes to a routine of sth that you do regularly. * vary尤与routine连用，指对定期做的事情进行小的改变。
change2
verb
change your habits改变习惯changing attitudes towards education不断变化的对教育的看法replacechange your doctorturn2Caterpillars change into butterflies.change ♦︎ vary ♦︎ shift ♦︎ fluctuate ♦︎ swing ♦︎ alter ♦︎ alternateThese words all mean to become different.这些词均表示发生改变、起变化。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to change / shift / swing from sth to sth◆to vary / fluctuate / swing / alternate between A and B◆to change / vary / fluctuate according to sth◆to change / vary / fluctuate / swing wildly◆to change / vary / shift / fluctuate / swing / alter dramatically / sharply◆to change / vary / shift / fluctuate / alter significantly◆to change / vary / shift / fluctuate constantly / continually◆to change / shift / fluctuate / swing rapidly◆to change / shift / swing suddenly◆to change / vary / alter little / slightly / somewhat◆to hardly / never change / vary / alter■change [intransitive] to become different改变；变化◆Rick hasn't changed. He looks exactly the same as he did at school.里克一点儿没变，他和上学时一模一样。◆We examined changing attitudes towards education.我们研究了对于教育不断变化的看法。◆The language is changing all the time.语言总是在变化。◆Leeds changed from a small market town into a busy city.利兹从一个小集镇变成了热闹的城市。◆Her life changed completely when she won the lottery.她彩票中奖后生活彻底改变了。■vary [intransitive] to change frequently or be different according to the situation（根据情况）变化，变更，改变◆The menu varies with the season.菜单随季节而变动。◆Prices vary according to the type of room you require.价格随要求的房间类型而有所变化。◆Class numbers vary between 25 and 30.班级的数目从25到30不等。◆Pulse rates vary slightly from person to person.每个人的脉搏快慢略有不同。◆'What time do you start work?' 'It varies.'“你几点钟开始工作？” “没准儿。”■shift [intransitive] (especially journalism尤用于新闻) (of a situation or opinion) to change from one state or position to another（情况或观点）改变，转向◆The balance of power shifted away from workers towards employers.力量从工人一方转向雇主一方去了。◆Public attitudes towards marriage have shifted over the past 50 years.50年来，公众对婚姻的态度已经改变。■fluctuate / /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/ / [intransitive] (ratherformalorwritten) to change frequently in size, amount, level or quality, especially from one extreme to another（大小、数量、水平或质量大幅）波动；（在⋯之间）起伏不定◆During the crisis, oil prices fluctuated between $30 and $50 a barrel.在危机时期，石油价格在每桶30到50美元之间波动。◆Temperatures can fluctuate by as much as 10 degrees.温差可达10度之大。◆My weight fluctuated wildly depending on how much I ate.我的体重会因我吃多少东西而大幅变化。■swing(swung, swung) [intransitive] (especially journalism尤用于新闻) to change from one opinion, mood or situation to another, especially from one extreme to another（观点、情绪或情况）改变，剧变◆The state has swung from Republican to Democrat.这个州从支持共和党转向支持民主党。◆His emotions swung between fear and curiosity.他时而害怕，时而好奇。◆The game could swing either way(= either side could win it).这场比赛胜负未卜。■alter / /ˈɔːltə(r)/ / [intransitive] to become different改变；变化◆Property prices did not significantly alter during 2007.2007年，房产价格没有大的变化。◆He had not altered greatly in the last ten years.在过去的十年间，他变化不大。NOTE辨析 change or alter?Sometimes you can use either word.这两个词有时可通用◆Rick hasn't changed / altered much.里克没怎么改变。However, change is much more frequent and has a much wider range than alter: it often suggests a complete change to sth important.不过，change比alter使用更频繁也更广泛，常指重要事物发生彻底的改变◆Her life changed completely when she won the lottery.她彩票中奖后生活彻底改变了。◆Her life altered completely.It can also be used to talk about things that are in the process of changing. * change还可用于谈论变化中的事物◆changing attitudes to education对于教育不断变化的看法◆altering attitudes to educationAlter is often used when sth has changed only slightly or not at all. * alter常在事物发生微小的改变或根本没变时使用◆The party's policies have hardly altered, but public opinion has.该党的政策几乎没变，但是公众舆论变了。■alternate /ˈɔːltəneɪt; NAmEˈɔːltərneɪt/ [intransitive] (always followed by between总是后接between) to keep changing from one thing to another and back again交替；变换◆Her mood alternated between happiness and despair.她一会儿高兴，一会儿绝望。
cash
verb
cash ♦︎ exchange ♦︎ cash sth in ♦︎ change ♦︎ clearThese words all mean to exchange money in one form for the same value of money in a different form.这些词均表示兑换货币。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to cash / change traveller's cheques◆to cash / clear a cheque◆to exchange / change your currency / pounds / dollars for / into pounds / dollars / the local currency■cash [transitive] to exchange a cheque for the amount of money that it is worth兑现（支票）◆The company cashed my cheque but then failed to send the goods I'd ordered.那家公司兑现了我的支票，之后却没按我的订单发货。 see also cash ⇨ moneynoun2■exchange [transitive] to give an amount of money and get back the same value in the money of another country兑换（货币）◆You can exchange your currency for dollars in the hotel.可以在旅馆将钱兑换成美元。■ˌcash sth ˈin
