case noun ⇨case (a court case)⇨argument2 (the case for/against sth)⇨box (a pencil/packing case)⇨example1 (in this/sb's case)⇨investigation (a murder case)⇨patient (a case of pneumonia)⇨situation (It is not the case that…)⇨suitcase (pack your case)
case
noun
case ♦︎ trial ♦︎ hearing ♦︎ appeal ♦︎ action ♦︎ suit ♦︎ lawsuit ♦︎ proceeding ♦︎ prosecution ♦︎ litigation ♦︎ court martialThese are all words for a formal legal dispute between people that is decided in court.这些词均表示官司、诉讼、审判。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆(a) legal case / hearing / appeal / action / proceedings◆(a) criminal case / hearing / appeal / action / proceedings / prosecution / litigation◆(a) civil case / hearing / appeal / action / suit / lawsuit / proceedings / litigation◆a murder / rape / fraud case / trial◆(a) libel case / trial / hearing / action / suit / proceedings◆to bring a case / an action / a suit / a lawsuit / proceedings / a prosecution (against sb / sth)◆to take action / proceedings (against sb / sth)◆to file an appeal / a suit / a lawsuit◆to face trial / a hearing / an action / a suit / a lawsuit / proceedings / prosecution / litigation / court martial◆to hear a case / an appeal◆to win / lose a case / an appeal / an action / a suit / a lawsuit■case [countable] a question to be decided in court; the facts and evidence that are used to accuse or defend sb/sth in court诉讼；待裁决的案件；（在法庭上用来控告或辩护的）论据，理由◆The case will be heard next week.此案下周审理。◆The new evidence weakened the case for the defence.新的证据削弱了被告的论据。◆Our lawyer didn't think we had a case(= had good enough arguments to win in court).我们的律师认为我们论据不足，赢不了官司。■trial [uncountable, countable] a formal examination of evidence in court by a judge and often a jury, to decide if sb accused of a crime is guilty or not（法院的）审讯，审理，审判◆He's on trial for murder.他因涉嫌谋杀罪受审。◆She will stand trial for fraud.她因涉嫌诈骗将受审。◆The men were arrested but not brought to trial.这些人已被捕，但未移交法院审判。◆The case never came to trial.此案从未开庭审理。◆He did not receive a fair trial.他没有受到公正的审判。■hearing [countable] an official meeting at which the facts about a crime, complaint, etc. are presented to the person or group of people who will have to decide what action to take审讯；听审；听证会◆a court / disciplinary hearing庭审；纪律聆讯◆At a preliminary hearing the judge announced that the trial would begin on March 21.在预审时，法官宣布将在3月21日进行审理。◆She was granted a divorce in a five-minute hearing.经过五分钟的审理，法庭准许她离婚。■appeal [countable, uncountable] a formal request to a court or to sb in authority for a judgement or decision to be changed上诉；申诉◆ (BrE) to lodge an appeal提出上诉◆ (NAmE) to file an appeal提出上诉◆ (BrE) an appeal court / judge上诉法庭／法官◆ (NAmE) an appeals court / judge上诉法庭／法官◆He lost his appeal against the 3-match ban.他对禁赛3场的处罚提出申诉，但遭驳回。■action [countable, uncountable] (ratherformal) a legal process to settle a dispute or deal with a complaint诉讼；起诉◆A libel action is being brought against the magazine that published the article.刊发该文章的杂志将受到诽谤诉讼。◆He is considering taking legal action against the hospital.他正考虑起诉这家医院。■suit [countable] (ratherformal) a claim or complaint against sb that a person or organization can make in court起诉；控告◆His former business associate filed a suit against him claiming £5 million damages.他以前的生意伙伴对他提起诉讼，索要500万英镑的损害赔偿金。◆Their arguments grew worse and worse and ended with a divorce suit.他们吵得越来越凶，最终提出了离婚诉讼。■lawsuit / /ˈlɔːsuːt, ˈlɔːsjuːt/ / [countable] (ratherformal) a suit诉讼；起诉◆The opening of the factory was delayed because of a lawsuit brought by an environmental group.因为一个环保团体提起诉讼，工厂推迟开业了。■proceeding / /prəˈsiːdɪŋ/ / [countable, usually plural] (ratherformal) the process of using a court to settle a dispute or to deal with a complaint诉讼；诉讼程序◆The company has started legal proceedings against its competitor.那家公司对竞争对手提起了法律诉讼。