| 例句 |
form noun
⇨ form 1 (The disease can take several different forms.) ⇨ form 2 (an application form) ⇨ kind (a form of transport) ⇨ shape (the human form) ⇨ structure (the form of a poem)form verb
⇨ appear (storm clouds form) ⇨ determine (sth forms sb's character) ⇨ establish (form the new government) ⇨ make 1 (form a new word) ⇨ shape (bend the wire to form a ‘V’)form1 noun The disease can take several different forms. 这种疾病会有几种不同的表现形式。an application form 申请表form ♦︎ shape ♦︎ guiseThese are all words for the way in which sth appears or is presented. 这些词均表示形式、外表、样子。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in the form / shape / guise of sb / sth◆to take a form / shape■ form [countable, uncountable] the particular way sth is, seems, looks or is presented 形式；外表；样子◆The disease can take several different forms.这种疾病会有几种不同的表现形式。◆Help in the form of money will be very welcome.出钱资助将很受欢迎。◆Most political questions involve morality in some form or other.多数政治问题牵涉到这样或那样的道义性。◆We need to come to some form of agreement.我们需要达成某种形式的协议。◆This dictionary is also available in electronic form.这部词典也有电子版本的。 see also form ⇨ kind noun , form ⇨ shape noun ■ shape [uncountable] the particular qualities or characteristics of sth 形态；性质；特点◆Will new technology change the shape of broadcasting?新技术会改变广播的方式吗？◆A new song began to take shape in her mind.一首新歌开始在她脑子里成形了。◆Prices vary according to the size and shape of each project.价格随每项工程的规模和特点有所变化。◆ (informal) I don't approve of violence in any way, shape or form.我不赞成任何形式的暴力行为。◆Are solar-powered cars the shape of things to come (= the way things are likely to develop in the future)?太阳能动力汽车是未来发展的方向吗？■ guise / /gaɪz/ / [countable] a way in which sb/sth appears, often in a way that is different from usual or that hides the truth about them/it 表现形式；外表；伪装◆His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism.他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。◆The story appears in different guises in different cultures.这个故事以不同的形式出现在不同的文化中。◆She had been invited to the conference in her guise as a professional counsellor.她冒充专业顾问，获邀参加会议。 form2 noun The disease can take several different forms. 这种疾病会有几种不同的表现形式。an application form 申请表form ♦︎ questionnaire ♦︎ couponThese are all words for a document containing questions and spaces for answers. 这些词均表示表格。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆an entry form / coupon◆to design / draw up / prepare / send out / receive a form / questionnaire◆to complete / fill in / fill out / return a form / questionnaire / coupon■ form [countable] an official document containing questions and spaces for answers 表格◆ (especially BrE) Please fill in the application form in black ink.请用黑色墨水笔填写申请表。◆ (especially NAmE) There were a lot of official forms to fill out.有很多正式的表格要填。◆This is a standard form sent to all applicants.这是发给所有申请者的标准表格。■ questionnaire /ˌkwestʃəˈneə(r); NAmE ˌkwestʃəˈner/ [countable] a written list of questions that are answered by a number of people so that information can be collected from the answers 调查表；问卷◆Students completed a questionnaire about their social attitudes.学生填好了有关社会见解的问卷。◆Companies were sent a questionnaire on their environmental practices.发给了各公司一份问卷，调查它们在环境方面的做法。■ coupon /ˈkuːpɒn; NAmE ˈkuːpɑːn, ˈkjuːpɒn/ [countable] a printed form, often cut out from a newspaper or magazine, that is used to enter a competition or order goods （常为剪自报刊的）参赛表，订货单◆Contestants were invited to complete an entry coupon.请竞赛选手填好参赛表。 kind noun ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ category 另见category条kind ♦︎ sort ♦︎ type ♦︎ form ♦︎ version ♦︎ variety ♦︎ style ♦︎ genre ♦︎ nature ♦︎ brandThese are all words for a group of people or things that are the same in some way. 这些词均表示种类、类型。