phrasal verb
to exchange sth, such as an insurance policy, for the amount of money which it is then worth, before the date on which you would normally receive the full amount of money把（保险单等）提前兑现◆It's not a good idea to cash in your bonds before the five years are up.提前兑现你的五年期债券并不明智。■change [transitive] (especiallyspoken) to exchange money into the money of another country; to exchange money for the same amount in different coins or notes兑换（成另一国货币）；将⋯换成零钱◆Where can I change my traveller's cheques?我可以到哪里兑换旅行支票？◆Can you change a £20 note?你能把一张20英镑的钞票换成零钱吗？ see also change ⇨ moneynoun2■clear [intransitive, transitive] if a cheque that you pay into your bank account clears, or a bank clears it, the money is available for you to use兑现（支票）◆Cheques usually take three working days to clear.兑现支票通常需要三个工作日。
replace2
verb
Teachers will never be replaced by computers.电脑永远取代不了老师。replace the old carpets更换旧地毯replace ♦︎ switch ♦︎ change ♦︎ exchange ♦︎ substitute ♦︎ swap ♦︎ trade ♦︎ reverse ♦︎ barterThese words all mean to remove sb/sth and put another person or thing in their place.这些词均表示替换、更换。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to switch / change / exchange / substitute / swap / trade / barter A for B◆to replace / substitute / switch B with A◆to switch / exchange / swap / reverse A and B◆to replace / change a battery / bulb / fuse / tyre / wheel◆to switch / exchange / swap / reverse roles◆to change / exchange / swap / trade places◆to change / swap seats / clothes◆to exchange / swap / trade stories / jokes◆to exchange / swap experiences / news / phone numbers◆to exchange / trade insults◆to simply replace / switch / change / exchange / substitute / reverse sth◆to easily replace / switch / change / substitute / swap sth■replace [transitive] (ratherformal) to remove sb/sth and put a different or better person or thing in their place替换；接替；更换◆He will be difficult to replace when he leaves.他离职时，他的位置很难有人接替。◆All the old carpets need replacing.所有的旧地毯均要更换。◆She had an operation to replace both hips.她做了一次手术，替换掉两个髋关节。 see also replacement ⇨ exchange■switch [transitive] (ratherinformal) to put one thing in the place of another, and put the second thing in the place of the first交换；掉换；对调◆The dates of the last two exams have been switched.最后两门考试的日期掉换了。◆Do you think she'll notice if I switch my glass with hers?要是把我的杯子跟她的换了，你认为她看得出来吗？◆I see you've switched the furniture around(= changed its position).我看出来你把家具重摆了。■change [transitive] to replace one thing, person or service with sth new or different; to take sb else's position or place while they take yours替换，更换（东西、人或服务）；互换，交换（位置或座位）◆Marie changed her name when she got married.玛丽结婚后改了姓。◆That back tyre needs changing.那个后轮胎需要更换。◆At half-time the teams change ends.球队在半场时交换场地。◆Can I change seats with you?我可以和你换座位吗？◆I want to change my doctor.我想另找一位医生看病。ⓘ The usual word in American English used to talk about giving sth back for a better thing of the same kind, is exchange; this sounds rather formal in British English.在美式英语中， 表示换上更好的同类东西用exchange，这在英式英语中听起来相当正式◆ (BrE) We changed the car for a bigger one.我们换了辆更大的汽车。◆ (NAmE) We exchanged the car for a bigger one.我们换了辆更大的汽车。■exchange [transitive] to give sth to sb and at the same time receive the same type of thing from them; to give or return sth that you have and get sth different or better instead交换；交流；兑换；更换◆We use the forum to exchange ideas.我们利用这个论坛交流思想。◆I shook hands and exchanged a few words with the manager.我与经理握手，交谈了几句。◆Juliet and David exchanged glances(= they looked at each other).朱丽叶和戴维相互看了看对方。◆The two men exchanged blows(= hit each other).两个男人互殴起来。◆You can exchange your currency for dollars in the hotel.你可以在旅馆将钱兑换成美元。◆If it doesn't fit, take it back and the store will exchange it.如果不合适就把它拿回去，商店会给你换一个。 see also exchange ⇨ exchangenoun, exchange ⇨ discussionnoun■substitute [transitive] to use sb/sth instead of sb/sth else（用⋯）代替，取代◆Margarine can be substituted for butter in this recipe.做这道菜可以用人造黄油代替黄油。◆Butter can be substituted with margarine in this recipe.做这道菜可以用人造黄油代替黄油。◆Gerrard was substituted in the second half after a knee injury(= sb else played instead of Gerrard in the second half).下半场杰拉德膝盖受伤被换下。ⓘ You can substitute A for B or substitute B with A: in both cases you use A instead of B. You can also just say that you substitute sth: in this case the context needs to make clear whether the 'sth' is being used instead of sth, or is replacing sth else.可以说substitute A for B或substitute B with A，这两种说法均指用A代替B。还可以只说substitute sth，但这时必须能从上下文确定替换者和被替换者。 see also substitution ⇨ exchange■swap ( swop) /swɒp; NAmEswɑːp/ (-pp-) [intransitive, transitive] to exchange sth with sb交换；互换◆I've finished this magazine. Can I swap with you?这本杂志我看完了，我能跟你交换一下吗？◆I swapped my red scarf for her blue one.