■prosecution / /ˌprɒsɪˈkjuːʃn; NAmEˌprɑːsɪˈkjuːʃn/ [uncountable, countable] the process of trying to prove in court that sb is guilty of a crime; the process of being officially charged with a crime in court（被）起诉，检举；诉讼◆Prosecution for a first minor offence rarely leads to imprisonment.对轻罪初犯者的起诉很少判处监禁。◆He threatened to bring a private prosecution against the doctor.他威胁要对医生提起民事诉讼。 see also prosecute ⇨ accuse■litigation /ˌlɪtɪˈgeɪʃn/ / [uncountable] (ratherformal) the process of making or defending a claim in court诉讼；打官司◆The company has been in litigation with its auditors for a full year.那家公司和它的审计员已经打官司整整一年。■ˌcourt ˈmartial /ˈmɑːʃl; NAmEˈmɑːrʃl/ (pluralcourts martial) [countable, uncountable] a military court that deals with members of the armed forces who break military law; a trial at such a court军事法庭；军事法庭的审判；军法审判◆He was convicted at a court martial.他在军事法庭上被判有罪。◆All the soldiers now face court martial.现在，所有这些士兵都面临军事法庭的审判。
argument2
noun
have an argument with sb和某人争吵arguments for and against sth支持和反对某事的论据➡ See also the entry for ⇨ reason另见reason条argument ♦︎ case ♦︎ defence ♦︎ pleaThese are all words for a reason or set of reasons that sb uses to show that sth is true or correct.这些词均表示论据、论点、理由。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an argument / a case / a defence for / against sth◆a strong / robust / legal argument / case / defence◆to put forward / strengthen / weaken an argument / a case / a defence◆to support an argument / a case■argument [countable] a reason or set of reasons that sb uses to show that sth is true or correct论据；论点；理由◆There are strong arguments for and against childhood vaccinations.支持和反对儿童接种疫苗的双方都有强有力的论据。◆His argument was that public spending must be reduced.他的论点是公共开支必须缩减。◆He was able to see both sides of the argument.他能够一分为二地看待这个论点。 see also argue ⇨ claimverb■case [countable, usually singular] a set of facts or arguments that support one side in a trial or discussion（在审判或讨论中支持一方的）论据，事实，理由◆Our lawyer didn't think we had a case(= had enough good arguments to win in court).我们的律师认为我们论据不足，无法赢得官司。◆The report makes out a strong case(= gives good arguments) for spending more money on hospitals.报告充分阐明了增加医院经费的理由。◆the case for the defence / prosecution有利于被告／原告的论据◆the case for / against private education支持／反对实行私立学校教育的理由■defence (BrE) (NAmEdefense) [countable] what is said in court to prove that a person did not commit a crime; the act of presenting this argument in court（法庭上的）辩护，辩词，答辩◆Her defence was that she was somewhere completely different at the time of the crime.她的辩词是案发时她根本就不在现场。◆He wanted to conduct his own defence.他想做自辩。▸defend
verb
[transitive, intransitive] ◆He has announced that he will defend himself in the case.他宣称要在这个案子里为自己辩护。◆Who's defending?谁在辩护？■plea / /pliː/ / [countable] (always followed by of总是后接of) (law法律) a reason given to a court for doing or not doing sth（向法庭提供的）理由，借口，辩解◆He was charged with murder, but got off on a plea of insanity.他被控犯了谋杀罪，但以精神失常为由逃过了惩罚。▸plead
verb
[transitive] ◆They hired a top lawyer to plead their case.他们聘请了一名最好的律师帮他们陈述案情。
box
noun
box ♦︎ basket ♦︎ case ♦︎ crate ♦︎ container ♦︎ tin ♦︎ hamper ♦︎ cartonThese are all words for containers for holding or transporting solid things.这些词均指盛放或运输固体物品的容器。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a box / basket / case / crate / tin / hamper / carton of sth◆in a box / basket / case / crate / container / tin / hamper / carton◆a jewellery box / case◆a picnic / laundry basket / hamper◆to fill a box / basket / case / crate / tin◆to carry a box / basket / crate■box [countable] (especially in compounds尤用于构成复合词) a container with a flat base and sides and often a lid, usually made of a stiff material like wood, cardboard or metal, and used especially for holding solid things; a box and its contents, or the amount of sth that the box can hold盒；箱；匣；一盒，一箱（东西）；一盒（或一箱）的量◆Everything we owned was neatly packed in cardboard boxes.