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a kind / sort / type / form / version / variety / style / genre / brand of sth◆of a / the ... kind / sort / type / form / variety / style / nature◆in kind / type / form / style / nature◆different kinds / sorts / types / forms / versions / varieties / styles / genres◆various kinds / sorts / types / forms / versions / styles / genres◆a different kind / sort / type / form / version / style / nature / brand◆another kind / sort / type / form / version / variety / style / brand◆the same kind / sort / type / form / version / variety / style / genre / nature / brand◆all kinds / sorts / types / forms / varieties / styles / brands (of sth)◆every / any kind / sort / type / form / variety / style / nature◆some kind / sort / type / form / variety / nature (of sth)◆a particular kind / sort / type / form / version / variety / style / genre / nature / brand◆the best / worst kind / sort / type / form◆a / the / that kind / sort / type of thing◆of this / that kind / sort / type◆of every kind / sort / type / form / variety / style / nature■ kind [countable, uncountable] a group of people or things that are similar in a particular way 同类的人（或事物）；种类◆They play music of all kinds.他们演奏各种类型的音乐。◆The school is the first of its kind in the UK.这是英国同类学校中最早的一所。◆She does the same kind of work as me.她和我做同一种工作。◆She isn't that kind of person.她不是那种人。◆I miss him, in a funny kind of way.我对他有一种莫名其妙的思念。◆They sell all kinds of things.他们出售各种各样的东西。◆You're going to need some kind of cover to protect it from the rain.你得拿什么东西把它盖上以防止雨淋。◆'I was terrible!' 'You were nothing of the kind!'“我那时糟透了！”“你才不哩。”■ sort [countable] (especially BrE) a group of people or things that are similar in a particular way 同类的人（或事物）；种类◆'What sort of music do you like?' 'Oh, all sorts.'“你喜欢哪一类音乐？”“噢，哪一类都喜欢。”◆This sort of problem is quite common.这类问题相当普遍。◆He's the sort of person who only cares about money.他这种人一心只想着钱。◆Most people went on training courses of one sort or another.多数人都上过这样那样的培训班。◆ (spoken) What sort of price are you willing to pay (= approximately what price)?你愿意出什么样的价？ see also sort ⇨ classify verb ■ type [countable] a class or group of people or things that share particular qualities or features or are part of a larger group 类型；种类◆He mixes with all types of people.他和各种类型的人打交道。◆What type of car do you drive?你开的是哪种类型的汽车？◆How much do you charge for this type of work?这种活你收多少钱？◆This is the oldest existing shrine of its type.这是现存的同类神社中历史最悠久的一座。◆You can divide his novels into three main types.他的小说可以分成三大类。◆She has a very rare blood type.她的血型非常罕见。◆This is a new formula for all skin types.这是一种适合各种肤质的新配方。NOTE 辨析 Kind, sort or type? Kind is the most frequent of these words in this meaning. Sort is also frequent but is slightly more informal than kind and is used more in spoken English than in written English, and more in British English than in American English. Type is slightly more formal than the other two words and tends to be used more to talk about things that can be divided into classes or groups in a fairly objective way, for example in official, scientific or academic contexts. 这几个词中kind的使用频率最高，sort的使用频率也较高，但稍不如kind正式。sort多用于口语而非书面语，多用于英式英语而非美式英语。type比另外两个词稍正式些，往往指可以很客观地去分类的事物，例如官方、科学或学术语境中的事物。■ form [countable] one type of a thing that exists in a number of different types, especially when these have different physical characteristics （尤指根据物理特性界定的）类型，种类◆We need to look for an alternative form of energy.我们需要寻找一种替代型能源。◆This is one of the most common forms of cancer.这是其中一种最常见的癌症。◆Will we ever discover intelligent life forms on other planets?我们会在其他星球上发现高智能的生命形态吗？◆Music is not like other art forms.音乐不同于其他艺术形式。ⓘ Different forms of a thing are usually different in their physical characteristics, in a way that different types of a thing need not be. 一种事物的不同form通常具有不同的物理特性，而一种事物的不同type则不一定这样◆He mixes with all forms of people. ◆Are there intelligent life types on other planets? see also form ⇨ form 1 ■ version [countable] a copy of sth, especially a product, that is slightly different from the original thing （尤指产品的）版本，型式◆the latest version of the Volkswagen Golf大众高尔夫车系的最新车型◆the de luxe / luxury version豪华型◆The English version of the novel is due for publication next year.这部小说的英译本预定明年出版。■ variety [countable] a type of a thing, for example a plant or language, that is different from the others in the same general group （植物、语言等的）变种，变体；品种◆Apples come in a great many varieties.