我用我的红围巾换了她的蓝围巾。◆We spent the evening in the bar swapping stories(= telling each other stories) about our travels.我们一晚上坐在酒吧里互聊各自的旅途经历。◆ (especially BrE) Can we swap places? I can't see the screen.咱俩换一下座位好吗？我看不见屏幕。ⓘ Especially in British English, swap can also mean to give or return sth that you have and get sth different or better instead.尤其在英式英语中，swap亦可指改换成别的东西◆I think I'll swap this sweater for one in another colour.我想把这件毛衣换成别的颜色。 see also swap ⇨ exchangenoun■trade [transitive] (especially NAmEorjournalism新闻) to exchange sth with sb交换；互换◆She traded her posters for his CD.她以海报换取他的CD。◆I wouldn't mind trading places with her for a day.我不介意和她掉换一天位置。◆Cabinet colleagues traded insults over the future of the pound.内阁同僚为英镑的未来互相谩骂。NOTE辨析 Switch, exchange, swap or trade?Switch is often used when one thing is exchanged for another without sb else being asked or even knowing about it. * switch常指未征询他人意见或在他人甚至不知情的情况下掉换◆The two babies had been switched at birth.两个婴儿在出生时已被掉换。◆The two babies had been exchanged/swapped/traded at birth.Exchange is more formal than swap or trade and is often used in fixed phrases when people look at or talk to each other. * exchange比swap和trade正式，常用于与相视或交谈有关的固定词组◆to exchange glances / a few words交换眼神；交谈几句◆to swap/trade glances/a few wordsYou can also exchange information/ideas. Swap is used more for physical things, although you can swap stories/jokes; trade is used for things and places, stories, jokes and insults in American English; in British English it is mostly used just for stories, jokes and insults, not physical things. In British English you change/swap places.还可以说exchange information/ideas（交流信息／思想）。swap多指交换实体的东西，但也可以说swap stories/jokes（互相讲故事／笑话）；trade在美式英语中的宾语为物品或places、stories、jokes及insults；在英式英语中的宾语主要是stories、jokes和insults，而非实体的东西。在英式英语中可以说change/swap places（换座位）。■reverse [transitive] to exchange the positions or functions of two people or things交换（位置或功能）◆It felt as if we had reversed our roles of parent and child.我们之间家长与孩子的关系好像倒过来了。◆She used to work for me, but our situations are now reversed.过去她为我工作，而现在我们的地位对调了。ⓘ In this meaning, reverse collocates with roles, situations and positions.表达此义时，reverse与roles、situations和positions搭配。 see also reversal ⇨ exchangenoun■barter [transitive, intransitive] to exchange goods, property or services for other goods, etc. without using money交换（货品、财产或服务）；以物易物◆The local people bartered wheat for farm machinery.当地人用小麦换取农机。◆The prisoners tried to barter with the guards for items like writing paper and books.囚犯试着从看守那里换得稿纸和书之类的东西。 see also barter ⇨ exchangenoun
turn2
verb
turn away/turn your head away转头；扭头turn sb into a frog把某人变成一只青蛙turn left/the cornerturn ♦︎ transform ♦︎ convert ♦︎ change ♦︎ translate ♦︎ evolve ♦︎ mutate ♦︎ metamorphoseThese words all mean to change in appearance or character, or to make the appearance or character of sth change.这些词均表示外观或性质发生改变，或使之改变。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to turn / transform sth / convert / change / translate / evolve / mutate / metamorphose into sth◆to turn / transform sth / convert / change / evolve / mutate / metamorphose from sth into sth◆to turn / transform sth / convert / change / evolve / mutate rapidly (into sth)◆to turn / transform sth / convert / change / evolve quickly / slowly / gradually (into sth)◆to turn / transform sth / change suddenly / miraculously / overnight (into sth)◆to transform / convert / change sth completely◆to easily / automatically turn / transform sth / convert / change / translate (into sth)■turn [intransitive, transitive] (always used with into or from and to总是与into、from和to连用) to change into sb/sth different; to make sb/sth change into sth different（使）变成，成为◆The natural sugars turn into alcohol during brewing.天然糖分在酿造过程中变成酒精。◆The problem turned into an advantage.那个困难转而成了优势。◆The leaves gradually turn from green to orange.叶子逐渐从绿变橘黄。◆There are plans to turn the old station into a hotel.有将旧车站改成旅馆的计划。ⓘ In fairy stories, a person who is able to do magic might turn sb into sth.童话故事中，turn sb into sth可指会施魔法的人将某人变成别的东西◆With a wave of her wand, she turned him into a frog.她魔杖一挥，将他变成了一只青蛙。In everyday English, sb might turn into, or circumstances might turn sb into a criminal, a gambler, a tyrant, a hero or a film star; or people might turn a building into a hotel or a house into a home. You can also use turn into sth or turn sth into sth when you are describing the way a situation changes, or people change a situation.在日常英语中，可以说sb turn into，也可以说环境turn sb into a criminal/gambler/tyrant/hero/film star，指某人成为或受环境影响而变成罪犯、赌徒、暴君、英雄或影星。还可以说turn a building into a hotel（将建筑变成旅馆）或turn a house into a home（将房子变成家）。也可用turn into sth或turn sth into sth描述情况发生变化或人为改变了情况◆What began as a minor disagreement has turned into a major crisis.开始的小分歧已经变成大危机。◆I managed to turn the whole thing into a joke.