我们全部的家当都整齐地装进了纸箱。◆a money box钱匣◆a toolbox工具箱◆The device is about the size of a matchbox.该装置的大小同火柴盒相仿。◆He produced a box of matches from his pocket.他从口袋里掏出了一盒火柴。◆a box of chocolates一盒巧克力■basket [countable] a container for holding or carrying things made of thin strips of material that bends and twists easily, for example plastic, wood or wire; a basket and its contents, or the amount of sth that the basket can hold篮；篓；筐；一篮，一篓，一筐（东西）；一篮（或一篓、一筐）的量◆The logs were in a wicker basket next to the fireplace.木柴放在壁炉旁边的柳条筐里。◆a shopping basket购物篮◆a cat basket(= in which a cat sleeps or is carried around)猫篮◆She found a basket of fruit waiting for her in the hotel room.她发现旅馆房间里有一篮送给她的水果。■case [countable] (especially in compounds尤用于构成复合词) a container or covering used to protect or store things; a case and its contents, or the amount of sth that the case can hold容器；套；罩；容器及内装物；（容器的）容量◆The museum was full of stuffed animals in glass cases.博物馆摆满了放在玻璃柜里的动物标本。◆a pencil case铅笔盒◆a packing case(= a large wooden box for packing things in)包装箱◆The winner will receive a case of champagne(= 12 bottles).胜者将获得一箱共计12瓶的香槟酒。■crate [countable] a large wooden container for transporting goods; a container made of plastic, wood or metal divided into small sections, for transporting or storing bottles; a crate and its contents, or the amount of sth that the crate can hold（运货用的）大木箱，板条箱；（装瓶子的塑料或金属）分格箱；一箱（东西）；一箱的量◆The spider was found hiding in a crate of bananas.发现蜘蛛藏在一只装着香蕉的箱子里。◆An old man was sitting on an upturned beer crate.一个老人坐在一只倒放的啤酒箱上。◆They drank two crates of beer.他们喝了两箱啤酒。■container [countable] a large box of a standard size, usually made of metal, in which goods are packed so that they can easily be lifted onto a ship, train or lorry to be transported集装箱；货柜◆It's a thirty thousand tonne container ship(= a ship designed to transport containers).这是一艘三万吨级的集装箱船。■tin [countable] a metal container with a lid, used for keeping food in金属食品盒◆a cake / biscuit / cookie tin蛋糕盒；饼干盒；曲奇饼盒◆This cake will keep moist for several days if stored in an airtight tin.要是存放在密封盒里，这蛋糕会保持松软好几天。■hamper [countable] a large basket with a lid, especially one used to carry food in（尤指用于盛放食物的）带盖大篮子◆a picnic hamper野餐篮ⓘ Especially in British English a hamper can also be a box or parcel containing food, sent as a gift.尤其在英式英语中，hamper还可指装有各式食品的礼物篮、食品礼盒◆The lucky winner will receive a luxury hamper crammed full of local produce.幸运的获奖者会得到一份满载土特产的豪华礼品盒。In American English a hamper is also a large container, often a basket, used for keeping dirty clothes in while they are waiting to be washed.在美式英语中，hamper还指用来放待洗脏衣服的大篮子◆a laundry / clothes hamper洗衣篮In British English this is called a laundry basket.英式英语中称此为laundry basket。■carton [countable] (especially NAmE) a large container in which goods are packed in smaller containers; a carton and its contents, or the amount of sth that the carton can hold（内装小盒的）大包装盒；一大盒（东西）；一大盒的量◆A carton of cigarettes contains 10 packets.一条香烟有10包。
example1
noun
give an example of sth举例Her courage is an example to us all.她的勇气是我们大家的榜样。example ♦︎ case ♦︎ instance ♦︎ specimen ♦︎ illustrationThese are all words for a thing or situation that is typical of a particular group or set, and is sometimes used to support an argument.这些词均表示实例、例证。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in a particular case / instance◆for example / instance◆a typical example / case / instance / specimen / illustration◆a classic example / case / instance / illustration◆a famous / well-known example / case / instance◆a prime example / case / specimen◆a / an good / fine / excellent / perfect example / specimen / illustration◆to give sb / provide an example / an instance / a specimen / an illustration◆to cite / take / highlight an example / a case / an instance◆an example / a case / an illustration shows sth■example [countable] something such as an object, fact or situation that shows, explains or supports what you say; a thing that is typical of or represents a particular group or set实例；例证；范例◆Can you give me an example of what you mean?