苹果品种繁多。◆The variety of English that they speak is closer to American than British.他们所讲的那种英语更接近于美式英语而非英式英语。◆They stock over 200 varieties of cheese.他们备有200多种奶酪。■ style [countable, uncountable] the features of a book, painting, building, etc. that make it typical of a particular author, artist, historical period, etc. （文学作品、绘画、建筑等的）风格，体◆This is a fine example of the Gothic style.这是哥特风格的一个佳例。◆The city contains many different styles of architecture.这座城市拥有多种不同的建筑风格。◆They were told to write the passage in the style of Hemingway.他们被要求模仿海明威的风格写短文。■ genre / /ˈʒɒ̃rə, ˈʒɒnrə; NAmE ˈʒɑːnrə/ [countable, uncountable] (formal) a particular style or type of literature, art, music or film that can be recognized because of its special features （文学、艺术、音乐或电影的）体裁，类型◆Crime fiction is a genre which seems likely to stay with us for many years.看来犯罪小说这种文学样式在很长一段时间内不会消亡。◆His essay discusses theories of style and genre.他的文章探讨了风格与体裁方面的理论。■ nature /ˈneɪtʃə(r)/ / [singular] (rather formal) a particular type of sth 种类；类型◆His books were mainly of a scientific nature.他的书主要是科学类的。◆Don't worry about things of that nature.不用担心那类事情。◆Decisions of this nature often take a long time.作这类决定常常要花很长时间。ⓘ In this meaning nature is usually used in the phrase of a ... nature. * nature表达此义时通常用于短语of a ... nature。■ brand [countable] a particular type of sth, especially sb's particular way of doing or thinking about sth 类型（尤指某人独特的行为或思维方式）◆She has her own unique brand of humour.她有自己别具一格的幽默。 shape noun shape ♦︎ figure ♦︎ form ♦︎ shadow ♦︎ outline ♦︎ profile ♦︎ silhouette ♦︎ line ♦︎ contourThese are all words for the physical form or appearance of sb/sth, especially the shape of the outer edges of sb/sth. 这些词均表示人或物体的体形、外形、轮廓。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆in shape / form / outline / profile / silhouette◆a tall shape / figure / form / shadow / silhouette◆a slender shape / figure / form◆a black / dark shape / figure / shadow / outline / profile / silhouette◆a shadowy shape / figure / form / outline◆a ghostly shape / figure / form / shadow◆(a) sleek shape / outline / profile / lines◆(a) sharp outline / lines / contours◆to make out / see a shape / a figure / a form / an outline / a silhouette◆to trace a shape / an outline / the line / the contours■ shape [countable, uncountable] the form of the outer edges or surfaces of sth; an example of sth that has a particular form; a person or thing that is difficult to see clearly 形状；外形；呈某种形状的事物；模糊的影子◆The building has a rectangular shape.这座建筑呈长方形。◆The pool was in the shape of a heart.游泳池呈心形。◆The island was originally circular in shape.这个岛原先为圆形。◆Candles come in all shapes and sizes.蜡烛有各种形状和尺寸。◆You can recognize the fish by the shape of their fins.你可以根据鳍的形状来辨认这种鱼。◆This old T-shirt has completely lost its shape.这件旧T恤衫已经穿得完全走样了。■ figure [countable] the shape of a person seen from a distance or not clearly （远处的人的）轮廓；（隐约可见的）人影◆There before him stood a tall figure in black.站在他面前的是一个穿黑衣的高个子。 see also figure ⇨ body 1 ■ form [countable] the shape of sb/sth; a person or thing of which only the shape can be seen 形状；体形；（模糊的）外形，人影◆Her slender form and graceful movements entranced him.她那苗条的身段和优雅的动作使他着迷。◆The human form has changed little over the last 30 000 years.3万多年以来，人的体形没有多大变化。◆They made out a shadowy form in front of them.他们隐约看见前面有个模糊人影。 see also form ⇨ form noun 1 ■ shadow [countable] a dark shape that sb/sth's form makes on a surface, for example on the ground, when they are between the light and the surface 阴影；影子◆The children were having fun, chasing each other's shadows.孩子们追逐着彼此的影子，玩得很开心。◆The ship's sail cast a shadow on the water.船帆在水面上投下一片影子。◆The shadows lengthened as the sun went down.随着太阳西下，影子越拉越长。 see also shadow ⇨ darkness ■ outline / /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ / [countable] the line that goes around the edge of sth, showing its main shape but not the details 轮廓（线）◆At last we could see the dim outline of an island.我们终于能看到一座小岛朦胧的轮廓了。 see also outline ⇨ summary ■ profile / /ˈprəʊfaɪl; NAmE ˈproʊfaɪl/ [countable] the outline of a person's face when you look from the side, not the front 面部的侧影；侧面轮廓◆He turned his head so his strong profile was facing the camera.