我尽量做到对整件事一笑置之。■transform [transitive] to completely change the appearance or character of sth, especially so that it is better; to change the form of sth使（外观或性质）彻底改变（尤指变好）；使（形态）转变◆A new colour scheme will transform your bedroom.新的配色将使你的卧室焕然一新。◆It was an event that would transform my life.那是一件能彻底改变我一生的事。◆The photochemical reactions transform the light into electrical impulses.光化反应使光变为电脉冲。ⓘ In everyday English, transform usually suggests that the change has been particularly dramatic; in scientific contexts transform does not necessarily refer to a dramatic change.在日常用语中，transform通常意味着发生富有戏剧性的变化；在科学语境中，transform并不一定指发生戏剧性的变化。▸transformation /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn; NAmEˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃn/
noun
[countable, uncountable] (especiallywritten) ◆The country's transformation from dictatorship to democracy has been peaceful.这个国家从独裁向民主的转型是和平进行的。◆What a transformation! You look great.真是判若两人！你看上去棒极了。■convert /kənˈvɜːt; NAmEkənˈvɜːrt/ [transitive, intransitive] to change or make sth change from one form, purpose or system to another; to be able to be changed from one form, purpose, or system to another（使在形态、用途或系统上）转变，转换，转化；可转变为◆The hotel is going to be converted into a nursing home.那家旅馆将被改建成私人疗养院。◆Hot water is converted to electricity by a turbine.涡轮将热水转变成电能。◆We've converted from coal to gas central heating.我们已由燃煤改换成燃气集中供暖。◆We need a sofa that converts into a bed.我们需要一个可改作床用的沙发。ⓘ Convert is often used to talk about changing old buildings to make them suitable for people to live in. * convert常指改变旧建筑物，使其适合人居住◆to convert a church / farm buildings / a barn / a house / stables / a mill (into sth)改建教堂／农场建筑／谷仓／房子／马厩／工厂（成⋯）◆They live in a converted church / barn / mill.他们住在一个由教堂／谷仓／工厂改建而成的房子里。Convert is often used without an object to talk about changing from one type of service to another. * convert常不带宾语，指从一种服务类型转向另一种◆All homes must convert to digital TV by 2012, when the analogue signal will be switched off.到2012年，所有家庭必须转为使用数字电视，届时模拟信号将会关闭。It is also used to talk about changing money from one currency to another, or changing the way money is held. * convert亦可指兑换货币或改变持有金钱的方式◆to convert securities into shares将证券转换成股票 see also conversion ⇨ changenoun2, convertible ⇨ flexible1■change [intransitive, transitive] (always used with into or from and to总是与into、from和to连用) to pass or make sb/sth pass from one state or form into another（使状态或形态）变换，改变，变成◆Caterpillars change into butterflies.毛虫变成蝴蝶。◆The lights changed from red to green.交通灯已由红变绿。◆With a wave of her wand, she changed the frog into a handsome prince.她魔杖一挥，把青蛙变成了英俊的王子。NOTE辨析 Turn or change?Change is only used in cases where sth changes naturally, automatically or by magic (although you can also use turn in these cases). Change is not usually used when people use their effort or skill to change one thing or situation into sth different, or when circumstances change a situation. * change仅用于某物自然、自动或被施魔法而变化的情形（尽管在这些情况下也可使用turn）。人们经过努力或用技能达成改变或环境改变某种情况时，通常不用change◆There are plans to change the old station into a hotel.◆I managed to change the whole thing into a joke.◆A minor disagreement has changed into a major crisis.■translate [transitive, intransitive] (ratherformal) to change sth, or to be changed, into a different form使转变；变为◆It's time to translate words into action.是把言语化为行动的时候了。◆I hope all the hard work will translate into profits.我希望所有的辛勤劳动都会有回报。◆Most attempts to translate Shakespeare to the small screen(= television) are not successful.通过电视演绎莎士比亚作品的尝试大多不成功。ⓘ Translate is often used when people are talking about wanting to get good results. * translate常用于人们希望改变以取得好结果的情形◆You need to translate your ideas into practice / your enthusiasm into success.你需要将你的想法付诸实践／将你的热情转化为成功。It is also often used when people are talking about how easy or difficult it is to produce the same thing using a different medium, for example producing a play (which is meant for the theatre) on television, or about adopting a system in a different place. * translate亦常用于人们谈论用不同的方法制作同样东西的难易，例如将一部舞台剧搬上电视荧屏，或将某制度搬到另一地◆I'm not sure how well the American system would translate to a European context.我不知道美国的制度在欧洲的环境下是否合适。■evolve /iˈvɒlv; NAmEiˈvɑːlv/ [intransitive, transitive] (biology生物) (of plants or animals) to develop gradually over many generations from a simple form to a more complicated one（动植物）进化，进化形成◆The three species evolved from a single ancestor.这三个物种是从同一祖先进化而来的。◆The dolphin has evolved a highly developed jaw.海豚已经进化形成高度发达的下颌。 see also evolve ⇨ develop1▸evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn, ˌevəˈluːʃn/
noun