你能给我举个实例来解释你的意思吗？◆It is important to cite examples to support your argument.要用实例来证明你的论点，这是很重要的。◆It is a classic example of how not to design a new town.就如何设计新城镇而言，这是个典型的反面教材。■case [countable] a particular situation or a situation of a particular type; a situation that relates to a particular person or thing具体情况；实例；特殊情况◆In some cases people have had to wait several weeks for an appointment.在某些情况下，人们必须等上好几周才能得到约见。◆Many professions feel they deserve higher pay, and nurses are a case in point.许多行业的从业人员觉得他们应该得到更高的报酬，护士就是很好的例子。◆In this case, we are prepared to be lenient.在这种情况下，我们愿意宽容一些。■instance / /ˈɪnstəns/ / [countable] (ratherformal) a particular situation or a situation of a particular type实例；事例◆The report highlights a number of instances of injustice.这篇报告重点列举了一些有失公正的实例。◆What would you do, for instance, if you found an employee stealing?比如说，如果你发现职员偷东西，你会怎么办？■specimen / /ˈspesɪmən/ / an example of sth, especially an animal or plant（尤指动植物的）一例物种◆The aquarium has some interesting specimens of unusual tropical fish.海洋馆里有一些罕见的热带鱼，很有意思。◆Redwood trees can live for a long time; one specimen is 4 000 years old.红杉树存活时间很长，有一棵活了4 000年了。■illustration / /ˌɪləˈstreɪʃn/ / [countable, uncountable] (ratherformal, especiallywritten) a story, event or example that clearly shows the truth about sth（说明事实的）故事，事例，实例◆The statistics are a clear illustration of the point I am trying to make.这些统计数据清楚地表明了我要陈述的要点。◆Let me, by way of illustration, quote from one of her poems.作为说明，让我援引她的一首诗。 see also illustrate ⇨ explain1, illustrate ⇨ show1, illustrative ⇨ descriptiveNOTE辨析 Example or illustration?An illustration is often used to show that sth is true. An example is used to help to explain sth. * illustration常用于说明某事属实，example则用于帮助解释。
investigation
noun
investigation ♦︎ survey ♦︎ poll ♦︎ enquiry ♦︎ case ♦︎ probe ♦︎ inquest ♦︎ checkThese are all words for a process to find out about sth, especially to find all the facts or the cause of sth.这些词均表示调查、查究，尤指详尽的调查。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an investigation / a survey / an enquiry / a probe / an inquest into sth◆a survey / an inquest / a check on sth / sb◆in a survey / a poll / an enquiry◆a full investigation / survey / enquiry / inquest / check◆an independent investigation / survey / poll / enquiry / probe / inquest / check◆an official investigation / survey / enquiry / probe◆a public investigation / survey / enquiry / inquest◆a murder investigation / enquiry / case / probe◆a police investigation / enquiry / probe / check◆to carry out an investigation / a survey / a poll / an enquiry / a check◆to conduct an investigation / a survey / a poll / an enquiry / an inquest / a check◆to order an investigation / an enquiry / a probe / an inquest◆to launch an investigation / a survey / an enquiry / a probe◆an investigation / a survey / a poll / an enquiry / an inquest / a check reveals / shows sth◆an investigation / a survey / a poll / an enquiry / an inquest finds sth◆the results / findings of an investigation / a survey / a poll / an enquiry / an inquest■investigation [countable, uncountable] an official examination of the facts about a crime, accident or other situation（正式的）调查，侦查◆The police have completed their investigations into the accident.警方已完成对这起事故的调查。◆These are the same methods used in criminal investigations.这些方法跟在刑事调查中所使用的相同。◆She is currently under investigation for possessing illegal drugs.她因持有违禁药物目前正在接受调查。