他转过头去，于是他那轮廓清晰的侧影就正对着镜头了。◆The portrait shows her in profile.这幅画像展现了她的侧面轮廓。■ silhouette /ˌsɪluˈet/ / [countable, uncountable] the dark outline or shape of a person or object that you see against a light background; the shape of a person's body or an object （浅色背景衬托出的）暗色轮廓；（人的）体形；（物体的）形状◆The trees were black silhouettes against the pale sky.灰色天空映衬出树木的黑色轮廓。◆The mountains stood out in silhouette.群山的轮廓衬托了出来。◆The dress is fitted to give you a flattering silhouette.这件连衣裙的裁剪可以令你显得身段优美。■ line [countable] the edge, outline or shape of sth, especially sth that has been designed or created （尤指设计或创造出的物体的）边线，轮廓线，形体，形状◆With its sleek lines and powerful engine, the XK8 is the definition of a luxury sports car.XK8跑车线条流畅、动力强劲，堪称豪华跑车之典范。◆He traced the line of her jaw with his finger.他用手指抚摸她下巴的外缘。■ contour /ˈkɒntʊə(r); NAmE ˈkɑːntʊr/ [countable] (written) the outer edges of sth; the outline of its shape or form 外形；轮廓◆The road follows the natural contours of the coastline.这条路沿着海岸线的自然轮廓延伸。 structure noun ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ system 另见system条structure ♦︎ framework ♦︎ form ♦︎ composition ♦︎ construction ♦︎ fabric ♦︎ make-upThese are all words for the way the different parts of sth combine together or the way that sth has been made. 这些词均表示结构、构造、构成。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆the basic structure / framework / form / composition / construction / fabric of sth◆a simple / complex / coherent / rigid / flexible structure / framework / form◆the economic / political / social structure / framework / composition / fabric / make-up of sth◆the chemical / genetic structure / composition / make-up of sth◆to create / devise / establish / provide a structure / framework for sth■ structure [countable] the way in which the parts of sth are connected together, arranged or organized, especially when there are a number of different levels （尤指包含不同层次的）结构，构造◆the structure of the building / human body建筑物的结构；人体构造◆a career / salary / tax structure职业／工资／税收结构◆the grammatical structures of a language一种语言的语法结构◆Students study the structure of human societies throughout history.学生们研究贯穿整个历史的人类社会结构。 see also structure ⇨ efficiency ■ framework /ˈfreɪmwɜːk; NAmE ˈfreɪmwɜːrk/ [countable] a set of beliefs, ideas or rules that forms the basis of a system or society （构成体系或社会的基础的）信仰，观点，准则◆They established a basic framework of ground rules for discussions.他们针对讨论制订了基本准则。◆The report provides a framework for further research.该报告提供了进一步研究的原则。■ form [uncountable] the arrangement of parts in a whole, especially in a work of art or piece of writing （尤指艺术作品或文章的）结构，形式◆The photographer always said that shape and form were more important to him than colour.那位摄影师总是说，在他看来外形和结构比颜色更重要。◆The form of the poem is of great significance.这首诗的结构很有意味。■ composition /ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn; NAmE ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃn/ [countable] (rather formal) the different parts or people that combine to form sth; the way in which they combine 成分；构成；组合方式◆recent changes in the composition of the workforce劳动人口构成的最新变化◆The two drugs are nearly identical in composition.这两种药品的成分几乎一样。 see also be composed of sb/sth ⇨ consist of sb/sth ■ construction [uncountable] the way that sth has been built or made 建造方式；构造方式◆ships of steel construction钢结构的轮船◆The earliest Greek temples were small buildings, simple in construction.最早的希腊神殿是一些结构简单的小建筑物。 see also construction ⇨ production , construct ⇨ build ■ fabric [singular] (rather formal) the basic structure of a society or organization that enables it to function successfully （社会或组织的）基本结构◆This is a worrying trend which threatens the very fabric of society.这是一个令人担忧的趋势，它威胁着社会的基本结构。■ ˈmake-up [singular] (rather informal, especially spoken or journalism 新闻) the different people or things that combine to form sth; the way in which they combine 组成成分；构成方式◆the genetic make-up of plants and animals植物和动物的基因构成方式◆Ireland did show up a number of flaws in the England team's make-up.