[uncountable] ◆the evolution of the human species人类的进化■mutate /mjuːˈteɪt; NAmEˈmjuːteɪt/ [intransitive, transitive] (biology生物orwritten) to develop or make sth develop a new form or structure, because of a genetic change; to change into a new form（因基因变化而）使变异，使突变；转变；转换◆We are studying the ability of the virus to mutate into new forms.我们正在研究病毒变种的能力。◆Scientists have been able to replace the mutated gene with a normal one.科学家已经能做到用正常基因替换变异的基因。◆Rhythm and blues mutated into rock and roll.节奏蓝调演变成了摇滚乐。ⓘ A genetic change is one that is connected with the units in the cells of a living thing that control its physical characteristics. Mutate is used by writers, either to describe a gradual change into sth unpleasant * genetic change指遗传基因的改变。mutate是书面用语，一是用来描述逐渐朝令人不悦的方向转变◆to mutate into a monster / a writhing, biting snake / rotting vegetation变成怪物／扭动着咬人的蛇／腐烂的植物or to describe a change that seems to take place gradually by itself, often in a strange or unexplained way.二是用来描述怪异而无从解释的自身的逐渐改变◆Memories had mutated into bizarre myths.回忆已经变成离奇的神话。▸mutation
noun
[uncountable, countable] ◆These cells have been affected by mutation.这些细胞已经受到突变的影响。◆The disease is caused by genetic mutations.这种疾病是由基因突变所致。■metamorphose /ˌmetəˈmɔːfəʊz; NAmEˌmetəˈmɔːrfoʊz/ [intransitive] (formal) to change into sth completely different, especially over a period of time（尤指经过一段时间）发生质变，蜕变◆The caterpillar will eventually metamorphose into a butterfly.毛虫最终将蜕变成蝴蝶。◆She had metamorphosed from an awkward schoolgirl into a beautiful woman.她从一个笨拙别扭的女生蜕变成美女。▸metamorphosis
noun
[countable, uncountable] ◆ (formal) We studied the metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly.我们研究了从毛虫到蝴蝶的蜕变。
wear
verb
wear ♦︎ put sth on ♦︎ dress ♦︎ get dressed ♦︎ have (got) sth on ♦︎ changeThese words all mean to have or put clothes on your body.这些词均表示穿着、穿上。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to wear / put on / have on a coat / jacket / suit / hat◆to wear / put on / have on a ring / badge / watch◆to wear / put on / have on your glasses◆to wear / put on / have on make-up / lipstick■wear(wore, worn) [transitive] to have sth on your body as a piece of clothing, ornament, etc.穿；戴◆Do I have to wear a tie?我得系领带吗？◆Was he wearing a seat belt?他系着座椅安全带吗？◆She always wears black(= black clothes).她总是穿黑色衣服。■ˌput sth ˈon
phrasal verb
(putting, put, put)to start wearing a piece of clothing, ornament, etc.穿上；戴上◆Hurry up! Put your coat on.快点！把外衣穿上。◆She's just putting on her make-up.她正化妆呢。OPPtake sth off ⇨ take sth off■dress [intransitive, transitive] to put clothes on yourself/sb; to wear a particular type or style of clothes; to put on formal clothes穿衣服；给（某人）穿衣；穿⋯的服装；穿正式服装◆I dressed quickly.我迅速穿好衣服。◆She dressed herself and the children in their best clothes.她给自己和孩子们都穿上了最好的衣服。◆to dress well / badly / fashionably / comfortably穿得好／不好／时髦／舒适◆You should dress for cold weather today.你今天要穿防寒的衣服。◆She always dressed entirely in black.她一向全身黑色装束。ⓘ To dress up is to wear clothes that are more formal than those you usually wear, or to put on special clothes, especially to pretend to be sb/sth different. * dress up指穿上较平时正式的衣服，或穿上特别的衣服，尤指装扮成其他的人或物◆There's no need to dress up－come as you are.不必特意打扮，就这样来就行。◆The kids love dressing up.孩子们喜欢装扮成别人玩儿。◆The boys were all dressed up as pirates.男孩子都装扮成了海盗。To dress down is to wear clothes that are more informal than those you usually wear, for example in an office. * dress down指在办公室等场合穿上较平时随便的衣服◆Everyone dresses down on Fridays.周五所有人衣着都很随便。OPPundress ⇨ take sth off■ˌget ˈdressed
phrase
(getting, got, got; NAmEspokengetting, got, gotten)to put all your clothes on穿上衣服◆Get up and get dressed!起来穿上衣服！ⓘ You get dressed when you get up in the morning, or when you have not been wearing any clothes, for example because you have just taken a shower. If you are just taking off one set of clothes and putting on different clothes, use change or get changed. * get dressed指早上起床后或裸身（如沐浴后）穿上衣服。更衣用change或get changed。OPPget undressed ⇨ take sth off■ˌhave sth ˈon ( ˌhave got sth ˈon)
phrasal verb
(has, had, had) (not used in the progressive tenses不用于进行时) to be wearing sth穿着⋯◆She had a red jacket on.她穿了件红夹克。◆He had nothing(= no clothes) on.他什么都没穿。■change [intransitive, transitive] to put on different or clean clothes换衣服；更衣◆I went into the bedroom to change.我走进卧室更衣。◆She changed into her swimsuit.她换上了游泳衣。◆You need to change out of those wet things.你需要把那些湿衣服换掉。◆ (especially BrE) I didn't have time to get changed before the party.聚会前我没来得及换衣服。◆ (especially NAmE) I didn't have time to change clothes before the party.聚会前我没来得及换衣服。
change1
noun