■survey [countable] a process to find out the opinions or behaviour of a particular group of people, which is usually done by asking them questions民意调查；民意测验◆According to the survey, many young adults have experimented with drugs.调查显示很多年轻人尝试过毒品。◆The charity did a survey of people's attitudes to the disabled.慈善机构就民众对残疾人的态度作了一次调查。 see also survey ⇨ surveyverb■poll / /pəʊl; NAmEpoʊl/ [countable] a process of questioning people who are representative of a larger group to get information about general opinions民意测验；民意调查◆Nelson has a clear lead in the opinion polls.纳尔逊在民意测验中明显领先。◆A nationwide poll revealed differences in food preferences between the North and South.一项全国范围的民意调查显示北方人和南方人对食物各有所好。 see also exit poll,straw poll ⇨ election, poll ⇨ surveyverb■enquiry ( inquiry, especially in NAmE) [countable] an official process to find out the cause of sth or to find out information about sth（正式的）调查，查究，查问◆There will be a public enquiry into the impact of the proposed new road.对拟建新路的影响将进行公开调查。◆ (formal) The director has been suspended on full pay pending an internal enquiry.该董事已被停职，仍领全薪，等候内部调查。■case [countable] a matter that is being officially investigated, especially by the police（尤指警方）侦查的案情，调查的案件◆A detective is on the case at the moment.一名侦探正在调查此案。◆Four police officers are investigating the case.四名警察在调查此案。◆They never solved the Jones murder case.琼斯谋杀案一直未能侦破。■probe [countable] (journalism新闻) a thorough and careful investigation into sth, especially sth that might be illegal（尤指对涉嫌违法之事的）探究，详尽调查◆There is to be a police probe into the financial affairs of the company.警方将对这家公司的财务进行详细调查。◆Arson probe after three die in blaze(= in a news headline)三人葬身烈焰，已展开纵火调查■inquest /ˈɪŋkwest/ / [countable] an official process to find out the cause of sb's death, especially when it has not happened naturally; a discussion about sth that has failed死因审理；验尸；勘验；（对失败之事所作的）检讨◆There will be a coroner's inquest into his death.将进行验尸以探究他的死因。◆There will inevitably be an inquest into the team's poor performance.对该队的差劲表现必然要进行检讨。■check [countable] (ratherinformal) an investigation to find out more information about sth调查；审查◆Was any check made on Mr Morris when he applied for the job?莫里斯先生申请这个职位时对他进行过调查吗？◆The police ran a check on the registration number of the car.警方对那辆车的牌照号码进行了调查。
patient
noun
patient ♦︎ case ♦︎ victim ♦︎ sufferer ♦︎ the sick ♦︎ invalid ♦︎ the dyingThese are all words for people who are not well and need medical help.这些词均表示病人、患者。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a / the long-term patient / victim / sufferer / sick◆a chronic patient / case / sufferer / invalid◆a / an cancer / AIDS patient / case / victim / sufferer◆an asthma patient / sufferer◆a stroke patient / victim◆to care for a patient / a sufferer / the sick / an invalid / the dying◆to treat a patient / a case / a victim / a sufferer / the sick■patient [countable] a person who is receiving medical treatment, especially in a hospital; a person who receives treatment from a particular doctor or dentist接受治疗者；（医院中或某个医生的）病人◆He made friends with another patient on the ward.他和病房里的另一位病人成了朋友。◆She's one of Dr Shaw's patients.她是肖医生的病人之一。■case [countable] the fact of sb having a disease or injury; a person suffering from a disease or injury病例；病案；病人；伤员◆Over 500 000 cases of cholera were reported in 1991.1991年共报告霍乱病例50多万起。◆The most serious cases were treated at the scene of the accident.受伤最重的人在事故现场得到了救治。■victim[countable] a person who is suffering from a disease or medical condition罹病者；患者◆AIDS victims are prone to pick up infections.艾滋病患者易受感染。■sufferer [countable] a person who is suffering from a disease or medical condition罹病者；患者◆Local services provide residential care for dementia sufferers.地方服务机构为痴呆患者提供食宿。◆She received many letters of support from fellow sufferers.她收到了许多病友寄来的鼓励信。 