爱尔兰队的确暴露出了英格兰队人员组成方面的一些缺点。 see also make up sth ⇨ consist of sb/sth NOTE 辨析 Composition or make-up? Composition is used more in scientific and technical contexts; make-up is used more in speech and journalism. * composition较多用于科技语境，make-up较多用于口语和新闻语言。 appear verb appear ♦︎ emerge ♦︎ show ♦︎ loom ♦︎ pop ♦︎ manifest itself ♦︎ form ♦︎ come outThese words all mean to start to be seen in a place. 这些词均表示出现、呈现或显现。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to appear / emerge from sth◆to loom / pop into view / up◆to appear / emerge / loom / pop out of sth◆to suddenly appear / emerge / show / loom / pop / come out◆to gradually appear / emerge / manifest itself / form◆to eventually appear / emerge / show◆to finally appear / emerge / loom■ appear [intransitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition 通常与副词或介词连用) to start to be seen 出现；呈现；显现◆She suddenly appeared in the doorway.她突然在门口出现。◆If a rash appears, call a doctor immediately.如果出现皮疹，立即打电话叫医生。◆Posters for the gig appeared all over town.演唱会海报在城里随处可见。◆New shoots are just appearing at the base of the plant.植物根部刚刚长出新芽。◆Her dead mother appeared to her in a dream.她过世的母亲在她梦中出现。OPP disappear ⇨ disappear ■ emerge / /iˈmɜːdʒ; NAmE iˈmɜːrdʒ/ [intransitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition 通常与副词或介词连用) to leave a dark, confined or hidden place and be seen （从暗处、封闭处或隐蔽处）出现，浮现，露出◆The swimmer emerged from the lake.那个游泳者从湖水中浮出来。◆They suddenly emerged into brilliant sunshine.他们突然走到明媚的阳光下。◆The crabs emerge at low tide to look for food.蟹在潮退时出来觅食。■ show (showed, shown) [intransitive, transitive] to be visible; to allow sth to be seen 露出；显出；呈现◆The cloth was folded so that the stain didn't show.布料折叠起来，这样污渍就看不见了。◆His hands were clenched, the whites of the knuckles showing.他双拳紧握，指关节都发白了。◆She had a warm woollen hat on that left only her eyes and nose showing.她戴了一顶保暖的毛线帽，只露出眼睛和鼻子。◆A white carpet will show every mark.白色地毯有一点脏都看得见。◆Come out and show yourselves (= let us see you)!出来让我们看看你们吧！■ loom /luːm/ / [intransitive] (usually used with an adverb or preposition 通常与副词或介词连用) (written) to start to appear as a large shape that is not clear, especially in a frightening or threatening way （尤指令人惊恐地）隐现；赫然耸现◆Something huge and black loomed out of the mist.一个巨大的黑糊糊的东西从薄雾中隐隐出现。◆The city walls loomed up ahead of them.城墙隐约出现在他们前面。■ pop (-pp-) [intransitive] (always used with an adverb or preposition 总是与副词或介词连用) to suddenly appear, especially when not expected 突然出现；冷不防冒出◆The window opened and a head popped out.窗户打开，一个脑袋冷不防探了出来。◆When you send a fax, a dialog box pops up on the screen.发传真时，屏幕上会弹出一个对话框。◆An idea suddenly popped into his head.他突然有了主意。■ manifest itself / /ˈmænɪfest/ / [transitive] (formal) to become visible or noticeable 显现；使人注意到◆Heatstroke sometimes manifests itself as red spots on the skin.有时中暑显现出的症状是皮肤上长红斑。◆A new trend seems to have manifested itself.一个新趋势似乎已经显现出来。■ form [intransitive] (rather formal) (especially of natural things) to begin to exist and gradually develop into a particular shape （尤指自然事物）出现，逐渐成形◆Flowers appeared, but fruits failed to form.花开了，却没能结出果实。◆Storm clouds are forming on the horizon.天边出现了雷雨云。■ ˌcome ˈout phrasal verb (came, come)(of the sun, moon or stars) to become visible （太阳、月亮或星星）出现，露出◆The rain stopped and the sun came out.雨停了，太阳出来了。 determine verb determine ♦︎ shape ♦︎ govern ♦︎ dictate ♦︎ form ♦︎ decide ♦︎ ruleThese words all mean to control or to influence the way that sth happens or that sb/sth develops. 这些词均表示支配或影响事情的发生、发展或人的发展。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达支配或影响的程度| shape | ➔ | govern | ➔ | determine | | form | | rule | | dictate | | | | | decide |