a change in the weather天气的变化make changes to sth改变某事change ♦︎ shift ♦︎ variation ♦︎ swing ♦︎ fluctuation ♦︎ variability ♦︎ alternationThese are all words for the act of becoming different, especially frequently.这些词均表示改变、变化，尤指多变。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a change / a shift / a variation / a swing / a fluctuation / variability / an alternation in sth◆a shift / a variation / a fluctuation / an alternation between A and B◆a shift / swing towards sth◆(a) considerable change / shift / variation / fluctuation / variability◆a big / dramatic / massive change / shift / variation / swing◆(a) small change / shift / variation / swing / fluctuations◆(a) rapid change / shift / fluctuation / alternation◆(a) random change / variation / fluctuation / alternation◆(a) seasonal change / variation / fluctuation◆to cause a change / a shift / a variation / a swing / fluctuations / variability◆to produce a change / a shift / a variation / a swing / fluctuations◆to show a change / a shift / a variation / a swing / fluctuation / an alternation / variability◆a change / a shift / a variation / a swing / fluctuation occurs■change[countable, uncountable] the result of sth becoming different改变；变化；变更◆We're hoping for a change in the weather.我们希望天气有所变化。◆There was no change in the patient's condition overnight.病人的病情整夜未变。◆She is someone who hates change.她是厌恶改变的人。◆How far does war bring about social change?战争带来的社会变动有多大？ⓘ A change [singular] is the fact of a situation, place or experience being different from what is usual and therefore likely to be interesting or enjoyable.用作单数形式的a change指令人感兴趣或可喜的变化、变更◆Let's stay in tonight for a change.咱们今晚换换口味，就待在家里吧。◆It makes a change to read some good news for once.破例读到点好消息，真让人高兴。■shift [countable] (especially journalism尤用于新闻) a change in position or direction（位置或方向的）改变，转变◆These results mark a dramatic shift in public opinion.这些结果表明公众舆论发生了急剧变化。◆There was a gradual shift in the population away from the countryside to the towns.人口逐渐从农村向城镇转移。◆I detected a subtle shift towards our point of view.我察觉到转向我方观点的微妙变化。◆These climate shifts occurred over less than a decade.发生这些气候变化不超过十年。■variation[countable, uncountable] frequent change in the amount, quality or level of sth（数量、质量或水平上频繁的）变化，变更，变动◆The dial records very slight variations in pressure.这个刻度盘能显示很微小的压力变化。◆Currency exchange rates are always subject to variation.货币汇率总在波动。◆We need to take seasonal variation into account(= depending on the time of year).我们需要考虑季节性波动。 see also variation ⇨ difference■swing [countable] a change from one opinion or situation to another; the amount by which sth changes（观点或情况的）改变；改变的程度◆He is liable to abrupt mood swings(= for example from being very happy to being very sad).他的情绪容易大起大落。◆Voting showed a 10% swing to Labour.投票显示10%的人转而支持工党。◆There are indications of a swing towards nuclear power.有迹象表明人们转而支持核能。ⓘ Swing is used especially to talk about political, social and cultural changes, as well as mood swings or swings of mood. * swing尤指政治、社会和文化方面的变化，“情绪变化”用mood swings或swings of mood。■fluctuation / /ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃn/ / [countable, uncountable] (ratherformal) frequent change in the size, amount, level or quality of sth, especially from one extreme to another（大小、数量、水平或质量上频繁剧烈的）波动◆The situation led to wild fluctuations in interest rates.这种情况导致了利率的大幅波动。◆Recent ice-cap surveys reveal climatic fluctuation.近期对冰冠进行的考察揭示了气候的波动。■variability /ˌveəriəˈbɪləti; NAmEˌveriəˈbɪləti, ˌværiəˈbɪləti/ [uncountable] (written) the fact of sth being likely to vary可变性；易变性；反复不定◆The changes were attributed to natural climatic variability.这些变更是自然气候多变造成的。◆There is always a degree of variability in the exchange rate.汇率总是有一定幅度的变化。 see also variable ⇨ variable■alternation /ˌɔːltəˈneɪʃn; NAmEˌɔːltərˈneɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable] (ratherformal) a repeated change between different situations, feelings, types of behaviour or ideas（情况、情绪、行为或想法上重复性的）改变，变化◆the alternation of day and night昼夜交替◆Such rapid alternations of mood are a feature of her writing.如此快速的情绪变化是她文字作品的一个特征。ⓘ Alternations involve changing from one situation to another, and then back to the first situation again. * alternation指周而复始的变化。
change2
noun
a change in the weather天气的变化make changes to sth改变某事change ♦︎ amendment ♦︎ transition ♦︎ adjustment ♦︎ conversion ♦︎ modification ♦︎ switch ♦︎ alteration ♦︎ revision ♦︎ adaptationThese are all words for the act or result of making sth different.这些词均表示改变、调整、更正。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a change / an amendment / a transition / an adjustment / a conversion / a modification / a switch / an alteration / a revision / an adaptation to sth◆a change / an adjustment / a modification / a switch / an alteration in sth◆(a) major change / amendment / transition / adjustment / modification / alteration / revision / adaptation◆(an) important change / amendment / transition / adjustment / modification / switch / alteration / revision◆(a) radical change / adjustment / alteration / revision / adaptation◆(a) slight change / amendment / adjustment / modification / alteration / revision◆(a) constant change / adjustment / modification / alteration / revision / adaptation◆to propose / suggest a change / an amendment / a modification / an alteration / a revision / an adaptation◆to make a change / an amendment / the transition / an adjustment / a modification / a switch / an alteration / a revision / an adaptation◆to carry out / undertake a conversion / modification / an alteration / revision◆to need / require amendment / adjustment / modification / alteration / revision◆to undergo a transition / modification / alteration / revision■change[countable, uncountable] the act or result of making sth different改变；变化；变更◆I made a couple of minor changes to the opening paragraph.