see also suffer from sth ⇨ suffer from sthNOTE辨析 Victim or sufferer?Both these words are usually used after another noun for the name of a disease, and in many cases you can use either word.这两个词通常用于表示疾病的名词后，在许多情况下可以通用◆cancer / AIDS / leukaemia victims / sufferers癌症／艾滋病／白血病患者Victim is more frequent in these cases and can make the disease sound worse, but sufferer is used with a wider range of medical conditions, especially long-term conditions.在这些情况下victim较常用，且显得病情较严重。但与sufferer搭配表示病症的词范围更广，尤与表示长期病症的词连用◆dementia / asthma / arthritis / sclerosis sufferers痴呆／哮喘病／关节炎／硬化症患者A victim can also be sb who has been hurt as the result of a crime or accident. * victim还指犯罪行为或事故的受害者。 see also victim ⇨ victim1■the sick [plural] people who are seriously ill患重病的人◆He healed the sick and comforted the broken-hearted.他治愈患病之躯，抚慰受伤之心。 see also sick ⇨ sick1■invalid / /ˈɪnvəlɪd, ˈɪnvəliːd/ / [countable] a person who needs other people to take care of them, because of illness that they have had for a long time病弱者；久病衰弱者◆She had been a delicate child and her parents had treated her as an invalid.她儿时身体虚弱，父母把她当病人照料。■the dying [plural] people who are dying垂死者；临终者◆Volunteer nurses were tending to the sick and the dying.护士志愿者正在照顾重危病人和临终病人。
situation
noun
➡ See also the entry for ⇨ information另见information条situation ♦︎ circumstance ♦︎ position ♦︎ conditions ♦︎ things ♦︎ the case ♦︎ state of affairsThese are all words for the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect the way things are.这些词均表示情况、状况、形势。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in (a) particular situation / circumstances / position / state of affairs◆the general / current / present / real situation / circumstances / position / conditions / state of affairs◆the / sb's economic / financial / social situation / circumstances / position / conditions◆(a / an) normal / unusual / ideal situation / circumstances / position / conditions / state of affairs◆(a / an) favourable / difficult / exceptional / desperate situation / circumstances / position / conditions◆(a) healthy / satisfactory situation / position / conditions / state of affairs◆(a / an) happy / unhappy situation / circumstances / position / state of affairs◆to create a situation / circumstances / conditions◆to describe / explain the situation / circumstances / position / things / state of affairs◆to look at / review the situation / circumstances / conditions / things■situation [countable] all the things that are happening at a particular time and in a particular place情况；状况；形势；局面◆You need to consider the present economic situation.你需要考虑目前的经济形势。◆In your situation, I would look for another job.假如我是你的话，我会另找工作。◆He could see no way out of the situation.他找不到摆脱现状的出路。◆You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.你可能会遇到不得不立刻作决定的情况。■circumstance [countable, usually plural] the facts that are connected with and affect a situation, event or action; the conditions of a person's life, especially the money they have条件；环境；境遇，境况（尤指经济状况）◆Police said there were no suspicious circumstances surrounding the boy's death.警方说关于这个男孩的死亡没有发现可疑情况。◆Under the circumstances(= considering the facts of the situation), it seemed better not to tell him about the accident.在这种情况下，不告诉他这次事故似乎更好。◆Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.你无论如何都不能借钱给保罗。◆Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances.补助金是根据你的经济状况发放的。ⓘ Circumstance [uncountable] is a formal word for 'situations and events that affect and influence your life and that are not in your control'. * circumstance是表达“命运、客观条件”的正式用词◆a victim of circumstance(= a person who has suffered because of a situation that they cannot control)客观环境的牺牲品◆He had to leave the country through force of circumstance(= events or the situation made it necessary).环境所迫，他只得离开该国。