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to determine / shape / govern / dictate / decide how...◆to determine / govern / dictate / decide what / when / why...◆to determine / dictate that ...◆to determine / shape / dictate / decide the outcome / result (of sth)◆to determine / shape / dictate the course / direction / future (of sth)◆to determine / shape / form the character of sb / sth◆to determine / shape / govern behaviour◆a factor determines / shapes / governs / decides sth◆a force determines / shapes / governs sth◆to be largely determined / governed / dictated by sth■ determine [transitive, often passive] (formal) to make sth happen in a particular way or be of a particular type 决定；支配；影响◆Female employment was determined by economic and social factors.女性的就业受经济和社会因素的影响。◆The physical capabilities of a plant determine where it can and cannot live.植物的自然适应能力决定了它适合在什么地方生存。◆Upbringing plays an important part in determining a person's character.后天培养对于一个人性格的形成起着重要作用。■ shape [transitive] to have an important influence on the way sb/sth develops 决定⋯的形成；影响⋯的发展◆Historical events helped to shape the town.历史事件对这个城镇的发展有相当的影响。◆She had a leading role in shaping party policy.她在该党的政策方向定调上起了主导作用。◆Religion had long been losing its power to shape and control behaviour.长期以来宗教已经失去了对人们行为的影响和控制力。■ govern [transitive, often passive] (rather formal) to control or influence how sth happens or works or how sb behaves 控制；支配；影响◆Prices are very much governed by market demand.价格的高低在很大程度上取决于市场的需求。◆We need changes in the law governing school attendance.我们需要对影响就学率的法规作一些改动。◆All his decisions had been entirely governed by self-interest.他的所有决定完全受利己之心支配。■ dictate [transitive, intransitive](of particular circumstances) to control what happens or the way that sth happens （特定情况）支配，摆布，决定◆It's generally your job that dictates where you live now.一般说来，你的工作决定了你当前的居住地点。◆Circumstances dictated that I had to wait nearly two years.客观环境决定，我得等将近两年。◆This is clearly the best choice, unless financial considerations dictate otherwise.这显然是最佳选择，除非经济上不允许。◆She had to remain indoors for 30 days before the wedding, as custom dictates.按照习俗的规定，婚礼前30天她必须足不出户。■ form [transitive] to have an important influence on the way sb's character or ideas develop 对（性格或思想的形成）有重大影响◆Positive and negative experiences form a child's character.正反两方面的经历都会影响儿童性格的形成。◆No other work of fiction has had such an influence in forming public attitudes.没有哪本小说对公众的态度产生过这么大的影响。NOTE 辨析 Shape or form?Both these words can be used to talk about the influences on a person's character or ideas. 这两个词都可指对人的性格或思想产生影响◆to shape / form sb's character / ideas / attitude / opinions决定某人性格／思想／态度／观点的形成 Shape, but not form can also be used to talk about influencing sb's behaviour or a course of events. * shape还可指对人的行为或事态发展产生影响，form则不能◆Historical events helped to form the town. ◆the power of religion to form behaviour ■ decide [transitive, intransitive] to determine the result of sth 决定（或影响）⋯的结果◆A mixture of skill and good luck decided the outcome of the game.实力和运气结合在一起决定了比赛的结果。◆In the end, price was the deciding factor.最终，价格成了决定因素。■ rule [transitive, often passive] (often disapproving) to be the main thing that influences and controls sb's life or choices, especially in a way that restricts them 支配；控制；制约◆The pursuit of money ruled his life.对金钱的追求支配着他的生活。◆We live in a society where we are ruled by the clock.我们生活在一个人人都受时间控制的社会里。 establish verb ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ begin 另见begin条establish ♦︎ set sth up ♦︎ form ♦︎ foundThese words all mean to start or create an organization or system. 这些词均表示建立、创立。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to establish / set up / form / found a / an group / society / club / party / company / institute / movement / colony / republic◆to establish / set up / form a / an relationship / partnership / alliance / government / committee / team / network / database◆to establish / set up / found a business / firm / programme◆to establish / set up a / an fund / initiative / project / scheme / procedure / monopoly / regime / monarchy◆to establish / found a / an dynasty / empire / church■ establish [transitive] (rather formal, especially written) to start or create sth, such as an organization or system, that is meant to last for a long time; to start having a relationship, especially a formal one, with another person, group or country 建立；创立；创建（尤指正式关系）◆The new treaty establishes a free trade zone.新条约设立了自由贸易区。◆Let's establish some ground rules.我们来制订一些基本原则吧。