我对起始段作了几处小改动。◆He made a rapid gear change as he approached the bend.接近拐弯处时，他快速换挡。◆He called for a change of mood in Scottish politics.他号召改变苏格兰政治的氛围。◆Train times are subject to change without notice.列车时刻表可能会变更而不另行通知。 see also change over ⇨ switchverb■amendment / /əˈmendmənt/ / [countable, uncountable] (ratherformal) a small change or improvement that is made to a law or document; the process of changing a law or document（法律或文件的）改动，修正案，修订◆A major amendment was introduced into the legislation.对此项法规进行了一项重大修订。◆Parliament passed the bill without further amendment.议会未作进一步修改便通过了议案。 see also amend ⇨ adjust■transition / /trænˈzɪʃn, trænˈsɪʃn/ / [uncountable, countable] (ratherformal) the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another过渡；转变；变迁◆The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer.这家公司从纸本到电脑的转变缓慢。◆He will remain head of state during the period of transition to democracy.在向民主政权过渡的时期，他仍将是国家首脑。◆This class is useful for students who are in transition(= in the process of changing) from one training programme to another.对转换培训项目的学生来说，这一课程很有用。◆We need to ensure a smooth transition between the old system and the new one.我们需要确保新旧制度的平稳过渡。▸transitional
adjective
◆a transitional period过渡时期◆a transitional government过渡政府■adjustment / /əˈdʒʌstmənt/ / [countable, uncountable] (ratherformal) a small change that is made to sth in order to correct or improve it; a change in the way a person behaves or thinks调节；（行为或思想的）调整，适应◆I've made a few adjustments to the design.我对设计作了几处调整。◆Some adjustment of the lens may be necessary.可能需要调整一下镜头。◆She went through a period of emotional adjustment after her marriage broke up.婚姻破裂后，她熬过了一段感情调整期。ⓘ Adjustment is usually used to talk about small changes made to objects, rather than documents. * adjustment常指对物品，而非文件作的小调整、小变化。 see also adjust ⇨ adjust■conversion / /kənˈvɜːʃn; NAmEkənˈvɜːrʒn/ [uncountable, countable] the act or process of changing sth from one form, use or system to another（形式、用途或系统上的）转变，转换，转化◆Their main business is the conversion of farm buildings into family homes.他们的主要业务是将农场建筑物改建为家庭住宅。◆Conversion to gas central heating will save you a lot of money.转成燃气中央供暖系统可以省不少钱。◆The firm specializes in house conversions(= turning large houses into several smaller flats or apartments).这家公司专营房屋改建。 see also convert ⇨ turn2, convert ⇨ switch■modification /ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn; NAmEˌmɑːdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable] (ratherformal) the act or process of changing sth in order to correct or improve it or make it more acceptable; a change that is made修改；改进；改变◆Considerable modification of the existing system is needed.需要对现有系统进行相当大的改进。◆It might be necessary to make a few slight modifications to the design.也许有必要对这个设计稍作几处修改。 see also modify ⇨ adjust■switch [countable] (ratherinformal, especially journalism尤用于新闻) a change from one thing to another, especially when this is sudden and complete（尤指突然彻底的）改变，转变◆She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born.第一个孩子出生后，她就从全职改为兼职工作了。◆He has vehemently opposed the policy switch.他强烈反对改变政策。 see also switch ⇨ switchverb■alteration /ˌɔːltəˈreɪʃn/ / [countable, uncountable] a change to sth that makes it different; the act of making a change to sth改变；变化；改动◆They are making some major alterations to the house.他们在对这栋房子作一些大改动。◆The dress will not need much alteration.这条连衣裙不需要大改。NOTE辨析 Adjustment, modification or alteration?Adjustments are usually small changes that are made to designs or equipment. Modification can be used to talk about a wider variety of changes, but it is often used to describe larger changes made to systems or vehicles. Alteration is often used to talk about changes people make to buildings, especially their houses. * adjustment常指对设计方案或设备所作的小调整。modification所指的改变含义更广，但常指对系统或车辆所作的大改变。alteration常指对建筑物，尤其是住宅所作的改变。■revision / /rɪˈvɪʒn/ / [uncountable, countable] (ratherformal) the act of changing sth, or of examining sth with the intention of changing it; a change or set of changes made修改；检查；（一项或一轮）修订◆The system is in need of revision.系统需要更新。◆He made some minor revisions to the report before printing it out.把报告打印出来之前，他作了一些小的修改。ⓘ Revisions are usually made to correct sth that is wrong, or to bring sth up to date. * revision通常指修订错误，或进行更新。 see also revise ⇨ adjust, revise ⇨ revise■adaptation / /ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ / [uncountable] (ratherformal) the process of changing sth, for example your behaviour, to suit a new situation适应◆We've been studying the adaptation of species to hot conditions.我们一直在研究物种对炎热环境的适应问题。