■position [countable, usually singular] the situation that sb is in, especially when it affects what they can and cannot do处境；地位；状况◆This put him and his colleagues in a difficult position.这使他和他的同事陷入了困境。◆The company's financial position is not certain.这家公司的财务状况不明朗。◆I'm afraid I am not in a position to help you.我恐怕帮不了你。■conditions [plural] the circumstances in which people live, work or do things; the physical situation that affects how sth happens（居住、工作或做事情的）环境，境况，条件；（影响某事发生的）物质环境◆These neglected children are living under the most appalling conditions.这些无人管的儿童在最恶劣的环境下生活。◆They held a one-day strike to demand improvements in pay and conditions.他们举行了一天的罢工，要求提高工资和改善工作条件。◆Beware of treacherous driving conditions.当心危险的行车环境。NOTE辨析 Circumstances or conditions?Circumstances refers to sb's financial situation; conditions are things such as the quality and amount of food or shelter they have, or the things that they get from their employer, such as holiday and sickness pay and a pleasant working environment. The circumstances that affect an event are the facts surrounding it; the conditions that affect it are usually physical ones, such as the weather. * circumstances指某人的经济状况，conditions则指伙食或居住的状况，或指雇用待遇，如假期、病假工资和舒适的工作环境等。circumstances是对某事产生影响的相关情况，conditions则通常是物质环境，如天气。■things [plural] (ratherinformal, especiallyspoken) the general situation, as it affects sb形势；局面；情况；事态◆Things haven't gone entirely to plan.事态没有完全按照计划发展。◆ (informal) Hi, Jane! How are things?喂，简！近来怎么样？◆Think things over before you decide.先把情况考虑周全了再作决定。◆As things stand at present, he seems certain to win.从目前情况看，他似乎胜券在握。◆All things considered(= considering all the difficulties or problems), she's done very well.通盘考虑起来，她做得很好。◆Why do you make things so difficult for yourself?你为什么这样跟自己过不去？ⓘ Things is used more in spoken than written English, and in slightly informal contexts, especially when talking about your personal life (rather than politics, business, etc.). * things较多用于口语而非书面语，而且是不太正式的语境，特别是涉及个人生活而非政治、公务等◆Things are rather difficult at home.家里的情况很困难。◆the political situation政治形势◆political things■the case [singular] the true situation实情；事实◆If that is the case(= if the situation described is true), we need more people.如果真是那样，我们就需要更多的人手了。◆It is simply not the case that prison conditions are improving.监狱条件得到改善的说法绝非事实。➡ See also the entry for ⇨ fact另见fact条■state of afˈfairs [singular]
idiom
a situation事态；情况；形势◆How did this unhappy state of affairs come about?这种不愉快的情况是怎样发生的？ see also state ⇨ stateNOTE辨析 Situation or state of affairs?State of affairs is mostly used with this. It is also used with adjectives describing how good or bad a situation is, such as desirable, happy, sorry, shocking, sad and unhappy, as well as those relating to time, such as present and current. Situation is much more frequent and is used in a wider variety of contexts. * state of affairs主要与this连用，也可与表示情况好坏的形容词（如desirable、happy、sorry、shocking、sad和unhappy）以及与时间有关的形容词（如present和current）连用。situation常用得多，且适用的语境更广泛。
suitcase
noun
suitcase ♦︎ luggage ♦︎ baggage ♦︎ case ♦︎ handbag ♦︎ purse ♦︎ bag ♦︎ backpack ♦︎ rucksack ♦︎ chest ♦︎ trunk ♦︎ knapsackThese are all words for a container or the containers that you carry your clothes or personal items in, especially when you are travelling.这些词均表示衣箱、手提包、手提箱。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a heavy suitcase / luggage / baggage / case / bag / backpack / rucksack / chest / trunk / knapsack◆to carry a suitcase / luggage / baggage / a case / a handbag / a purse / a bag / a backpack / a rucksack / a knapsack◆to open / shut a suitcase / case / chest / trunk◆to check (in) your suitcase / luggage / baggage / bag◆to lift a suitcase / case / bag / chest / trunk◆to put on / take off a backpack / rucksack / knapsack◆to put down your suitcase / luggage / baggage / case / bag◆to pack / unpack / stuff sth into a suitcase / case / bag / backpack / rucksack / trunk / knapsack◆to search sb's suitcase / luggage / baggage / bag■suitcase [countable] a container made of hard or soft material with flat sides and a handle, used for carrying clothes, etc. when you are travelling（旅行用的）手提箱◆He was carrying a battered leather suitcase.