◆The school has established a successful relationship with the local community.这所学校和当地社区建立了良好的关系。 see also establishment ⇨ introduction 1 ■ ˌset sth ˈup phrasal verb (setting, set, set)to start or create sth, such as an organization or system 建立；创立；开办◆I'm planning to set up my own business.我正打算自己创业。◆A fund will be set up for the dead men's families.将为死者家属设立一项基金。◆The company has set up its European headquarters in the UK.这家公司已经在英国设立了欧洲总部。ⓘ Set sth up is often used in business contexts, to talk about starting a business or making financial arrangements. * set sth up常用于商务语境，指开办公司或设立财务安排◆to set up a business / a company / a firm / a fund / a project / a scheme / a venture / an initiative / a monopoly / a headquarters / a base创业；开公司；成立企业；设立基金；创建项目；设立计划；创办企业；创建新方案；建立垄断；设立总部；创建基地 ■ form [transitive, intransitive] to start or create sth such as an organization or system; to come together in a group of this kind 建立；创立；成立◆They hope to form the new government.他们希望组建新政府。◆We are a newly-formed political party.我们是一个新成立的政党。◆The band formed in 2005.这支乐队成立于2005年。ⓘ Form is often used in political contexts. * form常用于政治语境◆to form a government / an administration / a cabinet / a coalition / a committee / a council / an assembly / a party / a league / an alliance / a trade union / a syndicate组建政府；成立行政机构；组阁；成立联合政府／委员会；组建市政委员会；成立议会；组建政党；组织联盟；结成同盟；建立工会／企业联合组织 Form is also the most common verb used to talk about starting a band (= a group of musicians). * form还是最常用来表示乐队成立的动词。 see also formation ⇨ introduction 1 ■ found [transitive] (especially written) to start or create sth such as an organization or institution, especially by providing money; to be the first to start building and living in a town or country （尤指出资）创建，创办；兴建（城镇或国家）◆He founded the company 20 years ago.他20年前创办了这家公司。◆Her family founded the college in 1895.她的家族于1895年创办了这所学院。◆The town was founded by English settlers in 1790.这座城镇是英格兰移民于1790年建起的。ⓘ Collocates of found include institute, society, company, firm, town, city, church, monastery and convent. 与found搭配的词有institute、society、company、firm、town、city、church、monastery和convent。 see also foundation ⇨ introduction 1 make1 verb make your own clothes 自己做衣服make a profit 获利make a living 谋生It made me think. 那件事促使我思考。cookmake a cakeforcebe made to work hard ➡ See also the entries for ⇨ develop 2 and ⇨ manufacture 另见develop条第2义和manufacture条make ♦︎ do ♦︎ create ♦︎ produce ♦︎ build ♦︎ generate ♦︎ formThese words all mean to make sth from parts or materials, or to cause sth to exist or happen. 这些词均表示制造、产生。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to make / create / produce / build / generate / form sth from / out of sth◆to make / form sth into sth◆to make / do / create / produce a drawing / painting◆to make / do / produce a sketch◆to make / create / produce a meal◆to make / produce wine◆Who made / created the universe / world?◆to create / produce / generate income / profits / wealth◆to produce / generate electricity / heat / power◆to make / create / produce a / an noise / impression◆to make / create a fuss / mess◆to create / build / form a picture of past societies■ make (made, made) [transitive] to create or prepare sth by combining materials or putting parts together; to cause sth to exist or happen 制造；做；组装；产生◆She makes her own clothes.她自己做衣服。◆Wine is made from grapes.葡萄酒是用葡萄做的。◆The grapes are made into wine.这些葡萄用来酿酒。◆What's your shirt made of?你的衬衣是什么料子的？◆She made us all coffee.她给我们大家冲了咖啡。◆He has made (= directed or acted in) several movies.他已经出了好几部电影。◆She tried to make a good impression on the interviewer.她努力给面试官留个好印象。 see also making ⇨ production ■ do (does, did, done) [transitive] (rather informal, especially spoken) to make or prepare sth, especially sth artistic or sth to eat 做，做出，创作（艺术品或食物）◆He did a beautiful drawing of a house.他画了一幅房屋的素描，很美。◆Who's doing the food for the party?谁负责操办宴会的饮食？◆Does this pub do (= provide) lunches?这家酒馆供应午餐吗？◆I'll do a copy for you.我将为你复制一份。◆I'll do you a copy.我将复制一份给你。■ create [transitive] to make sth exist or happen, especially sth new that did not exist before 创造；创作；创建◆Scientists disagree about how the universe was created.