money2
noun
make money赚钱count the money点钞the family's money家产money ♦︎ cash ♦︎ changeThese are all words for money in the form of coins or paper notes.这些词均表示钱币、钞票。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to draw out / get out / take out / withdraw money / cash◆ready money / cash(= money that you have available to spend immediately)■money [uncountable] money in the form of coins or paper notes钱币；钞票◆I counted the money carefully.我仔细点过这笔钱。◆Where can I change my money into dollars?什么地方能把我的钱兑换成美元？◆paper money(= money that is made of paper, not coins)纸币■cash [uncountable] money in the form of coins or paper notes钱币；钞票◆How much cash do you have on you?你身上带着多少现金？◆Payments can be made by cheque or in cash.支票或现金付款均可。◆Customers are offered a 10% discount if they pay cash.顾客若付现金，可获九折优惠。◆petty cash(= a small amount of money kept in an office for small payments)办公室的小额备用现金 see also cash ⇨ cashverbNOTE辨析 Money or cash?If it is important to contrast money in the form of coins and notes and money in other forms, use cash.强调现金而非其他形式的货币时用cash◆How much money / cash do you have on you?你身上带着多少现金？◆Payments can be made by cheque or in money.◆Customers are offered a discount if they pay money.■change [uncountable] the money that you get back when you have paid for sth giving more money than the amount it costs; coins rather than paper money找给的零钱；找头；辅币；硬币◆That's 40p change.这是找给您的40便士。◆The ticket machine doesn't give change.自动售票机不找零。◆Do you have any change for the ticket machine?你有可以在自动售票机购票的硬币吗？◆a dollar in change(= coins that together are worth one dollar)总值一元钱的硬币◆Can you give me change for a ten pound note(= coins or notes that are worth this amount)?你能换给我10英镑的零钱吗？◆I didn't have any small change(= coins of low value) to leave as a tip.我没有零钱留下来付小费。 see also change ⇨ cashverb
revolution2
noun
the French Revolution法国大革命a technological revolution一场技术大变革revolution ♦︎ reversal ♦︎ turnaround ♦︎ U-turn ♦︎ a change of heart ♦︎ sea changeThese are all words for a complete change of conditions, opinion, plan or behaviour.这些词均表示彻底转变。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a revolution / reversal / turnaround / U-turn / sea change in sth◆a U-turn / a change of heart on / over sth◆a complete reversal / turnaround / U-turn / change of heart◆an apparent reversal / change of heart◆a dramatic reversal / turnaround / U-turn◆to undergo a revolution / change of heart / sea change◆to represent a revolution / reversal / turnaround / change of heart◆to bring about a revolution / reversal / change of heart■revolution [countable] a great change in conditions, ways of working or beliefs that affects large numbers of people巨变；大变革◆a cultural / social / scientific revolution文化的／社会的／科学的重大变革◆A revolution in information technology is taking place.信息技术正在发生巨变。ⓘ The Industrial Revolution was the period in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and the US when machines began to be used to do work, and industry grew rapidly. * the Industrial Revolution指工业革命，发生于18和19世纪的欧洲和美国，那时开始用机器生产，工业迅速发展。■reversal [countable] (ratherformal) a change of sth so that it is the opposite of what it was颠倒；彻底转变；逆转◆The new figures suggest a reversal of the trend.最新数字表明有逆转趋势。◆The government suffered a total reversal of fortunes last week.上个星期，政府的运气一下子倒过来了。 see also reverse ⇨ reverse■turnaround /ˈtɜːnəraʊnd; NAmEˈtɜːrnəraʊnd/ (BrE alsoturnround) [countable, usually singular] a situation in which sth changes from bad to good好转；起色；转机◆Is this the beginning of a turnaround in the economy?这是经济复苏的开始吗？■ˈU-turn [countable] (informal, especially journalism尤用于新闻) a complete change in policy or behaviour, usually one that is embarrassing（政策或行为上常令人尴尬的）彻底转变，180度大转变◆The government may be forced into an embarrassing U-turn on education policy.政府可能会被迫对教育政策作出尴尬的彻底转变。ⓘ U-turn is used especially to talk about changes in policy by governments or politicians. * U-turn尤指政府或政治人物的政策变化。 see also do a U-turn ⇨ breakverb4■a ˌchange of ˈheart
idiom
if you have a change of heart, your attitude towards sth changes, usually making you feel more friendly, helpful, etc.改变态度，改变看法（通常指变得更友好、有益等）◆Dan did not want to get married but recently he's had a change of heart.丹原本不想结婚，但最近他改变了主意。■ˈsea change [singular] (written) a strong and noticeable change in a situation, especially in people's attitudes to sth（尤指民众态度的）大转变，巨变◆It was one of those momentous events that cause a sea change in public attitudes.这是那些导致公众态度大转变的重大事件之一。