他提着一个破旧的皮革手提箱。◆She had been living out of a suitcase(= staying at many different places and having to carry her clothes, etc. around with her) for weeks.几周来她一直居无定所。■luggage [uncountable] the bags and cases that contain sb's clothes and other things when they are travelling行李◆Can I leave my luggage here?我能把行李放在这儿吗？◆Several items fell from the luggage rack.有几件东西从行李架上掉了下来。■baggage [uncountable] luggage行李ⓘ Baggage is only used in contexts relating to air travel. * baggage仅用于航空旅行的语境◆Please do not leave baggage unattended.请不要丢下行李不管。◆Go to the baggage claim area(= the place where you collect your baggage after a flight) on the ground floor.前往一楼的行李提取处。◆There is an excess baggage(= baggage that weighs more than the official weight limit on a plane) charge of $50.超重行李加收50元。■case [countable] (BrE, ratherinformal) a suitcase手提箱◆She wanted to pack her case and leave immediately.她想收拾行李马上离开。■handbag [countable] a small bag for money, keys and other personal items, carried especially by women（尤指女用的）小手提包；坤包◆I had my handbag stolen in Liverpool.我的手提包在利物浦被人偷走了。■purse / /pɜːs; NAmEpɜːrs/ [countable] (NAmE) a handbag（尤指女用的）小手提包；坤包◆She fumbled in her purse for her glasses.她在手提包里胡乱摸找她的眼镜。■bag [countable] a container with a handle, made from fabric, plastic or leather that you carry clothes, etc. in while you are travelling手提包；旅行袋◆I got my bag down from the rack.我从行李架上取下我的旅行袋。ⓘ A bag is a small piece of luggage but the plural is often used to mean all luggage including suitcases. * bag指小件行李，但其复数形式则常指所有行李，包括手提箱◆The porter will take your bags up to your room.行李员会把行李送到你的房间去。■backpack /ˈbækpæk/ / [countable] a bag carried on the back背包◆He was wearing a heavy backpack.他背着一个很沉的背包。 see also backpack ⇨ tourverb■rucksack / /ˈrʌksæk/ / [countable] (BrE) a backpack背包◆She slung the little rucksack on her back.她把小背包挎在后背上。■chest [countable] a large strong box, often made of wood, used for storing things in and/or moving them from one place to another（常为木制的）大箱子◆The documents were kept in an ancient oak chest with a brass lock.那些文件放在一个古老的橡木箱子里，用铜锁锁着。◆a pirate's treasure chest海盗的财宝箱■trunk [countable] a large strong box with two handles, made of metal or wood with metal corners used for transporting or storing clothes, books, etc.大箱子；大衣箱◆I found the documents at the bottom of an old tin trunk in the attic.我在阁楼上一个旧铁皮箱子的底部找到了那些文件。NOTE辨析 Chest or trunk?In some cases you can use either word. Chest is often used to describe sth larger, heavier and more old-fashioned than a trunk and can be more like a piece of furniture than a piece of luggage, used for storing things in rather than transporting things in.在有些情况下这两个词可以通用。与trunk相比，chest常指比较大、重而且旧式的箱子，更像一件家具而非行李，用于贮存而非搬运东西。■knapsack / /ˈnæpsæk/ / [countable] (old-fashionedorNAmE) a small backpack小背包◆He had walked into the school yard that morning with his knapsack on his back and his lunchbox in his hand.那天早上，他背着小背包拿着午餐盒走进了校园。NOTE辨析 Backpack, rucksack or knapsack?These are all bags that you carry on your back. Backpack is the most general word. It can be used for small bags carried by children or for large bags supported on a frame and used by people on climbing or walking trips. Rucksack is especially British, and can be a large bag with a frame or a small bag. Knapsack is always small and without a frame. It is old-fashioned in British English, but often used in American English.这三个词均指背包，其中backpack含义最广，可指孩子们的小背包，也可指登山者或徒步旅行者用的有框架的大背包。rucksack尤为英式用语，可指小背包或有框架的大背包。knapsack总是指没有框架的小背包，在英式英语中已经过时，但在美式英语中很常用。