科学家对宇宙是怎样形成的意见不一。◆The government plans to create more jobs for young people.政府计划为年轻人创造更多的就业机会。◆Create a new directory and put all your files into it.创建一个新目录，然后把所有的文件都放进去。 see also creation ⇨ development , creative ⇨ creative , creator ⇨ designer NOTE 辨析 Make or create? Make is a more general word and is more often used to talk about physical things: you would usually make a table/dress/cake but create jobs/wealth. You can use create to talk about sth physical in order to emphasize how original or unusual the object is. * make含义更宽泛，多指制造物质性的东西，如make a table/dress/cake（制造桌子；做连衣裙；做蛋糕）；但创造就业机会或财富用create jobs/wealth。要强调某物品或实体是原创的或不同寻常，用create◆Try this new dish, created by our head chef.尝尝这道新菜吧，是我们主厨首创的。 ➡ See also the entry for ⇨ cause 另见cause条 ■ produce [transitive] to create sth using skill; to create power or money （运用技巧）制作，做出；创造（财富）；产生（电）◆She produced a delicious meal out of a few leftovers.她利用几样剩下的东西烹制出一顿美味饭菜。◆He argued that wealth is produced by the labour power of the workers.他论证财富是工人的劳动创造出来的。 see also produce ⇨ manufacture ■ build (built, built) [transitive] to create sth, especially a way of life or an impression that you develop and improve over a period of time 创建，建立（生活方式或印象）◆She's built a new career for herself.她为自己创出了一番新的事业。◆This information will help us build a picture of his attacker.这条信息将帮助我们描画出袭击他的人的相貌。■ generate [transitive] to produce or create sth, especially power, money or ideas 创造（财富）；产生（电或主意）◆The wind turbines are used to generate electricity.风力涡轮机用来发电。◆The lottery is expected to generate substantial funds for charity.发行彩票有望为慈善机构筹集大量资金。◆Brainstorming is a good way of generating ideas.集思广益是产生点子的好办法。■ form [transitive, often passive] to make sth from sth else; to make sth into sth else 制作；组成；制成◆Rearrange the letters to form a new word.重新排列字母，组成另一单词。◆Do you know how to form the past tense?你知道怎样构成过去时吗？◆The chain is formed from 136 links.这根链条由136个链节组成。 see also form ⇨ shape verb shape verb shape ♦︎ form ♦︎ carve ♦︎ fashion ♦︎ mould ♦︎ sculpt ♦︎ castThese words all mean to make sth into a particular shape or from a particular substance. 这些词均表示使成形、塑造。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to shape / form / carve / fashion / mould / sculpt sth into sth◆to shape / form / carve / fashion / mould / sculpt / cast sth from / out of sth◆to carve / fashion / mould / sculpt / cast sth in sth◆to shape / carve / fashion / sculpt wood◆to shape / fashion / mould / sculpt clay◆to carve / sculpt stone / marble■ shape [transitive] to make sth into a particular shape 使成为⋯形状（或样子）；塑造◆Shape the dough into balls.把和好的面揉成团子。◆This tool is used for shaping wood.这种工具是用来雕刻木料的。■ form [transitive, often passive] to produce a particular shape; to make sth into a particular shape 成形；使成形；组成◆Bend the wire so that it forms a 'V'.把铁丝弯成V形。◆Games can help children learn to form letters.游戏可以帮助儿童学会组合字母。 see also form ⇨ make 1 ■ carve [transitive, intransitive] to make objects or patterns, etc. by cutting away material from wood or stone 雕刻◆The beads were carved from solid ivory.这串珠子是纯象牙雕成的。◆She carves in both stone and wood.她既做石雕也做木雕。■ fashion [transitive] (rather formal, written) to make or shape sth, especially with your hands （尤指用手工）制作，使成形，塑造◆She fashioned a pot from the clay.她用黏土做成一个罐。◆She fashioned the clay into a pot.她用黏土做成一个罐。■ mould (BrE) (NAmE mold) [transitive] to shape a soft substance into a particular form or object by pressing it or putting it into a shaped container (= a mould) （用手或模具）塑造，浇铸◆First, mould the clay into the desired shape.首先，将陶土做成需要的形状。◆The figure had been moulded in clay.这座人像是用黏土置入模具塑造而成的。■ sculpt [transitive, usually passive] to make figures or objects by carving or shaping wood, stone, clay, metal, etc. 雕刻；雕塑◆a display of animals sculpted in ice冰雕动物展◆The figures were sculpted from single blocks of marble.这些雕像都是用整块大理石雕成的。 see also sculptor ⇨ artist ■ cast (cast, cast) [transitive] to shape hot liquid metal or a similar substance by pouring it into a shaped container (= a mould) and letting it cool 浇铸；铸造◆a statue cast in bronze青铜铸像 |